Dimensions Of Forgiveness Research Articles

ESSENCE OF FORGIVENESS AMONG THE SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM NAGAON TOWN OF ASSAM

The statement of the present study is, “Essence of Forgiveness among the Secondary School Students from Nagaon Town of Assam.” Based on the problems of the study the objectives framed are: i) To find the difference in the dimension of forgiveness among the Secondary School Students from Nagaon Town of Assam. ii)To find the difference in the essence forgiveness among the Secondary School Student from Nagaon Town of Assam with regard to their Gender (Male/Female). In the present study Descriptive survey method is used as it aims to systematically and accurately describe a population and situation or phenomenon. Simple Random Sampling technique is used to collect the data from 400 samples. The result found that there is no significant difference between forgiveness among male and female of Secondary School Students from Nagaon Town of Assam.

Redefining forgiveness in restorative justice

ABSTRACT In restorative justice (RJ), forgiveness is usually eschewed because it is narrowly defined as a bilateral process. However, this conceptualisation neglects the multi-dimensionality of forgiveness in RJ because forgiveness can take place beyond an interpersonal level. We aim to shed light on the intrapersonal dimension of forgiveness in RJ. By redefining forgiveness in RJ, we argue that (1) intrapersonal forgiveness is as compatible with RJ as interpersonal forgiveness; (2) intrapersonal forgiveness comes before interpersonal forgiveness and facilitates it in RJ; (3) unlike interpersonal forgiveness as an emergent value, intrapersonal forgiveness can be embraced as a maximising value in RJ; (4) intrapersonal and interpersonal forgiveness can serve as a catalyst for victim recovery and desistance from crime in RJ respectively.

PEMAAFAN REMAJA BROKEN HOME DI KOTA TOMOHON

Forgiveness is a process that affects emotional changes and a person's attitude towards the abuser who has hurt him. This study aims to determine the process of forgiveness, factors that influence forgiveness, and forms of forgiveness in broken home adolescents in Tomohon City whose parents divorced. The method used in this study is qualitative phenomenological method. The informants used as research material amounted to two people, sampling in this study was purposive sampling, the methods used were observation and interviews. The results of this study show differences in forgiveness that occur in the two informants as well as different experiences of events and perceptions of actions committed by each parent towards the informant and also in the informant's family which can be seen from the dimension of forgiveness by McCullough, Root, and Cohen (2006).

Is lifetime abuse forgivable in old age?

ABSTRACT Old age is characterized by reflection and a retrospective examination of the multiple meanings of various life experiences, including lifelong abuse. Forgiveness is found to have a salutary effect, especially for older adults. To understand the place and role of forgiveness in the reflective process during aging, we performed a secondary analysis of in-depth, semi-structured interviews (N = 78) with older women survivors of abuse. Inductive thematic analysis was based on concepts developed deductively from the literature review. The findings include three main themes: (1) The dimensions of forgiving: The victim as subject; (2) Being forgiven: Between lost forgiveness and hope; and (3) Self-forgiveness and the aging self. Despite the known salutary effect of forgiveness, we must consider that this is not a universally desirable process. We included the dimension of forgiveness in the study of abuse throughout the older person’s life course and identified further complexities in addition to the “forgiveness”/“unforgiveness.”

Associations between forgiveness and physical and mental health in the context of long COVID

ObjectiveForgiveness has been positively associated with health in those with functional disorders. This cross-sectional study examined the relationships among dimensions of forgiveness and physical and mental health in individuals with and without long COVID. MethodsAdults (N = 4316) in the United States took part in an online survey study detailing long COVID presence, physical and mental health, and trait forgiveness. T-tests were performed to assess differences in types of trait forgiveness between individuals with and without long COVID. Linear regression models assessed the contribution of demographic covariates and forgiveness subscales to the physical and mental health of individuals with and without long COVID. ResultsOf 4316 participants, 379 (8.8%) reported current long COVID. Participants were an average age of 43.7, and most identified as female (51.9%), white (87.8%), and non-Hispanic/Latino (86.6%). Individuals with long COVID reported significantly less forgiveness of self (p < 0.001, d = 0.33), forgiveness of others (p = 0.004, d = 0.16), and forgiveness of situations (p < 0.001, d = 0.34) than those without long COVID. Among the long COVID sample, forgiveness of self and situations were positively associated with mental health (p < 0.05), but not physical health (p > 0.05). Forgiveness of others was negatively associated with both physical and mental health (p < 0.05). ConclusionForgiveness may be an important consideration in understanding health among individuals with long COVID, emphasizing the importance of developing a multifaceted understanding of the condition.

Transgression Severity, Forgiveness, Relationship Satisfaction, and Mental Health in Romantic Relationships

Abstract: Background: Based on interdependence theory, forgiveness could be a strategy for dealing with interpersonal transgressions in a romantic relationship. Objective: The present study examines the effects of transgression severity on relationship satisfaction and mental health along two forgiveness dimensions – resentment-avoidance and benevolence. Method: 351 opposite-gender couples (age M = 48.24 years, SD = 12.88; relationship duration M = 22.71 years, SD = 12.96) rated four self-report measures. We analyzed the cross-sectional data using an Actor–Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM). Results: There was a significant indirect effect of transgression severity through resentment-avoidance for the actor’s and the partner’s relationship satisfaction. The link through benevolence was significant only for the partner’s relationship satisfaction. Regarding mental health, the indirect effects of resentment-avoidance and benevolence were significant for the actor and the partner. Conclusions: The findings support the notion that forgiveness impacts both partners’ relational and individual well-being.

IS LIFETIME ABUSE FORGIVABLE IN OLD AGE?

Abstract Old age is characterized by reflection and retrospective examination of the multiple meanings of various life experiences including lifetime abuse. Forgiveness was found to have salutary effects on older adults’ wellbeing. To enhance understanding concerning the place and role of forgiveness in the reflective process in later life we performed a secondary analysis of data from four previous studies using in in-depth, semi-structured interviews (N=78) with older women who survived abuse. Concepts developed deductively from reviewing the literature contributed to an inductive thematic analysis of the interviews. Three major themes emerged from this procedure: (1) The dimensions of forgiving: The victim as subject. Movement towards forgiveness occurs along three dimensions: painful memories with negative emotions, commitment to social obligations and life circumstances. (2) Being forgiven: Between lost forgiveness and hope. This theme related to the boundaries between the roles of being a victim and a victimizer simultaneously and describes the hope and willingness of survivors to be forgiven by closely related persons. (3) Self-forgiveness and the aging self. Forgiving self can be conceptualized from total renunciation due to exhaustion from lifetime abuse to full recognition of self-accepting forgiveness resulting from decision-making based on strength. While recognizing the salutary effects of forgiveness, we cannot disregard that this is not a universally desirable process. The dimension of forgiveness needs to be included in the study of abuse throughout the old person’s life-course to better understand its complexity Such view should substitute the either/or approach based on the dichotomy of “forgiveness” or “unforgiveness”.

Growth patterns of ingroup and outgroup prosocial behavior in Colombian and Uruguayan adolescents: Examining gratitude and forgiveness as predictors of change.

The first goal of the current research was to study the short-term developmental patterns of ingroup and outgroup prosocial behavior during the middle adolescence stage among Uruguayan and Colombian adolescents. The second goal was to study the probability of inclusion in each trajectory class arising from gratitude and forgiveness (understood as the absence of negative emotions and the presence of positive emotions toward an aggressor) while controlling for gender and age. The study included two short-term longitudinal samples from two Latin American countries: Colombia (N = 212, M age = 13.82 years, SD = 1.25) and Uruguay (N = 269, M age = 14.02 years, SD = 1.39). The data were collected at three time points within a 3-month interval. The first finding indicated that different patterns in ingroup and outgroup prosocial behavior in adolescents emerged in both Latin American countries. Moreover, two classes-high and low-were identified in the trajectory of ingroup prosocial behavior, while three different classes-high, moderate, and low-were found in the trajectory of outgroup prosocial behavior in both countries. The results indicated that high levels of gratitude increased the probability that Uruguayan adolescents were included in the group of adolescents with high levels of ingroup prosocial behavior. High levels of positive emotions toward an aggressor (a dimension of forgiveness) increased the probability that a Colombian adolescent belonged to the group of adolescents with high levels of ingroup prosociality. Regarding outgroup prosocial behavior, different predictors were also identified between the countries. The results indicated that high levels of gratitude and positive emotions toward an aggressor increased the probability that Uruguayan adolescents were included in the group of adolescents with high or moderate levels of outgroup prosocial behavior. Only positive emotions toward an aggressor increased the probability that Colombian adolescents were included in the group of adolescents with high or moderate levels of outgroup prosocial behavior.

Forgiveness-Hope Relationships Considering the Risk of Depression: Samples from Public School Students in A Religious Country

This study aimed to describe forgiveness-hope relationships among normal adolescents and those at high risk of depression in Indonesia, which is considered a religious country. This study involved 713 adolescents from a state vocational school in Semarang, obtained purposively in both sample groups (Male=64.1%; nHigh Risk=42; nNormal=671). Measurements used the DASS-Depression, Forgiveness Scale, and State Hope Scale. Data distributions supported non-parametric tests. Statistical analysis particularly used Spearman's rho correlation. Additional analyses used descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U. The study resulted in a significant positive correlation in each sample group; the correlation coefficient was greater in the high risk sample. When the correlation in the normal sample was significant for each sex, the correlation in the male high-risk sample was not significant alone. Specifically, both sexes of the high-risk sample received benefits on their pathways but not agency subscale. Among all the forgiveness dimensions in the high-risk sample, only forgiveness of situation contributed to hope. The results indicate that forgiveness may encourage better hope in more depressed adolescents, especially female adolescents. Targeting forgiveness of situations is the primary thing for depressive adolescents, thus encouraging efforts to find coping strategies regardless of their capacity. Further examination using experimental methods can be suggested.

Forgiveness and its value from the perspective of educational relationship

ABSTRACT Forgiveness is usually analysed in terms of the benefits to victims or perpetrators. When referring to victims, attention is focused on overcoming the negative emotions caused by harm or achieving good that is important to them. In this article, the issue of the victims’ responsibility for the personal and moral development of the perpetrators, as well as for building the community to which the perpetrators belong, has been addressed. We compare the relationship between a forgiving victim and a perpetrator to an educational relationship, to discover the educational dimension of forgiveness. We use one of the contemporary models of the educational relationship to check whether all subjects of this relationship and the references between them relevant to this relationship can be identified in that between the forgiving victim and the perpetrator. A critical issue for this reflection was the stereotypes concerning forgiveness. From the analysis, the conclusion can be drawn that the relationship between the forgiving victim and the perpetrator can meet the criteria of an educational relationship, if forgiveness is properly understood, i.e. it is expressed in actions adequate for the level of the perpetrators’ personal and moral development and is not reduced to merely cancelling their debt.

Evli Bireylerde Bağlanma Stilleri ile Duygu Düzenlemenin Affetme Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Rolü

Marriage is one of the important steps that spouses tend to be happy together and raise future generations. However, in the marriage life made with hope, there may be hurt and resentment as well as happy moments. After the negative situations where resentment occurs between spouses, they sometimes decide to get through relationship and sometimes they can choose to forgive each other by resolving their conflicts. For this reason, it is important to research forgiveness in marriage, taking into account the conflicts between spouses. The purpose of this research is investigating the predictive role of attachment styles and emotion regulation skills on forgiveness in married individuals. The study group consisted of 236 individuals, between the ages of 18-65, who were married for at least 1 year. In this study, "Experiences in Close Relationships- Revised", "Marriage Forgiveness Scale-Event" and "Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire: Co-Brooding and Co-Reappraisal" scales were used to collect data. According to the results of the research, as the avoidant attachment and brooding scores increase, the benevolence dimension score of the forgiveness scale decreases; as the anxious attachment, avoidant attachment and co-brooding scores increase, the avoidance dimension score of forgiveness increases, that is, the tendency to forgive decreases; while only anxious attachment predicted the retaliation dimension of forgiveness, co-reappraisal did not predict dimensions of the forgiveness scale.

Slovak validation of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory-30

Objectives. In recent years, interpersonal forgiveness has become a focus in psychology research. The Enright Forgiveness Inventory-30 (EFI-30) was developed to assess situational forgiveness toward someone who has hurt us deeply and unjustly. The goal of this study is to validate the Slovak version of the EFI-30, which was translated by the authors, on a representative sample of the Slovak population (in terms of gender and age). Sample and settings. Data were collected on a representative Slovak sample (n=1209 participants: 50.4% women and 49.6% men) in the productive age from 18 to 65 years (M=41.22, SD=12.78). Statistical analyses. The data obtained from the 30-item scale were subjected to a factor analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method. The internal consistency of the subscales and the EFI-30 was measured. Criterion validity was assessed by correlations with the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory–18-Item Version and the Forgiveness of Others subscale from the Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Construct validity was assessed by correlations with well-being, happiness, depression, anxiety, and anger. Results. Items relating to the affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions of forgiveness were saturated with a single common factor. The short pseudo-forgiveness subscale formed a specific factor that correlated negatively with forgiveness. The EFI-30 results obtained by persons scoring high on the pseudo-forgiveness scale were therefore excluded from the analysis. The questionnaire had high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α &gt; 0.9), good criterion validity (high correlations with other forgiveness scales) and good construct validity (positive relationships with well-being and happiness, negative ones with anxiety, depression, and anger).

The interaction between forgiveness and resentment on mental health outcomes: two sides of the same coin?

ABSTRACT Forgiveness is a foundational tenet across all religions that has consistently been shown to be related to positive health outcomes. Although specific theoretical dimensions of “forgiveness” have been proposed (e.g., decisional, emotional, dispositional), there is limited evidence to suggest that they are statistically distinct constructs. However, a recent factor analysis (Yoon et al., 2022) indicated that a frequently used measure of forgiveness (i.e., Trait Forgiveness Scale) is composed of statistically distinct behavioral (i.e., willingness to forgive) and affective dimensions (i.e., resentment). Given this finding, the current study determined how these empirically distinct constructs interact to influence health. Based on 322 primarily Christian undergraduate students the results indicated: 1) willingness to forgive and resentment are significantly negatively correlated but distinct constructs; 2) religiosity is related to forgiveness but not resentment; 3) forgiveness, resentment, and their interaction are all significantly related to mental (but not physical) health; and 4) resentment partially negates the positive effects of willingness to forgive on mental health. Overall, the results suggest the need to differentiate behavioral and affective dimensions of forgiveness, that religious beliefs may promote forgiveness but not reduce resentment, and that both willingness to forgive and reducing resentment are important in promoting positive health.

Forgiveness and wellbeing after spinal cord injury: Perceived stress and adaptation to disability as mediators.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-altering acquired disability. Understanding factors that contribute to adaption to disability and decreased SCI-related stress are critical to personal wellbeing and quality of life for SCI patients. Previous research suggests that forgiveness of others, self-forgiveness, and overall forgiveness are associated with psychological well-being in patients with other chronic illnesses. As such, dimensions of forgiveness may be relevant factors in restoring wellness in SCI patients. This study sought to examine a comprehensive model of the impact of forgiveness on multidimensional indicators of wellness. We tested a path model of the impact of trait forgiveness on wellbeing outcomes in adults living with SCI (N = 312). Specifically, we examined 2 mediating pathways-lower perceived stress and higher adaption to disability-by which dimensions of trait forgiveness (self, others, and situations) may influence wellbeing outcomes (psychological wellbeing, satisfaction with life, and perceived physical health). The final path model (χ² = 41.3, p < .001; CFI = .97; RMSEA = .09) suggests that 2 dimensions of forgiveness-self and situations-were significant negative predictors of perceived stress and positive predictors of adaptation to disability. In turn, perceived stress was a significant negative predictor of all 3 wellbeing outcomes and adaptation to disability was a significant positive predictor of all 3 wellbeing outcomes. Forgiveness of self and situations are resilience factors in individuals with SCI, suggesting targets for future interventions to improve wellbeing in this population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Which dimensions of forgiveness mediate and moderate childhood trauma and depression? Insights to prevent suicide risk among university students

BackgroundCollege students who are depressed as a direct or indirect effect of childhood trauma are at risk of suicide. Although for-giveness buffers mental health problems, there are inconsistencies in the results according to the object of forgiveness. This study aimed to examine the role of forgiveness, both as a mediator and as a moderator, for the association between childhood trauma and depression among university students.Participants and procedureThe sample comprised 398 students from a university in Semarang, Indonesia (M = 18.60, SD = 0.60, male = 26.1%) ob-tained through cluster random sampling. Measurements used were the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) question-naire, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Forgiveness Scale which contained the dimensions of self, others, and situations.ResultsThe path analysis and the investigation of CI result showed that forgiveness mediated the relationship between ACEs and depression. Forgiveness of self and situations were also mediating, but not forgiveness of others. On the other hand, the moderating effect only applied to the forgiveness of others, the effect of which increased positively when the level was high.ConclusionsThe result of this study indicates how the addition of ACEs affects lower level of forgiveness, thus explaining the higher level of depression among college students. Only forgiveness of others among the dimensions of forgiveness is not deter-mined by the number of ACEs, but its increase determines the addition of depression level when there are more ACEs. The discussions highlight the mechanism of each dimension, contribution of collectivistic culture, different types of ACEs and limited incidence of ACEs among the general college student population.

Basic Dimensions of Religiousness and Dispositional Forgiveness: The Mediating Role of Religiously Motivated Forgiveness

Forgiveness could be regarded as one of the most important moral imperatives across various religions. Although numerous studies have confirmed the hypothesis that religious people tend to be more forgiving, there is still an open question as to which dimensions of religiosity are responsible for this tendency and whether religious people equally tend to forgive others, but also themselves, and feel being forgiven by God. The present study investigated the associations between religiosity and dispositional forgiveness using the basic dimensions of religiousness model (including cognitive, emotional, moral, and social dimensions of religiosity) and multifaceted measurement of forgiveness (self-forgiveness, forgiveness of others, divine forgiveness, and religiously motivated forgiveness). The study involved 427 individuals who identified themselves as religious (71% women). The results showed weak positive correlations between dimensions of religiousness and dispositional selfforgiveness, moderate associations with dispositional forgiveness of others and religiously motivated forgiveness, and strong associations with dispositional divine forgiveness. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that when controlled for covariations between dimensions of religiousness and dimensions of forgiveness, the behaving (morality) dimension of forgiveness predicted dispositional forgiveness of others and divine forgiveness. Religiously motivated forgiveness mediated between the believing (meaning) and behaving dimensions of religiousness, and dispositional forgiveness.

Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Temperance Scale in Adolescents.

Recent research has shown the relevance of measuring the virtue of temperance. The present study tested a multidimensional and second-order structure scale to assess temperance using a sub-scale of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth (VIA-Youth). Scale properties were tested using data from a sample of 860 adolescents aged from 12 to 18 years old (M = 14.28 years, SD = 1.65). The sample was randomly split into two subsamples for model cross-validation. Using the first sample, we assessed scale dimensionality, measurement invariance, and discriminant and concurrent validity. A second sample was used for model cross-validation. Confirmatory factorial analysis confirmed the fit of one second-order factor temperance virtue model, with the dimensions of forgiveness, modesty, prudence, and self-control. The results indicate scale measurement equivalence across gender and stage of adolescence (early vs. middle). Latent means difference tests showed significant differences in forgiveness, modesty, and self-regulation by gender, and modesty according to adolescence stage. Moreover, the scale showed discriminant and concurrent validity. These findings indicate that this scale is helpful for assessing temperance in adolescents and suggest the value of temperance as a multidimensional and second-order construct.

Jacques Derrida’s philosophy of forgiveness

This paper presents social and political dimensions of forgiveness within Jacques Derrida’s philosophy. Derrida’s philosophy of forgiveness is an example of how philosophy can help us understand and resolve contemporary social and political issues. Derrida believes that traditional concept of forgiveness should be broadened beyond the bounds of the rational and the imaginable. According to Derrida, traditional concept of forgiveness needs rethinking because of the phenomenon of proliferation of scenes of forgiveness after the Second World War that produced globalization of forgiveness and trivialized and decharacterized this term. According to Derrida, the act of forgiveness can only be thought beyond the limits of common sense and in the space of the impossible, and that is the forgiveness of something that common sense cannot forgive. Derrida’s philosophy of forgiveness has wide social and political implications as it transcends binary oppositions: present/past, self/other, friend/enemy and so forth. All concepts within Derrida’s philosophy of politics (friendship, enemy, hospitality, forgiveness, justice, and so on) are significant for societies eroded with traumas of wars and ethno-national divisions and conflicts. Keywords: Derrida, philosophy, forgiveness, enemy, migration, asylum, hospitality.

Conceptualization of the forgiveness phenomenon in the interdisciplinary discourse

The aim of the study is to conceptualize forgiveness as a socio-psychological phenomenon, to identify the criteria for forgiveness by analyzing, systematizing, and generalizing the scientific views of local and foreign scientists on this phenomenon. The empirical study used the Forgiveness Scale as Character Traits questionnaire by J. W. Berry, et. al; «Diagnosis of depression and anxiety» method by L. R. Derogatis, «Diagnosis of the level of empathic abilities» method by V. V. Boyko, research on social intelligence method by J. Guilford in the adaptation of O. S. Mikhailova. It is concluded that the forgiveness phenomenon is a multidimensional and multilevel phenomenon that has a multicomponent structure and includes cognitive, affective, conative, and motivational components. The criteria for forgiveness are as follows: 1) overcoming the negative emotions and judgments about the offender, that is the refusal of the offended person from anger and resentment, hatred, indignation, sadness; 2) replacement of negative feelings towards the offender with more neutral, and, finally, positive, particularly, tolerance, manifestations of empathy in the form of compassion, empathy, mercy (the benevolence towards the offender is a positive dimension of forgiveness); 3) refusal of vengeful behavior towards the offender; 4) overcoming the motivation to avoid the offender. Forgiveness can perform different functions, can have different conditions of its development, different types, different modalities, levels of awareness, different subject meanings, different impacts on the person. Thus, unforgiveness is a more complex construct than just the opposite of forgiveness. E.g., crimes against humanity are unforgivable. The ability to forgive is determined by the development of a number of social cognition mechanisms (social and emotional intelligence, empathy for the offender). Forgiveness is associated with reflexive mentality, conscious reworking, and restructuring of one’s attitude toward the offender and the situation of resentment. The prospect of further research is seen in the identification of different socio-psychological factors of forgiveness depending on its subject content, level of awareness, types, and different modalities

The role of relational dependence, forgiveness and hope on the intention to return with an abusive partner

The aim of this study was to examine psychological and relational variables such as dependence, forgiveness (both in their positive and negative dimensions), and hope that may explain why women reconciliate with abusive partners. We administered a questionnaire to women victims of violence. Relational dependence was indirectly associated with greater intentions to return to the violent partner via benevolent forgiveness and hope of a change in the partner. The positive dimension of forgiveness (benevolence) could represent a phase of the cycle of violence, during which the hope for change in the partner can increase the probability of reconciliation.