Dimensional Manner Research Articles

P0184 Establishment of a cell microencapsulation model using mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells

<h3>Background</h3> Adherent cell culturing is a mature cell culturing technique mainly used for research on molecular mechanism of biological function of adherent cells. Specifically, it is widely applied in studies of cancer onset and development, and of the action of pharmaceutical agents on cancer cells. Cell microencapsulation is a technique by which cells are encapsulated in a semi-permeable microcapsule and live like those in physiological conditions with normal nutritional supply. It is a culturing technique that ranks between monolayer and three-dimensional culture. With microencapsulation, adherent cells grow in a three dimensional manner, and its metabolism and genetic expression also change, similar to solid tumours. <h3>Methods</h3> We aimed to establish a cell microencapsulation model using human mucoepidermoid carcinoma cells (MCCs), and assess the cell culture model based on cell growth characteristics, proliferation activity, and protein expression. After MCCs had been isolated and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium, cell growth characteristics, proliferation activity, and protein expression of microencapsulated MCCs and conventional adherent MCCs (as control) were compared. <h3>Findings</h3> Results showed MCCs in microcapsules grew in blocks with favourable proliferation activity. On day 3, the cell count in the microencapsulation group was significantly higher than the control group (<i>t</i>=0.480, <i>p</i><0.05). On day 7, cell proliferation had not reached a plateau or declined. Compared with adherent MCCs, microencapsulated MCCs showed significantly higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bFGF (<i>t</i>=7.617, <i>p</i><0.01; <i>t</i>=6.011, <i>p</i><0.01), while TSP-1 was significantly less expressed (<i>t</i>=12.45, <i>p</i><0.001). <h3>Interpretation</h3> Microencapsulation culture may help to establish three-dimensional growth of tumour cells <i>in vitro</i> that promote protein expression for angiogenesis. It may be a promising model for functional research of tumour-related genes. In addition, it may be used in studies on biological characteristics of tumour cells and screening of antitumour pharmaceuticals. It will also have prospect in the in situ amplification of stem cells due to convenient inoculation and collection.

Two dimensional colloidal crystals formed by particle self-assembly due to hydrodynamic interaction

Aggregation and crystallization of colloidal parti- cles deposited from suspensions on glass surfaces were stud- ied. Trajectories of individual particles are tracked and record- ed. Statistics over large amount of particles were made to measure the mean square displacement (MSD), , as func- tions of time, t. Isolated particles diffuse normally along the solid surface in a two dimensional random manner. A power law of ~t α is obeyed both by short and long time scale MSDs of particles with neighbors. However, the exponent values are quite different. When the particle area fraction f≤ 80%,theparticlesdiffusenormallyattheshorttimescalewith a retarded diffusion coefficient. While at the long time scale, a superdiffusive behavior of the particles is detected due to col- lective motion of particles. When f>80 %, a spatial confine- ment effect shows in addition. The retarded particle dynamics and the collective particle movements both originate from the many-body hydrodynamic interaction enhanced by the quasi- two dimensional geometric conditions due to the existence of thesubstrateandtheneighborparticles.Ifthesubstratesurface condition is favorable and the hydrodynamic interaction dom- inates, the long-range hydrodynamic interaction can lead par- ticles in dense particle aggregations to self-assemble into long particle chains. This chaining behavior finally results in a phase transition taking place gradually over a large range of the particle area fraction.

Dose-response measurement in gel dosimeter using various imaging modalities

Measurement methods that accurately measure radiation dose distribution in a three dimensional manner in order to allow comparisons of treatment plans are needed for quality assurance. One such measurement method involves the use of a polymer gel dosimeter to measure the dose distribution in three dimensions. During irradiation, a polymerization reaction makes new chemical bonds and induces changes of the chemical structure of the gel of the gel dosimeter. In the present study, dose-response measurement of an environment-friendly material used in the gel dosimeter was performed by imaging with computed tomography (CT) and R1, R2, and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) under various imaging conditions. Dose-response characteristics in the gel dosimeter used in the experiment were observed at doses of 5–20 Gy administered by X-ray CT and MRI. Although the FLAIR signal was a relative value, the dose-response values with FLAIR were excellent compared to those with R1, R2, and CT. Determination of more appropriate imaging conditions could help expand the dose-response parameters of each measurement method.

Defining anxious depression: a review of the literature

The diagnosis of anxious depression is presently inconsistent. The many different definitions of anxious depression have complicated its diagnosis, leading to clinical confusion and inconsistencies in the literature. This article reviewed the extant literature in order to identify the varying definitions of anxious depression, which were then compared using Feighner's diagnostic criteria. Notably, these suggest a different clinical picture of patients with anxious depression. For instance, relying on The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnoses yields a clinical picture of a comparatively mild or transient disorder; in contrast, using dimensional criteria such as DSM criteria combined with additional rating scales-most commonly the anxiety somatization factor score from the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)-yields a more serious clinical picture. The evidence reviewed here suggests that defining anxious depression in a dimensional manner may be the most useful and clinically relevant way of differentiating it from other types of mood and anxiety disorders, and of highlighting the most clinically significant differences between patients with anxious depression versus depression or anxiety alone.

Relationships between dimensional factors of psychopathy and schizotypy

Existing research has suggested that comorbid psychopathy may explain one trajectory of violent behavior in a subset of individuals with schizophrenia. However, it remains unclear which specific traits and symptoms are responsible for this relationship and whether it is limited to clinical and/or forensic categories, or if it reflects a dimensional relationship found in the general population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine differential relationships between specific factors of psychopathy and schizotypy in a non-psychiatric and non-forensic sample. Two hundred and twelve undergraduate students (50% female) completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R). After controlling for age and sex, regressions showed that the total SPQ score was positively related to the total PPI-R score and the Self-Centered Impulsivity factor, and negatively related to the Fearless Dominance factor. Self-Centered Impulsivity was positively related to all three SPQ factor scores, with the strongest relationship found with the Cognitive-Perceptual factor. In contrast, Fearless Dominance was negatively related to only the Interpersonal and Disorganized factors of the SPQ, with the strongest relationship found with the Interpersonal factor. Findings suggest that the comorbidity of schizotypy and the self-centered impulsivity aspect of psychopathy is not limited to extreme discrete populations, but exists in a more dimensional manner within a non-psychiatric sample. In addition, it appears that schizotypy is negatively related to the fearless dominance aspect of psychopathy, which appears to be a novel finding. Results provide preliminary findings that may have implications for developing appropriate prediction, assessment, and treatment techniques for violent behavior in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

Concluding Remarks: Three Tribes Engage on the Future of International Criminal Law

I should like to start by thanking Professor Roth and Judge Tulkens for organizing such a stimulating conference and for inviting me to offer these concluding remarks. In the very first presentation Bill Schabas asked us to see the issues in 3D — the three dimensions being international criminal law, human rights law and general international law. Indeed, we heard a number of speakers who addressed us from one or other of these perspectives. Bill had suggested we shine the light from different directions so that we could see things in perspective rather than in a flat two dimensional manner. As I took up Bill's invitation to put on my 3D glasses I found that they did not really help to see the law in sharper relief, but rather they revealed a series of different tribes with their own customs, totems, traditions and prophets. The tribes were not comprised of two metre blue humanoids, but they were quite recognizable groups.

Researchers Lay Out Challenges Facing Developers ofDSM-V

Researchers Lay Out Challenges Facing Developers of<i>DSM-V</i>

In-Plane Effects in Large-Scale PEMFCs: Model Formulation and Validation

A quasi-two-dimensional, along-the-channel mass and heat-transfer model for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEFC) is described and validated against experimental current distribution data. The model is formulated in a dimensional manner, i.e., local transport phenomena are treated one-dimensional in through-plane direction and coupled in-plane by convective transport in the gas and coolant channels. Thus, a two-dimensional slice running through the repetitive unit of a cell from the anode channel via membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) and cathode channel to the coolant channel and from inlet to outlet is modeled. The aim of the work is to elucidate the influence of operating conditions such as feed gas humidities and stoichiometric ratios on the along-the-channel current density distribution and to identify the distinct underlying voltage loss mechanisms. Furthermore, a complicated technical flow field is modeled by a combination of co- and counterflow subdomains and compared with experimental current densities.

3953 多結晶シリコン薄膜の強度と疲労特性(S21-3 強度物性と信頼性,S21 ナノ・マイクロ構造体の強度物性と信頼性)

Static strength tests and dynamic fatigue tests were conducted on a polycrystalline silicon material, which is one of the most common materials to compose micro electromechanical systems. Scatter of static strength was explained in terms of the distributed length of equivalent cracks, which in tern was analyzed with the fatigue crack propagation law to estimate the distribution of fatigue lifetime. By fitting the experimental data to the theory, the cumulative probability of fracture was plotted in a three dimensional manner as a function of both the amount of applied stress and the number of fatigue cycles. This plot quantitatively characterizes the reliability of the polycrystalline silicon material examined in this study.

Synthesis of a phenyl thio-β-d-galactopyranoside library from 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene: discovery of efficient and selective monosaccharide inhibitors of galectin-7

The galectins are a family of [small beta]-galactoside-binding proteins that have been implicated in cancer and inflammation processes. Herein, we report the synthesis of a library of 28 compounds that was tested for binding to galectins-1, -3, -7, -8N and -9N. An aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction between 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and a galacto thiol gave 5-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside. This versatile intermediate was then modified in a two dimensional manner: either by further substitution of the second fluoride by amines or thiols, or by reduction of the nitro groups and acylation of the resulting amines, or both. Deacetylation then gave a library of aromatic beta-galactosides that showed variable inhibitory activity against the different galectins, as shown by screening with a fluorescence-polarisation assay. Particularly efficient inhibitors were found against galectin-7, while less impressive enhancements of inhibitor affinity over methyl beta-D-galactopyranoside were found for galectin-1, -3, -8N and -9N. The best inhibitors against galectin-7 showed significantly higher affinity (K(d) as low as 140 microM) than both beta-methyl galactoside (K(d) 4.8 mM) and the unsubstituted beta-phenyl thiogalactoside (non-inhibitory). The best inhibitors against galectin-7 were poor against the other galectins and thus have potential as structurally simple and selective tools for dissecting biological functions of galectin-7.

Effect of γ-irradiation and semiconducting oxide (tio2) on the thermal decomposition of mgc2o4: A comparative study

The simultaneous rising temperature (DTA-TG) technique and the gas evolution method are adopted for studying the thermal decomposition of unirradiated and irradiated MgC2O4 and MgC2O4 + TiO2 mixtures. The data are applied to theories of different solid state reaction models and the best fit is obtained for the Avrami-Erofeev mechanism (n=2) suggesting that both the nucleation and growth processes occur at the reactant product interface in a two dimensional chain branching manner. Low irradiation doses decrease the rate of reaction remarkably whereas the reverse phenomenon takes place at higher doses. The n-type semiconducting oxide, TiO2 (5-40 mol%) enhances the rate of decomposition which increases with increasing concentration of the catalyst. The influence of n -irradiation is explained in the light of defects, dislocations and electron-hole (e−, h+) pairs generated in the lattice, whereas the influence of TiO2 is understood on the basis of electron transfer process involved in the reaction.

Finite element application of an incremental endochronic model to flexible pavement materials

A finite element model based on the incremental endochronic theory for flexible pavement materials was developed in this study. Three grid systems with eight-node cubic isoparametric elements, and different loading steps were used to perform the calculations for a specimen of circular cylinder. The uniaxial stress experimental results on an asphalt mixture at <TEX>$60^{\circ}C$</TEX> in SHRP conducted by University of California at Berkeley were used to check the ability of the derived numerical model. Then, the numerical results showed isotropic response and deviatoric response on the specimen in a three dimensional manner, which provided a better understanding for a deformed flexible material under the specified loading conditions.

Deformation banding and its influence on deformation textures formation

It is shown by a crystallographic etching technique that deformation banding is an important deformation mode in copper. In a cold rolled coarse grain copper, deformation banding forms in a three dimensional manner dividing grains into a large number of bands of different orientations. The influence of this important, but long ignored deformation mode, is studied by incorporating it into the Taylor model. The predicted textures from the new model are better than those from other existing models in mainly two aspects. Firstly, the present model predicts the co-existence of the three major FCC rolling texture components, namely {123} or S component, {112} or C and {110} or B. The existing models are deficient in that they predict either C and S or B, but not their co-existence. The second point is that textures predicted by the existing models are always too sharp compared to the experimental textures. The deformation banding model predicts texture peaks with larger spread and hence more realistic texture sharpness

Deformation banding and copper-type rolling textures

It is shown by a crystallographic etching technique applicable to copper that deformation banding is an important deformation mode in f.c.c. metals and alloys. In a cold rolled coarse grain copper, deformation banding forms in a three dimensional manner dividing the grain on average into over 600 regions of different orientations. The influence of this important, but long ignored deformation mode, is studied by incorporating it into the Taylor model. The predicted textures from the new model are better than those from other existing models in mainly two respects. Firstly, the DB model predicts the co-existence of the three major f.c.c. rolling texture components, namely {123}〈634〉 or S component, >112>〈111〉 or C and >110>〈112〉 or {f}B{/f}. The existing models are deficient in that they predict either C and S or B, but not their co-existence. The second point is that textures predicted by the existing models are always too sharp compared to the experimental textures. The DB model predicts texture peaks with larger spread and hence more realistic texture sharpness. Another feature of the model is that only two independent slip systems, instead of five, are required to accomodate the imposed shape change, which agrees with experimental observation.

B105 スプライン関数を用いた軌跡のチューブ表示法

The tube representation of three dimensional trajectories using 4th order B-splines and quintic splines is presented. Lines or curves have been used to display trajectories such as streamline, electric force line, and various trajectories of moving objects. A still picture, depicted by using this tube models, is able to express a shape of the trajectory, velocity, acceleration, and various attributes in a three dimensional manner, because a tube has a finite volume and it can assign local variables such as size, tortuosity, color, and texture. This representation is useful to analyze various object motions comprehensively.

Sharpening diamond tools having an apex angle of less than 60° with a low energy ion beam

A simulation method has been developed for predicting the profile changes of diamond tools which are uniformly rotated at a fixed tilt angle during ion beam machining. The method can treat a three dimensional object such as a diamond knife with hemicylindrical tip and a diamond stylus with hemispherical tip in a two dimensional manner. Diamond knives and styli having an apex angle less than 60° are machined with Ar ions of 1.0 keV using an ion beam machining apparatus with Kaufman type ion source. By comparing the profile changes obtained by computer simulation with that obtained by experiment, it is concluded that the method is useful for the prediction of profile changes of hemicylindrical and hemispherical objects having an apex angle of less than 60° during ion beam machining with Ar ions of 1.0 keV.

Computer Simulation of Profile Changes of Hemi-Spherical Diamond Styli During Ion Beam Machining

AbstractA simulation method has been developed to predict the profile changes and facet angles of hemi-spherical objects which are rotated at a fixed tilt angle during ion beam machining. The method can treat a three dimensional object in a two dimensional manner by assuming the symmetricity of the object. Moreover, comparison is made between computer simulation of profile changes and experimental studies of ion beam machining of diamond styli for a surface roughness measuring instrument. From the study, it becomes obvious that the facet angle can be varied by tilt angle and the method is useful for the prediction of profile changes of hemi-spherical object during ion beam machining.