Additional Dimension Research Articles

A framework of cross-system knowledge flow: based on the investigation of sociotechnical experiments in Japan

ABSTRACT Over the past four decades, the framework of the innovation system has undergone continuous refinement and concretization, establishing itself as an effective tool for analyzing institutional innovation. The Triple Helix framework provides a quantitative direction and dynamic perspective for studying the Regional Innovation System. Due to exchanges on the market, scholarly communication in knowledge production, and political discourse, scholars have proposed introducing additional dimensions to explain local-global knowledge flow [Leydesdorff, L. 2012. “The Triple Helix, Quadruple Helix, … , and an N-Tuple of Helices: Explanatory Models for Analyzing the Knowledge-Based Economy?” Journal of the Knowledge Economy 3 (1): 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-011-0049-4]. This study presents a cross-system framework between the Regional Innovation System and the National Innovation System based on an investigation of regional sociotechnical experiments conducted in Japan, which provides insights for extending the Triple Helix framework. Furthermore, we distinguish different patterns of knowledge flow and highlight the potential hubs played by the universities, multinational enterprises, and local governments, offering practical guidance for facilitating cross-system knowledge flow.

The Effect of Product Innovation on the Performance of Food SMEs: The Moderator Effect of Quadruple Helix

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in driving Indonesia's economy, contributing significantly to GDP and employment. However, SMEs, particularly in the food sector, face challenges such as changing market demands, limited resources, and restricted access to innovation support systems. This study investigates the influence of product innovation on the performance of food SMEs in Malang Regency and examines the moderating effect of the Quadruple Helix framework, which involves collaboration among academia, business, government, and mass media. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected from 335 food SMEs registered with the SME Business Communication Forum (FKPU) and analyzed using Warp-PLS SEM to evaluate structural and measurement models. The findings reveal that product innovation significantly enhances SME performance, as reflected in improved customer satisfaction, expanded market share, increased revenue, and profitability. The Quadruple Helix actors were found to play critical roles in amplifying this relationship. Academia supports SMEs by bridging research and practice, offering training, and providing operational tools. Government interventions such as subsidies, tax incentives, and promotional activities foster a conducive environment for innovation. Businesses contribute by mentoring, sharing market knowledge, and opening new opportunities. Mass media amplifies these efforts by promoting innovative products, disseminating market information, and connecting SMEs with broader consumer bases. This study highlights the importance of integrating collaborative frameworks into innovation ecosystems to ensure sustainable SME growth. While the research provides valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners, it is limited to food SMEs in Malang Regency. Future studies should explore other sectors and regions to validate these findings and uncover additional dimensions of the Quadruple Helix framework's impact.

The Role of Infrastructure, Technology, and Financial Resources in Enhancing the Organizational Capacity of the Inspectorate in Central Mamuju Regency

This study investigates the organizational capacity of the Inspectorate of Central Mamuju Regency, focusing on the critical roles of infrastructure, technology, and financial resources. Employing a qualitative approach with a descriptive design, the research draws upon in-depth interviews with nine key informants, including the Inspector, auditors, and other relevant stakeholders. The findings reveal that the Inspectorate has made significant strides in enhancing its infrastructure, adopting advanced technologies, and implementing robust financial management practices. These capacity-building efforts have contributed to improved efficiency, productivity, and public trust in the institution's ability to promote good governance and combat corruption. However, the study also identifies opportunities for further strengthening organizational capacity, such as continued investments in infrastructure upgrades, staying abreast of emerging technologies, and regularly updating financial management procedures. The research highlights the need for ongoing staff training and development to optimize the utilization of these resources. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of exploring additional dimensions of organizational capacity, such as human resource management, leadership effectiveness, and stakeholder engagement, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the Inspectorate's strengths and challenges. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders seeking to enhance the Inspectorate's capacity and its contributions to good governance in Central Mamuju Regency.

Biomimetic Gas‐Trapping Electrode Toward N2 Electrofixation

AbstractThis work has been inspired by water striders’ hair structures, developing a class of gas self‐storage electrodes for trapping N2 for electrofixation. The electrode is comprised of nickel phosphides encapsulated by phosphorus‐doped carbon shells, showing simultaneous “superaerophilic” and “superhydrophobic” domains on the surfaces with an underwater N2 contact angle of 13.4° and water contact angle of 140.7°. Through mechanism studies combining molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) simulations, it shows the superaerophilic domains that contribute to enriching N2 at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces for favorable gas feedstock supply, while superhydrophobic domains suppressing competitive hydrogen evolution. Benefit from the directly trapping N2 molecules, the electrode drives right shift of the reaction equilibrium with substantially increased Faradic efficiency up to 42.4%, rating it among the most efficient nitrogen electrofixation catalysts in aqueous electrolytes. The present finding is expected to provide an additional dimension to biomimetic mechanisms that manipulate systems beyond traditional constraint.

Exploring the Limits and Balancing Efficiency, Transparency, and Esthetics in Ultrathin a‐Si:H Transparent Photovoltaic Devices

Transparent photovoltaic (TPV) devices represent a promising advance in photovoltaic technologies, particularly in building‐integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Unlike conventional photovoltaics, which primarily prioritize efficiency, TPV must balance between efficiency, transparency, and aesthetics. These additional dimensions introduce unique challenges on device architecture. This article reports the development of wide‐bandgap, inorganic‐based TPV devices integrating ultrathin hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) as a transparent absorber, with carrier selective contacts and transparent electrodes. The article analyzes how absorber thickness influences the electrical, optical, and aesthetic performance of devices, evaluating key parameters in TPV such as light utilization efficiency (LUE), average photopic transmittance (APT), color rendering index (CRI), and electrical properties such as power conversion efficiency (PCE). The device structure is SLG/FTO/AZO/a‐SiCx(n)/a‐Si:H/V2Ox/AZO. This approach results in PCE ranging from 1.7% with an APT of 60% to a PCE of 4.1% with an APT of 28%, yielding LUE values between 0.9% and 1.3%. Device characterization encompasses optical spectrophotometry, J–V measurements under standard test conditions, spectral response analysis, and variable illumination measurements (VIM). Additionally, color characterization is conducted using CIE 1931 color space maps to determine the chromaticity coordinates, CRI, and the variation of color as a function of absorber thickness.

Putting seedlings on the map: Trade-offs in demographic rates between ontogenetic size classes in five tropical forests.

All species must partition resources among the processes that underly growth, survival, and reproduction. The resulting demographic trade-offs constrain the range of viable life-history strategies and are hypothesized to promote local coexistence. Tropical forests pose ideal systems to study demographic trade-offs as they have a high diversity of coexisting tree species whose life-history strategies tend to align along two orthogonal axes of variation: a growth-survival trade-off that separates species with fast growth from species with high survival and a stature-recruitment trade-off that separates species that achieve large stature from species with high recruitment. As these trade-offs have typically been explored for trees ≥1 cm dbh, it is unclear how species' growth and survival during earliest seedling stages are related to the trade-offs for trees ≥1 cm dbh. Here, we used principal components and correlation analyses to (1) determine the main demographic trade-offs among seed-to-seedling transition rates and growth and survival rates from the seedling to overstory size classes of 1188 tree species from large-scale forest dynamics plots in Panama, Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Taiwan, and Malaysia and (2) quantify the predictive power of maximum dbh, wood density, seed mass, and specific leaf area for species' position along these demographic trade-off gradients. In four out of five forests, the growth-survival trade-off was the most important demographic trade-off and encompassed growth and survival of both seedlings and trees ≥1 cm dbh. The second most important trade-off separated species with relatively fast growth and high survival at the seedling stage from species with relatively fast growth and high survival ≥1 cm dbh. The relationship between seed-to-seedling transition rates and these two trade-off aces differed between sites. All four traits were significant predictors for species' position along the two trade-off gradients, albeit with varying importance. We concluded that, after accounting for the species' position along the growth-survival trade-off, tree species tend to trade off growth and survival at the seedling with later life stages. This ontogenetic trade-off offers a mechanistic explanation for the stature-recruitment trade-off that constitutes an additional ontogenetic dimension of life-history variation in species-rich ecosystems.

UHPLC-TIMS-PASEF®-MS for Lipidomics: From Theory to Practice.

Trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) using parallel accumulation serial fragmentation (PASEF®) is an advanced analytical technique that offers several advantages in mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics. TIMS provides an additional dimension of separation to mass spectrometry and accurate collision cross-section (CCS) measurements for ions, aiding in the structural characterization of molecules. This is especially valuable in lipidomics for identifying and distinguishing isomeric or structurally similar compounds. On the other hand, PASEF technology allows for fast and efficient data acquisition by accumulating ions in parallel and then serially fragmenting them. This accelerates the analysis process and improves throughput, making it suitable for high-throughput applications. Moreover, the combination of TIMS and PASEF reduces co-elution and ion coalescence issues, leading to cleaner and more interpretable mass spectra. This results in higher data quality and more confident identifications. In this chapter, a data-dependent TIMS-PASEF® workflow for lipidomics analysis is presented.

When "loss-of-function" means proteostasis burden: Thinking again about coding DNA variants.

Each human genome has approximately 5 million DNA variants. Even for complete loss-of-function variants causing inherited, monogenic diseases, current understanding based on gene-specific molecular function does not adequately predict variability observed between people with identical mutations or fluctuating disease trajectories. We present a parallel paradigm for loss-of-function variants based on broader consequences to the cell when aberrant polypeptide chains of amino acids are translated from mutant RNA to generate mutated proteins. Missense variants that modify primary amino acid sequence, and nonsense/frameshift variants that generate premature termination codons (PTCs), are placed in context alongside emergent themes of chaperone binding, protein quality control capacity, and cellular adaptation to stress. Relatively stable proteostasis burdens are contrasted with rapid changes after induction of gene expression, or stress responses that suppress nonsense mediated decay (NMD) leading to higher PTC transcript levels where mutant proteins can augment cellular stress. For known disease-causal mutations, an adjunctive variant categorization system enhances clinical predictive power and precision therapeutic opportunities. Additionally, with typically more than 100 nonsense and frameshift variants, and ∼10,000 missense variants per human DNA, the paradigm focuses attention on all protein-coding DNA variants, and their potential contributions to multimorbid states beyond classically designated inherited diseases. Experimental testing in clinically relevant systems is encouraged to augment current atlases of protein expression at single-cell resolution, and high-throughput experimental data and deep-learning models that predict which amino acid substitutions generate enhanced degradative burdens. Incorporating additional dimensions such as pan-proteome competition for chaperones, and age-related loss of proteostasis capacity, should further accelerate health impacts.

Reconstructing the 1968 River Chew flash flood: merging a HEC-RAS 2D hydraulic modelling approach with historical evidence

The devastating 1968 flash flood in the River Chew, South-West of England, serves as a stark reminder of the unpredictable nature of such natural disasters and highlights the importance of natural hazard assessments. The uncertain and often incomplete historical data, and the limited field measurements at the time hindered our understanding of this event. By integrating historical evidence, including technical reports, newspapers, literature, and eyewitness accounts, with advanced hydraulic modelling (HEC-RAS 2D), this study reconstructs the 1968 flash flood. A sensitivity analysis of the computational methodologies in HEC-RAS, examining various governing equations and numerical methods, introduces an additional dimension to this research. The results verify a maximum flow rate of 165 m3/s at the Compton Dando hydrometric station, marking a 65% increase from the previous official estimate. This update aligns with over 90% of the historical flood marks observed. Findings suggest recalibrating hydrological models, revising risk assessments, and updating flood frequency analyses in the study area. This novel framework confronts the challenges of uncertain and incomplete historical records through a reverse engineering methodology to reconstruct missing peak discharges. The study also presents a new methodological blueprint that can be replicated for reconstructing historical flash flood events in various regions.

From Reflection to Sustainability: Mapping Psychological Dynamics, Collective Culture, and Supportive Leadership within Front Office Teams in Hotels

This study investigates the relationships among team psychological safety, participation-supportive leadership, collectivism, team reflexivity, and team sustainability within front office teams in the Indonesian hospitality sector. Utilizing a quantitative research design, data were collected from 387 respondents across major cities, including Surabaya, Jakarta, Denpasar, and Yogyakarta. The findings indicate that higher levels of psychological safety significantly enhance team reflexivity, allowing team members to engage in open communication and collaborative problem-solving. Additionally, participation-supportive leadership fosters an inclusive environment where team members feel empowered to contribute their ideas, which is essential for effective decision-making. Collectivism serves as a moderating factor, influencing the relationship between leadership and team dynamics, thereby highlighting the importance of cultural values in shaping team interactions. The study underscores the necessity of creating a psychologically safe climate that encourages risk-taking and innovation, ultimately leading to improved team sustainability and performance. Limitations include the cross-sectional design, which restricts causal inferences, and the focus on a specific cultural context, potentially affecting the generalizability of the findings. Future research should explore longitudinal designs and incorporate additional cultural dimensions to enhance the applicability of the results. By providing insights into culturally sensitive practices, this study contributes to the understanding of team dynamics and sustainability in organizational settings, particularly within the hospitality industry.

Qualitative evidence on EQ-5D-5L skin irritation and self-confidence bolt-ons in Darier's disease and Hailey-Hailey disease.

Limited evidence is available about the content validity of the EQ-5D-5L in rare skin fragility disorders. Previous research has demonstrated that the skin irritation and self-confidence additional dimensions (bolt-ons) improve the content validity of the EQ-5D-5L in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Our aim was to investigate the content validity of the EQ-5D-5L and the two bolt-ons in Darier's disease and Hailey-Hailey disease. In 2023, we conducted qualitative, semi-structured interviews with 15 adult patients at a university dermatology clinic. Patients completed the EQ-5D-5L with two bolt-ons using a think-aloud technique. We used probing questions to explore the relevance, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the transcripts from the interviews. Most patients found both the EQ-5D-5L and the two bolt-ons comprehensible and relevant to their disease. All patients preferred the EQ-5D-5L with the two bolt-ons over the EQ-5D-5L alone. Twelve potential missing concepts were identified after the EQ-5D-5L + bolt-ons, but only financial impact and sex life were identified by more than one patient. Only one patient reported a conceptual overlap between the skin irritation bolt-on and the pain/discomfort dimension. Our findings suggest that there is no actionable evidence indicating gaps in the content validity of the EQ-5D-5L with two bolt-ons in Darier's and Hailey-Hailey disease. Future studies are encouraged to conduct quantitative psychometric testing of the bolt-ons in this and other chronic dermatological patient populations.

A Framework for Current and New Data Quality Dimensions: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of data quality terminology, revealing a significant lack of standardisation in the field. The goal of this work was to conduct a comparative analysis of data quality terminology across different domains and structure it into a hierarchical data model. We propose a novel approach for aggregating disparate data quality terms used to describe the multiple facets of data quality under common umbrella terms with a focus on the ISO 25012 standard. We introduce four additional data quality dimensions: governance, usefulness, quantity, and semantics. These dimensions enhance specificity, complementing the framework established by the ISO 25012 standard, as well as contribute to a broad understanding of data quality aspects. The ISO 25012 standard, a general standard for managing the data quality in information systems, offers a foundation for the development of our proposed Data Quality Data Model. This is due to the prevalent nature of digital systems across a multitude of domains. In contrast, frameworks such as ALCOA+, which were originally developed for specific regulated industries, can be applied more broadly but may not always be generalisable. Ultimately, the model we propose aggregates and classifies data quality terminology, facilitating seamless communication of the data quality between different domains when collaboration is required to tackle cross-domain projects or challenges. By establishing this hierarchical model, we aim to improve understanding and implementation of data quality practices, thereby addressing critical issues in various domains.

Do meaningful dimensions of childhood adversity exist? Data-driven evidence from two prospective cohort studies.

There is not yet a consensus on the best way to conceptualise adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). We used data-driven methods across two populations to examine (a) if there were meaningful dimensions underlying ACEs and (b) whether dimensions were differentially associated with increased risk of adolescent psychopathology. Participants were 18,539 British children from the UK Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) and 11,876 American children from the US Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD). A wide range of ACEs (e.g., abuse, neglect, parental psychopathology, peer victimisation) were measured prospectively from infancy to mid-adolescence using interviews and questionnaires. Internalising and externalising symptoms were assessed with child and/or parent reports during adolescence. Our preregistered exploratory factor analysis revealed four latent dimensions in the MCS (parental threat, deprivation, victimisation, and parental discipline) and ABCD (parental threat, deprivation, victimisation, and traumatic events). All dimensions except deprivation were associated with increased risk for internalising and externalising symptoms. Over and above the other dimensions, victimisation was more strongly associated with internalising (MCS β = .34, 95% CI 0.33-0.36; ABCD β = .11, 95% CI 0.10-0.13) and externalising (MCS β = .31, 95% CI 0.30-0.33; ABCD β = .13, 95% CI 0.11-0.15) symptoms. Across two distinct populations, we found that ACEs can be captured by common underlying dimensions of parental threat, deprivation, and victimisation, as well as additional sample-specific dimensions. Our findings expand dimensional theories of childhood adversity by suggesting that in addition to threat and deprivation, victimisation is a distinct dimension of adversity that has the strongest associations with adolescent psychopathology.

Recent Technologies on 2D and 3D Imaging Flow Cytometry.

Imaging flow cytometry is a technology that performs microscopy image analysis of cells within flow cytometry and allows high-throughput, high-content cell analysis based on their intracellular molecular distribution and/or cellular morphology. While the technology has been available for a couple of decades, it has recently gained significant attention as technical limitations for higher throughput, sorting capability, and additional imaging dimensions have been overcome with various approaches. These evolutions have enabled imaging flow cytometry to offer a variety of solutions for life science and medicine that are not possible with conventional flow cytometry or microscopy-based screening. It is anticipated that the extent of applications will expand in the upcoming years as the technology becomes more accessible through dissemination. In this review, we will cover the technical advances that have led to this new generation of imaging flow cytometry, focusing on the advantages and limitations of each technique.

Self-Rated Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder: Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents.

This study examined the psychometric properties of self-rated symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). We analyzed symptom ratings from a clinical outpatient sample of 658 adolescents aged 11;0-17;11 years diagnosed with ODD/CD and/or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In two steps, we examined the factor structure of ODD models and an additional CD symptom dimension using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Our preferred three-factor CFA and ESEM models (CFI = 0.937-0.975, TLI = 0.926-0.962, RMSEA = 0.049-0.068, SRMR = 0.045-0.070) demonstrated scalar measurement invariance across age groups (≥ 14;0 years) and metric measurement invariance across informants (parents, teachers). With exceptions, the self-rated symptom scales showed acceptable internal consistencies (α = 0.68-0.84). Convergent (r =.27-.65) and divergent validity (r =.13-.41) were supported using Achenbach's Youth Self Report Form. Our results provide implications for using self-rated ODD/CD symptoms in clinical practice and research.

Bachelier’s Market Model for ESG Asset Pricing

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) finance is a cornerstone of modern finance and investment, as it changes the classical return-risk view of investment by incorporating an additional dimension to investment performance: the ESG score of the investment. We define the ESG price process and include it in an extension of Bachelier’s market model in both discrete and continuous time, enabling option pricing valuation.

Partitioning for Enhanced Statistical Power and Noise Reduction: Comparing One-Way and Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Using simulated data with duplicate observational data points, this researchaims to highlight the notable efficiency of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) compared to one-way ANOVA as a more powerful statistical model.One of the principal advantages of repeated measures ANOVA is its design, in which each subject acts as their own control. This methodology allows for the statistical mitigation of individual differences among subjects, thereby reducing extraneous variability (noise) that can obscure the effects of the experimental conditions under investigation. By employing identical simulated column values within this analysis, we observe that the F-statistic generated by the repeated measures ANOVA tends to be larger than that derived from the one-way ANOVA. A distinguishing feature of repeated measures ANOVA is its incorporation of an additional dimension of within-subject variation in its partitioning procedure. This acknowledges that measurements taken from the same subject are inherently correlated. This correlation introduces a separate source of partitioned variation, distinct from that attributable to between-subject differences. The term SSBetween x Withinencapsulates the residual variation that remains after accounting for both group differences and individual subject discrepancies. By explicitly recognizing the interrelatedness of measurements collected from the same subjects, repeated measures ANOVA effectively reduces the residual error variation contributing to the denominator in calculating the F-statistic. This reduction in error variation (noise) results in a more sensitive statistical test than one-way ANOVA, thus enhancing the power of the analysis. Consequently, the ability of repeated measures ANOVA to account for the correlated nature of repeated observations not only yields a more robust estimation of the treatment effects but also fortifies the statistical conclusions drawn from the data.

Bodily awareness: Religious culture's associations with interoceptive sensibility.

Religions, as cultural systems, influence how people view and attune to their body. This research explores whether individual differences in various dimensions of religiosity are associated with interoceptive sensibility (IS), i.e., one's perceived ability to detect and interpret bodily signals. In Study 1, Christians, Muslims, and Hindus (N = 1570) reported their religiosity and completed the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, a well-validated measure of IS. Results show that religious identity moderates the relationship between the centrality of religion in one's life and IS such that the association is positive and medium for Christians, large for Muslims and Hindus. In addition, the medium positive correlation between frequency of religious practice and IS was similar across religious groups. Study 2 (N = 450) extended these results by measuring additional dimensions of religiosity and spirituality as well as investigating religious-related beliefs about the body, both positive (e.g., My body is holy) and negative (e.g., My body is sinful). Associations between religiosity and IS are replicated and found for spirituality as well. Interestingly, mediation analyses reveal that belief in the body as holy partially explains the association between religiosity and IS, but belief in the body as sinful suppresses such association. We discuss how religion, as a cultural factor, may influence beliefs about the body and bodily awareness, with implications for emotion regulation and mental health.

CULTURAL FRICTION AND MOTIVATIONAL ATTITUDES DURING CROSS BORDER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS: A REVISION OF JOB CHARACTERISTICS THEORY

This study examines how perceptions of cultural friction and changes in job characteristics influence attitudes and work-related outcomes of senior and middle managers during the integration process of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBM&As). It addresses both cultural aspects and the role of human resource management during post-merger integration. The research thus answers calls for an extension of the job characteristics model within novel settings and offers practical managerial implications. Notably, this study tests Hackman & Oldman’s job characteristics model in the context of CBM&As and extends the model with the additional dimension of cultural friction. To achieve this goal, we use a cross-sectional study design with structural equation modeling on survey data from 142 senior and middle managers who had been actively involved in CBM&As in the two years prior to the study. This research therefore contributes to our theoretical knowledge in the field of CBM&As, revealing micro-mechanisms during sociocultural integration. Building from this, we discuss the positive aspects of cultural friction, notably the cognitive thought processes that it enables. This has theoretical implications on how cultural friction might be conceptualized and operationalized as a micro-founded variable. Equally, it has practical implications concerning the role of HRM in CBM&As. We thus provide recommendations as to how the integration process might be more successfully managed.

Comparison of Education in New Zealand and Indonesia in Science Subjects in Primary School

In New Zealand, science education is also tailored to the local context and Maori culture, which provides an additional dimension to science learning in primary school. On the other hand, Indonesia has a different approach to science education in elementary schools. The purpose of this study is to understand the differences in science education approaches in New Zealand and Indonesia and their implications for student learning outcomes in elementary schools. This study uses a comparative descriptive approach to evaluate the differences in the approach to science education in primary schools between New Zealand and Indonesia. The results of this study show that there are significant differences in the approach of science education in primary schools between New Zealand and Indonesia, which has an impact on students' learning outcomes and scientific understanding. New Zealand implements an inquiry-based learning approach supported by adequate laboratory facilities and a more ideal teacher-student ratio. This allows students to engage directly in experiments and observations, which helps them develop critical thinking skills and a deeper understanding of science. In Indonesia, the science learning approach tends to focus on memorization and theory, with limited laboratory facilities and a large number of students per class, which limits the implementation of practice-based learning. As a result, Indonesian students have lower scientific comprehension scores, as seen in the PISA results. Differences in the quality of educational facilities, teaching methods, and time allocation for science learning in both countries are the main factors that affect student learning outcomes.