Layer Dimensions Research Articles

Optical field dissipation in heterostructures for nanophotovoltaic devices

In heterostructures for nanophotovoltaic (NPV) devices, a number of layers are concatenated in a multilayer configuration. In the analysis of a multilayer configuration, it is commonly assumed that the intensity of the optical field has an exponential decrease along the direction of propagation inside the structure. Effects such as reflections and interference are neglected. These neglected effects become especially important ones once the layer dimension reaches several nanometers. At this width regimen, quantum effects are present since layers are thin compared with the penetration depth and the wavelength of the incident light. Quantum effects influence photon absorption and affect the optical field dissipation that controls electron-hole pairs generation. Hence, dissipation of the optical field inside an NPV device is an important aspect to consider in studying and determining performance properties. We employed the one-dimensional optical transfer matrix theory and the quantum well theory to analyze the optical field dissipation in the active layer of heterostructures for NPV devices. Illumination of 100 mW·cm−2 air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5G) standard was considered for the analysis. The study was extended to low-dimensional heterostructures of the binary compound CdS/CdSe/CdS, the ternary compound Ga0.9Al0.1As/GaAs/Ga0.9Al0.1As, and the quaternary compound In0.85Ga0.15As0.30P0.70/In0.7Ga0.3As0.6P0.4/In0.85Ga0.15As0.30P0.70.

Broadband Omnidirectional Nearly Perfect Plasmonic Absorber For Solar Energy Harvesting

In this paper, an efficient, broadband, omnidirectional visible plasmonic absorber is presented and numerically simulated using the rigorous three-dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and the 2-D finite element method. The proposed absorber comprises hollow cylindrical layers of aluminum (Al) and silicon dioxide ( ${\rm{SiO}}_{{2}}$ ). Arranging the geometry and adjusting the dimensions of the cylindrical layers generate localized plasmonic modes at the ${\rm{Al/ SiO}}_{{2}}$ interfaces, as well as inside the gap between two Al layers, and thereby, strong optical confinement in the visible range is allowed. Therefore, the light absorbance of over 93% is observed over the whole visible regime with a relative bandwidth from 0.4 to 0.75 PHz. Further, due to the cylindrical geometry, the absorption is almost independent on the incident angles in a wide range (–90° to 90°). Two elements of the proposed absorber have been employed to function as a nanoantenna for converting the solar energy to electricity. The proposed nanoantenna offers omnidirectional harvesting characteristics with efficient harvesting efficiency that is higher than that of the conventional rectangular dipole nanoantenna by about 38%.

Coalescence of Janus droplets prepared by one-step vibrational mixing

Janus emulsions are prepared by one-step vibrational mixing of two immiscible oils, silicone oil, SO, with density of 0.964 g/cm3 and sunflower oil saturated with dimethyl phthalate, VO (DMP), with density of 0.991 g/cm3, and an aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate as continuous phase. The destabilization of Janus emulsion is followed by the change of layer dimension as well as the microscope image, illustrating the two main aspects of creaming and coalescence. The fundamental impasse of the final separation of the Janus drop oils against unfavorable free energy change is resolved by a numerical analysis on a model emulsion with realistic interfacial tension values to show a thermodynamically favored path to the final destabilization process.

Effect of an amorphous titania nanotubes coating on the fatigue and corrosion behaviors of the biomedical Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys

An array of self-organized TiO2 nanotubes with an amorphous structure was produced on the biomedical Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloys, and the resulting fatigue and corrosion behaviors were studied. The electrochemical response of the nanotubular oxide surfaces was investigated in Ringer physiological solution through potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The absence of transpassivation in the chloride-containing solution, in addition to the micron-scale values of the passivation current density, indicated the excellent corrosion behavior of the coating and the satisfactory protection against the creation of potential stress concentrators in the surface. Axial fatigue tests were performed in physiological solution on polished and coated conditions, with characterization of the treated surfaces by scanning electron microscopy before and after the tests. The surface modification was not deleterious to the fatigue response of both alloys mainly due to the nano-scale dimension of the nanotubes layer. An estimation based on fracture mechanics revealed that a circumferential crack in the range of 5μm depth would be necessary to affect the fatigue performance, which is far from the thickness of the studied coating, although no cracks were actually observed in the oxide surfaces after the tests.

Synthesis of SiO2/epoxy–benzoxazine ternary copolymer via sol–gel method: Thermal and mechanical behavior

Trialkoxy–terminated benzoxazine monomer was synthesized using bisphenol A (BPA), 3–aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH–550) and paraformaldehyde. Subsequently, bisphenol F epoxy resin (F51) was pretreated with 3–isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (IPTS) to covalently introduce trialkoxy group into the epoxy molecular. Sol–gel process was then initiated with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as precursor to introduce silica structure into epoxy–benzoxazine hybrid before curing reaction. The synthesized benzoxazine and epoxy resin containing trialkoxysilane group were used as silane coupling agent to connect epoxy–benzoxazine matrix as organic domain and silica units as inorganic domain. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) show that the organic–inorganic ternary copolymer possesses promoted thermal stability compared with the unmodified epoxy–benzoxazine matrix. The char residues of the ternary copolymer after decomposition test reveal a dense surface layer and unbroken original dimension which is in accordance with the TGA results. According to the results of the mechanical tests and DMA, the SiO2/epoxy–benzoxazine copolymer possesses improved toughness and is more capable of absorbing deformation energy under external force.

Atomic scale imaging of competing polar states in a Ruddlesden-Popper layered oxide.

Layered complex oxides offer an unusually rich materials platform for emergent phenomena through many built-in design knobs such as varied topologies, chemical ordering schemes and geometric tuning of the structure. A multitude of polar phases are predicted to compete in Ruddlesden–Popper (RP), An+1BnO3n+1, thin films by tuning layer dimension (n) and strain; however, direct atomic-scale evidence for such competing states is currently absent. Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy with sub-Ångstrom resolution in Srn+1TinO3n+1 thin films, we demonstrate the coexistence of antiferroelectric, ferroelectric and new ordered and low-symmetry phases. We also directly image the atomic rumpling of the rock salt layer, a critical feature in RP structures that is responsible for the competing phases; exceptional quantitative agreement between electron microscopy and density functional theory is demonstrated. The study shows that layered topologies can enable multifunctionality through highly competitive phases exhibiting diverse phenomena in a single structure.

Thermal model for additive restoration of mold steels using crucible steel

Laser cladding (LC) is a powder deposition technique which is used to deposit layers of clad material on a substrate to improve its surface properties. It has widespread application in structural repair, in particular, the repair of dies and molds used in the automobile industry. These molds and dies are subjected to cyclic thermo-mechanical loading and therefore undergo localized damage and wear. The final clad quality and integrity is influenced by various physical phenomena, namely, melt pool morphology, microstructure evolution and residual stress generation. Consequently, it is imperative to understand the physical phenomena influencing the process variables so as to develop a knowledge base for the usage of this process in repair based applications. The current study is focused on the development of a 3D finite element thermal model for powder injection laser cladding of CPM 9 V powder on H13 tool steel used extensively in repair of dies and molds. The thermal model incorporates deposition of clad elements via element birth technique along with uniform moving heat source and Gaussian powder distribution. The thermal model also takes into account, the attenuation of laser power due to laser-powder interaction and heat partition between the substrate and the powder. The temperature field predicted from thermal analysis was used to calculate the initial melt pool dimensions, taking into account the vaporization of clad elements. Furthermore, the thermal model predicts the final clad layer dimensions (clad height and width) by considering molten metal spreading via Tanner's Law. The clad characteristics (clad geometry, clad dilution and heat affected zone) are predicted with reasonable accuracy with prediction errors lying within ∼14% for most of the cases. The thermal model indicates a relatively strong dependence of interaction time on the heat penetration than that of laser intensity. The thermal model further predicts that the clad width increases with an increase in the laser power till it reaches a critical power and then it saturates. This critical laser power is capable of melting the entire injected powder material; hence, the width of the clad does not increase with power beyond this point.

Transient behavior of granular materials with symmetric conditions for tumbler shapes and fill fractions

The purpose of this research is to continue to find the mechanism behind transient granular behavior. The granular motion in circular tumblers can be described as steady-state, since there is no feature to disrupt the consistency of the top free-surface flowing layer. In polygon tumblers however, the available space for the free surface is perpetually changing, which creates unsteady flow behaviors. The effect of tumbler size and speed were studied previously in a triangular tumbler whereas this follow-up research investigates the effect of both the tumbler shape and fill fraction. For the experiment, various amounts of zirconium silicate beads generate a fluctuating flowing layer inside quasi-2D rotating tumblers of triangle and square shapes. Symmetric fill fractions generate the same flowing layer dimensions but results indicate the rate of increasing or decreasing space at the free surface affects the dynamics of the angle of repose. The balance between the potential and kinetic energy causes the flowing layer and angles of repose to appear as an optimized functional form of a catenary, which is much more apparent in the triangular tumbler with upstream and downstream dimensions changing out of phase compared to the square tumbler where the parallel sides act in-phase with one another.

Optimizing the Dimensions of an Inverse-Magnetostrictive MEMS Pressure Sensor by Means of an Iterative Finite-Element Scheme

This paper proposes an iterative finite-element scheme that accounts for the inverse-magnetostrictive (Villari) effect. To do so, the permeability of magnetostrictive materials is updated according to the internal mechanical stress of the material at the end of each iteration step until convergence is reached. VSM measurements of prestressed thin-film samples are used to evaluate the stress-dependent permeability. Using the implemented scheme, it is possible to optimize the dimensions of inverse-magnetostrictive microelectromechanical pressure sensors with a view to maximum sensitivity. Such sensors feature a sandwichlike structure with a planar coil embedded between two magnetostrictive layers. To date, only insufficient simulation results regarding the optimization of such devices have been published. We present the results of simulations incorporating the inverse-magnetostrictive effect that show the influence of the dimensions of single layers on the overall sensitivity.

Effect of neutral salts on the excited state proton transfer in the fluorescent probe anchored to the uncharged micelles

Abstract We study the salt effect on the excited state proton transfer (ESPT) in the fluorescent probe of 2-hydroxynaphthalene (dodecylo)-6-sulphonamide (NSDA) anchored on the nonionic Brij35 micelles. The results of spectrofluorimetric, electrophoretic and equilibrium dialysis measurements, allowed us to explain the variations in the ESPT rate constants in the presence of different neutral salts (NaCl, KCl, KSCN, NH 4 SCN) as resulting from anion accumulation at the particle surface. Similarly to electric double layer in the charged micelles, an ionic layer system is also formed around the nonionic micelles. The dimensions of anionic and cationic layers as well as those of the whole ionic envelope around the nonionic particles are estimated. Furthermore, the electric potential generated within the ionic layer system and acting on the proton dissociating from the probe is determined and interpreted. Different impact of Cl − and SCN − ions on photophysical parameters of the targeted system have been explained through a synergy effect between hydrophobicity and polarizability of anions adsorbing on the nonionic micelle surface.Taking into account the existing analogy between micelles and living cells, we can assume that these results will contribute to a better understanding of salt effect in such important biological phenomena as the cell adhesion to surfaces, thermal denaturation of proteins and the aggregation of erythrocytes.

The role of the interfacial layer in time -temperat ure dependence of the electrical resistance of hi gh-density polyethylene /carbon black composites

In order to explain the time-temperature dependence of the electrical resistance of HDPE filled with carbon black, a model is proposed, in which an important role is played by the interfacial layer between the solid-phase filler and the polymer matrix. It is shown that the change in the structure of the macromolecules in the interfacial layer can be characterized using fractal concepts. The fractal dimension increases as the size of the filler particles decreases, and this is accompanied by a decrease in electrical resistance. During isothermal annealing treatment of the samples the fractal dimension of the interfacial layer is changed from 2.3 to 3. Correlations of the observed parameters are presented. The activation energy of increasing resistance in the initial period of the sample treatments is calculated. It is shown that the electrostatic field restrains the increase of the fractal dimension of the interfacial layer and the change in the resistance of the filled systems.

Negative to positive crossover of the magnetoresistance in layered WS2

The discovery of graphene ignited intensive investigation of two-dimensional materials. A typical two-dimensional material, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC), attracts much attention because of its excellent performance in field effect transistor measurements and applications. Particularly, when TMDC reaches the dimension of a few layers, a wide range of electronic and optical properties can be detected that are in striking contrast to bulk samples. In this letter, we synthesized WS2 single-crystal nanoflakes using physical vapor deposition and carried out a series of measurements of the contact resistance and magnetoresistance. Focused ion beam (FIB) technology was applied to deposit Pt electrodes on the WS2 flakes, and the FIB-deposited contacts exhibited linear electrical characteristics. Resistance versus temperature measurements showed similar Mott variable range hopping behavior in different magnetic fields. Additionally, a temperature-modulated negative-to-positive magnetoresistance transition was observed. Our work reveals the magnetotransport characteristics of WS2 flakes, which may stimulate further studies of the properties of TMDC and its corresponding electronic and optoelectronic applications.

Numerical Study of Deformation and Fracture of Ceramics Nanocomposite with Different Structural Parameters under Mechanical Loading

Deformation, fracture and effective mechanical properties of sintered ceramics composite under uniaxial compression were studied. To perform this investigation the plain numerical model of ceramics composites based on oxides of zirconium and aluminum with different structural parameters was developed. The model construction was carried out within the frame of particle based method, namely the movable cellular automaton method (MCA). The implementation of the phase transition in the MCA-model composite was carried out on the basis of the phenomenological approach, the main point of which was the formulation of the principle of irreversible mechanical behavior of the material. Increase the fracture toughness of ceramics after (T-M) transition in its structure was realized in the model by introducing transition kinetics of the automata pair from "bound" to an "unbound" state. The structure of model composite was generated on the basis of scanning electron microscope images of micro-sections of real composite. The influence of such structural parameters as geometrical dimensions of layers, inclusions, and their spatial distribution in the sample, volume content of the composite components and their mechanical properties, as well as the amount of zirconium dioxide undergone the phase transformation on the mechanical response were investigated

Investigating fracture of nanoscale metal–ceramic multilayers in the transmission electron microscope

In-situ transmission electron microscopy is used to investigate crack propagation parallel to the interfaces of a Ti/ZrO2 multilayer. The cracks propagate along the middle of the 100nm thick polycrystalline Ti layers, causing extensive dislocation activity, void coalescence, and crack bridging. The plastic zone size has been determined from the range of dislocation activity and agrees well with estimates of the toughness obtained from the measured crack tip opening displacement. The toughness is much smaller than in bulk Ti, which we attribute to the constraint on dislocation activity and cropping of the plastic zone by the small Ti layer dimensions.

A Simplified Methodology for Evaluating the Impact of Point Thermal Bridges on the High-Energy Performance of a Passive House

In the design of high-energy performance buildings with ventilated facade systems, the evaluation of point thermal bridges is complicated and is often ignored in practice. This paper analyzes the relationship between the point thermal bridges resulting from aluminum fasteners, which are used for installation facades cladding, and the thermal properties of materials that are used in external walls layers and dimension of layers. Research has shown that the influence of the point thermal bridges on the U-value of the entire wall may achieve an average of up to 30% regarding thermal properties of materials of the external wall layers and the dimension of layers. With the increase in thermal conductivity of the bearing layer material and the thickness of the thermal insulation layer, the point thermal transmittance χ-value increased. For this reason, the U-value of the entire wall may increase by up to 35%. With the increase of the thickness of the bearing layer and thermal conductivity value of thermal insulation layer, the point thermal transmittance χ-value decreased by up to 28%. A simplified methodology is presented for the evaluation of point thermal bridges based on the thermal and geometrical properties of external wall layers.

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF VIBRATING MOTION OF NONUNIFORM AFM PIEZOELECTRIC MICROCANTILEVER

Piezoelectric MCs (MCs) are a special type of MCs. Having self-actuating and selfsensing abilities, they can be used as micro-robots in AFM, sensors and actuators. This paper analyzes sensitivity of vibrating motion of a piezoelectric MC with the presence of geometrical discontinuities. As resonance amplitude and natural frequency are of paramount importance in vibrating motions and they are considered in most engineering applications such as AFM and MEMS, sensitivity analysis of these two parameters is conducted. Vibrating analysis is performed based on the nonuniform beam model and the Euler-Bernoulli theory. The Sobol method is used to conduct sensitivity analysis of MC’s vibrating motion into the geometrical dimensions of layers and tip in order to specify the sensitive and insensitive parameters and their effects on vibrating motion of piezoelectric cantilever. The simulation results show that to achieve actuation ability, it is better to select a piezoelectric layer, which is thin, wide and long, and a tip, which is thin and short. The results also show that the piezoelectric layer has a different effect on natural frequency, as Lp/L becomes 0.66; natural frequency reaches its maximum amount, while the effect of other parameters on frequency is either absolutely ascending or absolutely descending.

Design and simulation of pyroelectric detectors with nanometer size spider-web for low thermal conductance

We report the design and simulation of uncooled pyroelectric detectors which utilizes a nanometer sized mesh or truss to support the suspended detector. Pyroelectric detector is a class of thermal detector in which the change in temperature causes the change in the spontaneous polarization in the sensing material. Ca modified lead titanate (PCT) was selected as the thermometer in the detector because of its high pyroelectric figure of merit. The design and simulation of pyroelectric detectors have been conducted by simulating the structure with Intellisuite™. Finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the structural and thermal properties of the device. The simulated detectors had a spider web-like structure with each of the strut (ring) of spider web had a width of 100 nm. In the design, the pyroelectric detectors utilized Ni0.8Cr0.2 absorber, PCT sensing layer, Ti electrodes, Al2O3 structural layer to obtain low thermal conductance between the detector and Si substrate. Three different types of pyroelectric detectors were designed and analyzed. The first design had linear electrode and simple spider web support. The value of the thermal conductance of this detector was found to be 3.98 × 10ź8 W/K. The second design had a longer thermal path than the first one and the thermal conductivity of this device was found to be 2.41 × 10ź8 W/K. High detectivity was obtained by reducing the thermal conductance between the sensing layer and the substrate or the heat sink in the third design. The design was optimized for the best result by modifying the shape, dimension and thickness of various layers namely absorber, electrodes, sensing layer, and struts. The thermal conductance between the sensor and the substrate using the third design was found to be as low as 4.57 × 10ź9 W/K which is significantly lower than previously reported values. The thicknesses of the web structure, web support, electrodes, sensing layer, and absorber of the final structure were 2, 1, 0.5, 2, and 0.2 µm respectively for this value of thermal conductance. The absorber diameter was 50 µm and the diameter of the spider web was 200 µm. A total of 80 struts with 100 nm width were used in the design.

Predictive, Miniature Co‐Extrusion of Multilayered Glass Fiber‐Optic Preforms

A miniature co‐extrusion technique, to produce a concentric multilayered glass fiber‐optic preform of ~3 mm diameter, is modeled and experimentally demonstrated. A three‐dimensional, incompressible, noncavitating, and nonisothermal Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model, similar to one developed in our previous work, is used to predict the dimensions of an alternating four‐layer glass stack feed required to produce the desired layer dimensions in a multilayered‐glass preform extrudate, using a miniaturized and thus more economical co‐extrusion. Strong agreement in the cross‐sectional geometrical proportions of the simulated and experimentally obtained preform supports the prowess of the predictive modeling. Nevertheless, some small deviations between the simulated and experimentally obtained dimensions indicate topics for future rheological study. Performing the co‐extrusion process under vacuum helps to minimize the inter‐layer defects in the multi‐layered fiber‐optic preform. The miniature co‐extrusion potentially removes the need for a postextrusion draw‐down prior to fiber drawing, avoiding devitrification issues possible in non‐oxide novel glass compositions.

Flurlite, Zn3Mn2+Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)2·9H2O, a new mineral from the Hagendorf Süd pegmatite, Bavaria, with a schoonerite-related structure

AbstractFlurlite, ideally Zn3Mn2+Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)2·9H2O, is a new mineral from the Hagendorf-Süd pegmatite, Hagendorf, Oberpfalz, Bavaria, Germany. Flurlite occurs as ultrathin (<1 μm) translucent platelets that form characteristic twisted accordion-like aggregates. The colour varies from bright orange red to dark maroon red. Cleavage is perfect parallel to (001). The mineral occurs on mitridatite and is closely associated with plimerite. Other associated minerals are beraunite, schoonerite, parascholzite, robertsite and altered phosphophyllite. The calculated density of flurlite is 2.84 g cm–3. It is optically biaxial (–), α = 1.60(1), β= 1.65(1) and γ = 1.68(1), with weak dispersion and parallel extinction, X ≈ c, Y ≈ a, Z ≈ b. Pleochroism is weak, with colours: X = pale yellow, Y = pale orange, Z = orange brown. Electron microprobe analyses (average of seven) with FeO and Fe2O3 apportioned and H2O calculated on structural grounds, gave ZnO 25.4, MnO 5.28, MgO 0.52, FeO 7.40, Fe2O3 10.3, P2O5 27.2, H2O 23.1, total 99.2 wt.%. The empirical formula, based on 3 P a.p.f.u. is Zn2.5Mn2+0.6Fe2+0.8Mg0.1Fe3+(PO4)3(OH)2·9H2O. Flurlite is monoclinic, P21/m, with the unit-cell parameters (at 100 K) of a = 6.3710(13), b = 11.020(2), c = 13.016(3) Å, β = 99.34 (3)°. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [dobs in Å(I) (hkl)] 12.900(100)(001); 8.375(10)(011); 6.072(14)(101); 5.567(8)(012); 4.297(21)(003); 2.763(35)(040). Flurlite (R1 = 0.057 for 995 F > 4σ(F)) has a heteropolyhedral layer structure, with layers parallel to (001) and with water molecules packing between the layers. The slab-like layers contain two types of polyhedral chains running parallel to [100]: (a) chains of edge-sharing octahedra containing predominantly Zn and (b) chains in which Fe3+-centred octahedra share their apices with dimers comprising Zn-centred trigonal bipyramids sharing an edge with PO4 tetrahedra. The two types of chains are interconnected by corner-sharing along [010]. A second type of PO4 tetrahedron connects the chains to MnO2(H2O)4 octahedra along [010] to complete the structure of the (001) slabs. Flurlite has the same stoichiometry as schoonerite, but with dominant Zn rather than Fe2+ in the edge-shared chains. Schoonerite has a similar heteropolyhedral layer structure with the same layer dimensions 6.4 × 11.1 Å. The different symmetry (orthorhombic, Pmab) for schoonerite reflects a different topology of the layers.

CEC and 7Li MAS NMR Study of Interlayer Li+ in the Montmorillonite—Beidellite Series at Room Temperature and After Heating

AbstractThe objective of the study was to contribute to the understanding of the influence of the structure and the 2:1 layer dimension of smectites on cation exchange capacity (CEC) reduction and the hydration behavior of Li-saturated smectites after heating. Five montmorillonites extracted from bentonites of different provenance were saturated with Li+ and heated to 300°C. Initial montmorillonites and montmorillonites with reduced layer charge (RCM) were characterized by comprehensive mineralogical analysis supplemented by CEC measurements, surface-area measurements by Ar adsorption, and 7Li, 27Al, and 29Si magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MAS NMR). The CEC of the initial montmorillonites varied between 89 and 130 cmol(+)/kg while the CEC of the RCM prepared at 300°C varied between 8 and 25 cmol(+)/kg. The lateral dimension of the 2:1 layers varied between 70 and 200 nm. The greatest decrease in CEC was observed for the montmorillonite with the largest diameter of the 2:1 layers and the smallest decrease was observed for the montmorillonite with the smallest diameter of the 2:1 layers. 7Li MAS NMR revealed an axially symmetric chemical environment of the hydrated interlayer Li+ with ηΔ = 0 for the chemical shift anisotropy tensor for unheated montmorillonites with >33% tetrahedral layer charge (ξ). The chemical environment is typical of innersphere hydration complexes of interlayer Li+. An axially non-symmetric chemical environment of the interlayer Li+ with ηCS of close to one was observed for all RCM. While the remaining CEC of RCM prepared at 300°C reflected the variable CEC at the edges, and thus the lateral size or aspect ratio of the 2:1 layers, the hydration complex of interlayer Li+ was strongly determined by the isomorphic substitutions in the dioctahedral 2:1 layers.