Community Properties Research Articles

Energy management based on coalitionnal game subdivision applied to energy communities

The energy transition requires rethinking how we produce and consume energy. Energy communities (EC) provide a recent legal framework for sharing energy, aiming to reduce energy bills and the environmental footprint of their participants. One of the challenges is adapting economic models to this technological upheaval. In this context, cooperative games, based on game theory, are valuable tools for modeling energy management through cooperation. However, despite their promising characteristics, cooperative games are limited by their computational complexity. The required computation time to solve cooperative games increases exponentially with the number of participants, restricting their application in energy management. This paper aims to propose a solution to apply cooperative game theory tools to larger communities using a multidisciplinary approach. For this purpose, a game subdivision approach based on the specific properties of energy communities is proposed. This methodology will be shown to be efficient in terms of computation time. While the game theory concepts are depreciated by limiting computing time, the sub-games method can become an interesting tool in energy management. Advantages and drawbacks in terms of energy management and game theory are discussed in this paper.

The spatiotemporal stability of plant diversity is disconnected from biomass stability in response to human activities in a South American temperate grassland

Human activities alter biomass, nutrient availability, and species dominance in grasslands, impacting their richness, composition, and biomass production. Stability (invariability in time or space) can inform the predictability of plant communities in response to human activities. However, this measure has been simplistically analyzed for temporal (interannual) changes in live biomass, disregarding their spatial stability and the temporal stability of other plant community attributes. Moreover, the simultaneous analysis of temporal and spatial stabilities of plant communities has been scarcely assessed. Here, we test how biomass removal and nutrient addition simultaneously modify the temporal and spatial stabilities of plant richness (α diversity), composition dissimilarity (β diversity), aboveground live biomass, and the role of plant species dominance in the stability responses. We conducted a factorial experiment of biomass removal (grazing, mowing, or intact -no removal-) and nutrient addition (unfertilized or fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in a temperate grassland of Argentina, South America. We replicated the experiment in 6 blocks over 10 years to estimate the temporal and spatial stabilities of the plant community. The spatiotemporal stability of plant richness and composition dissimilarity decreased in the intact grassland, while the temporal stability of live biomass increased, compared to the grazed and mowed grasslands. Nutrient addition reduced the spatiotemporal stability of live biomass and the spatial stability of plant richness. The stability of species richness as well as that of composition dissimilarity was negatively associated with plant dominance, while the live biomass stability was not. Our results suggest that simplifying the effect of biomass removal and nutrient addition on grassland stability is not feasible, as plant diversity stability responses are not surrogates for biomass stability. The contrasting spatiotemporal stability responses of plant diversity and biomass represent a step forward in predicting human activities' impact over time and across space in temperate grasslands.

The “Opportunity Cost”: Care Work Compensation from a Gender Perspective in China

Asserting the value of care work within a family is not only a significant issue that affects the quality of marital life, but it also lays the groundwork for supporting the sustainable development of society and, ultimately, the country. Constantly, the theory of surplus value is employed to help understand the value of care work. However, it still lacks a macro-construction from a gender perspective. This article analyzes 15 judicial cases after introducing the Civil Code and compares the condition of application, the amount, and the factor considered in recognition of care work compensation under Chinese law. It concludes that in practice, the amount of compensation for care work remains relatively modest, with the division of the community property division heavily influencing it. At the macro level, the recognition of the economic value of the care work compensation must be emphasized from a gender construction. In contrast, at the micro level, a balance must be struck between the possibility of the other spouse benefiting from “the opportunity cost.”

Pengaruh Implementasi Kebijakan Program Keluarga Harapan Terhadap Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di Kecamatan Cimahi Selatan Kota Cimahi

This research is entitled “The Effect of the Implementation of the Program Keluarga Harapan Policy on Community Welfare in South Cimahi District, Cimahi City”. The research objective is to analyze the impact of the implementation of the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) policy on community welfare in Cimahi Selatan District. The method used is a combination (mixed methods) with a sequential explanatory model, involving 154 respondents as samples and informants such as the Head of Linjamsos and PFM, Kasi Linjamsos and PFM, PKH Social Coordinator of Cimahi City, and KPM of South Cimahi District. Data collection techniques include literature study, questionnaires, interviews, and observations, with analysis using product moment correlation techniques. The results showed that the implementation of PKH policy in Cimahi Selatan Sub-district was in the good category, with an average score of 2.64 (88.00%). The dimensions of communication and bureaucratic structure get the highest score (2.67 or 89%), while the resource aspect has the lowest score (2.60 or 86%). For community welfare, the mean score was 2.61 (87.00%), with the prosperous life aspect getting the highest score (2.67 or 89%) and good adjustment getting the lowest score (2.56 or 85%). Hypothesis testing showed a p-value of 0.04 (<0.05), indicating that the research hypothesis is accepted. The magnitude of the effect of PKH policy implementation on community welfare is 0.85 (85%).

Changes in the soil microbial community 5 years after the application of sewage sludge biochar to soils cultivated with corn

AbstractBackgroundSewage sludge biochar has been widely used in agriculture for various purposes; however, knowledge about its residual effect on the soil microbial community is limited.AimsThis study aimed to evaluate changes in the microbial community 5 years after the application of sewage sludge biochar.MethodsBiochar was produced from sewage sludge obtained at a wastewater treatment pyrolyzed at 300°C (Biochar300) and 500°C (Biochar500). Both biochar treatments were applied in corn fields for two growing seasons (2014/2015; 2015/2016). Biochar was not applied from the third (2016/2017) to the seventh (2020/2021) growing season to assess the residual effect. Soil samples were collected after harvesting in 2020/2021 growing season, therefore in the fifth year subject to the residual effects of biochar. The microbial community was evaluated by accessing bacterial and fungal groups using DNA techniques. Amplicon sequencing analysis was performed with the samples by Illumina MiSeq 250 bp.ResultsAt genus level, the Lachnospira, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Epulopiscium, and Parabacteroides were affected by Biochar500. Furthermore, at upper levels of taxonomy, this biochar treatment increased the relative abundance of bacterial classes Clostridiaceae and Bacteroidia and the fungal families Chaetomiaceae and Aspergillaceae. Concerning the relationship between microbial community and soil chemical properties, soil phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) were significantly affected by biochar treatments within the bacterial community; the fungal ones affected significantly soil P and potential acidity (H + Al).ConclusionsEven under the residual effect of 5 years, the application of biochar altered the microbial community on corn plantation, especially concerning on the richness and the abundance of some groups. Biochar500 was the most responsive among the treatments.

Impact of Organic Fertilization Strategies on Soil Bacterial Community and Honey Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Properties

Soil health is a critical factor in sustainable agriculture, particularly in fruit production, where fertilization strategies play a vital role in maintaining the soil quality and enhancing fruit production and quality. This study investigates the effects of different fertilization strategies on soil bacterial communities and honey pomelo (Citrus maxima) properties in Ji’an City, Jiangxi Province, China. Three fertilization treatments were compared: conventional fertilization (CF: botanical organic plus chemical compound fertilizers), organic material fermented fertilization (OF: organic material including duck manure fermented fertilizer plus chemical compound fertilizer), and a special honey pomelo fertilizer (SF: organic material fermented fertilizer only during the whole honey pomelo growing season). Soil samples were collected at two depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm) from nine plots (three treatments × three replicates) and analyzed for their soil properties, bacterial community diversity and composition, and fruit characteristics. The results indicate that the OF and SF significantly improved the soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and nutrient availability compared to the CF. Additionally, the OF and SF treatments led to a 13.6% and 16.6% increase in fruit weight, respectively, and higher bacterial diversity, although no significant differences were observed in fruit quality parameters such as vitamin C, soluble sugar, and titratable acid. Acidobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the dominant bacterial phyla. The soil bacterial composition structures were significantly different among the different fertilization strategies, and were well explained by soil properties such as the pH, SOM, total phosphorus, and available nutrients. Our study suggests that applying fermented organic fertilizers which use duck manure as part of the raw materials, either alone or in combination with chemical compound fertilizers, increases honey pomelo fruit production and improves soil health, contributing to the sustainable development of orchards.

Resolving Conflicts between Corporate Cultivation Rights and Indigenous Community Property Rights: A Study of Abandoned Land in Indonesian Palm Oil Plantations

We discovered a blank point in the study of palm oil conflicts in Indonesia, namely abandoned land. This is critical in determining the ontology of the conflicts that frequently occur between palm oil firms and communities surrounding plantation areas, conflicts that are generated by land rights. We conducted research in the Bengkayang district. Observations, desk studies, and in-depth interviews that we conducted revealed that there were four main factors causing land to be indicated as abandoned in the area of palm oil companies' cultivation rights (HGU). First, inconsistencies and uncertainties in HGU determination procedures, for example, produce challenges and tensions with indigenous groups. Second, data fabrication practices by related parties, including local governments, result in inaccurate information. Third, the lack of formal legal rights over customary land makes maintaining land ownership claims difficult for groups. Fourth, unequal acknowledgment of traditional regions' sovereignty leads to inequity in natural resource management. The phenomenon of abandoned land in this study occurs due to the duality of property rights, which reduces land productivity. The ontological implications of this research concern land development and management, regulatory simplification in maintaining customary land rights, and contemplation of overlapping land rights. This research increases understanding of the dynamics of development and management of abandoned land.

Effectiveness of Training in Evidence-Based Practice on the Development of Communicative Skills in Nursing Students: A Quasi-Experimental Design.

Communication skills (CSs) and evidence-based practice (EBP) are key foundations for offering personalized and quality nursing care. CS that results in open communication is fundamental for applying EBP. The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between the acquisition of EBP competencies and learning CS after taking an EBP course in the nursing degree. Pre-test-post-test quasi-experimental study without a control group. The study population comprised fourth-year undergraduate nursing students. Before and after an EBP course, students completed a questionnaire on CS competence (HP-CSS) and EBP competence (EBP-COQ). The EBP course lasts for 15 weeks, with 150 h of work for the student. Out of these 150 h, 60 are conducted in person, while the remaining 90 h are for independent or group work, utilizing the flipped classroom methodology. Bivariate, correlational, pairwise Student's t-test, and linear regression multivariate analyses were performed. The sample was composed of 153 students. After completing the EBP course, there was a statistically significant improvement in informative communication (p = 0.046) and assertiveness (p = 0.018). However, there were no observed changes in empathy, respect, and the total score of the CS competence. The results from the multivariate analysis showed that the dimensions of attitude towards EBP and EBP knowledge had a positive relation to three of the four dimensions of the CS and overall competence. Regarding the students' variables and characteristics, admission through special programs for athletes and older students (p < 0.001) and being female (p = 0.004) were positively statistically associated with empathy. EBP training positively affects the development of CS in nursing students, as shown by significant improvements in the total scores of the CS and the dimensions of informative communication and assertiveness after the intervention. This study demonstrates the initial applicability and usefulness of an EBP training program for the development of CS in nursing students.

Deciphering the roles of bacterial and fungal communities in the formation and quality of agarwood

Aquilaria sinensis is a significant resin-producing plant worldwide that is crucial for agarwood production. Agarwood has different qualities depending on the method with which it is formed, and the microbial community structures that are present during these methods are also diverse. Furthermore, the microbial communities of plants play crucial roles in determining their health and productivity. While previous studies have investigated the impact of microorganisms on agarwood formation, they lack comprehensiveness, particularly regarding the properties of the microbial community throughout the entire process from seedling to adult to incense formation. We collected roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and other tissues from seedlings, healthy plants and agarwood-producing plants to address this gap and assess the dominant bacterial species in the microbial community structures of A. sinensis at different growth stages and their impacts on growth and agarwood formation. The bacteria and fungi in these tissues were classified and counted from different perspectives. The samples were sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform, and sequence analyses and species annotations were performed using a range of bioinformatics tools to assess the plant community compositions. An additional comparison of the samples was conducted using diversity analyses to assess their differences. This research revealed that Listeria, Kurtzmanomyces, Ascotaiwania, Acinetobacter, Sphingobium, Fonsecaea, Acrocalymma, Allorhizobium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Peethambara, and Debaryomyces are potentially associated with the formation of agarwood. Overall, the data provided in this article help us understand the important roles played by bacteria and fungi in the growth and agarwood formation process of A. sinensis, will support the theoretical basis for the large-scale cultivation of A. sinensis, and provide a basis for further research on microbial community applications in agarwood production and beyond.

The Influence of Interpersonal Communication on Relational Commitment in Young Married Couples in Indonesia

This study explores the impact of interpersonal communication on relational commitment among young married couples in Indonesia, employing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the relationships between key variables. Specifically, the research investigates how openness, empathy, support, and positive attitudes influence several critical relational outcomes, namely acquiescence, cooperation, functional conflict, and decision-making uncertainty. The study's findings reveal significant connections between the communication variables and various aspects of relational commitment. Openness and empathy emerged as particularly influential, suggesting that these dimensions of communication play crucial roles in fostering relational stability and satisfaction. Openness, characterized by transparent and honest interactions, was found to enhance acquiescence, cooperation, and reduce decision-making uncertainty and functional conflict. Similarly, empathy, involving the ability to understand and share the feelings of one’s partner, significantly impacted acquiescence and cooperation, though its effect on other relational outcomes was less pronounced. In contrast, support and positive attitudes showed varying degrees of influence across different relational aspects, highlighting their specific but nuanced roles in shaping marital dynamics. These results underscore the importance of tailored communication strategies in strengthening marital relationships. The study provides valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners focused on improving marital satisfaction among young couples. By emphasizing the role of effective communication, the research contributes to the development of interventions aimed at enhancing relational commitment and overall marital stability.

Bale Mediation as an Alternative Institution For Resolution of Communal Intellectual Property Rights Disputes Among Indigenous Communities in West Nusa Tenggara

The settlement of communal intellectual property rights disputes is not only through litigation, but is also possible through mediation. The purpose of this study is to determine the position of the mediation hall as an alternative institution in resolving communal intellectual property disputes and in the judicial system in Indonesia and how the legal force of the Bale Mediation decision is in resolving Communal Intellectual Property disputes. This research method uses normative legal research, namely legal research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data. Based on the results of the study, Bale Mediation is an institution that carries out the functions of mediation, coaching and coordination in the implementation of mediation in the community in accordance with local wisdom in the context of legal reform in the field of resolving Communal Intellectual Property Rights disputes. Bale Mediation is not part of the state judiciary but rather an institution that resolves disputes outside the courts. Legal settlement of Communal Property disputes through Bale Mediation is a non-structural institution and is responsible to the Governor. The decision or result of the dispute resolution at the Mediation Center in the form of an agreement that does not yet have permanent legal force but is only an ordinary contract for the parties, only obtains the status of a peace deed after the parties, with or without the assistance of a mediator, file a peace lawsuit through the Commercial Court/District Court.

β-Ga2O3 Nanoribbon with Ultra-High Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Polarization Ratio.

Solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) detection plays a critical role in imaging and communication due to its low-noise background, high signal-to-noise ratio, and strong anti-interference capabilities. Detecting the polarization state of UV light can enhance image information and expand the communication dimension. Although polarization detection is explored in visible and infrared light, and applied in fields such as astrophysics and submarine seismic wave detection, solar-blind UV polarization detection remains largely unreported. This is primarily due to the challenge of creating UV polarizers with high transmittance, high extinction ratio, and strong resistance to UV radiation. In this study, it is discovered that the space symmetry breaking of the β-Ga2O3's b-c plane results in a significant optical absorption dichroic ratio. Leveraging β-Ga2O3's high solar-blind UV response, a lensless solar-blind UV polarization-sensitive photodetector, circumventing the challenges associated with solar-blind UV polarizers is designed. This photodetector exhibits an exceptionally high intrinsic polarization ratio under 254nm linearly polarized light, approximately two orders of magnitude higher than other reported nanomaterial-based polarization-sensitive photodetectors. Additionally, it demonstrates significant advantages in solar-blind UV imaging and light communication. This work introduces a novel strategy for solar-blind ultraviolet polarization detection and offers a promising approach for solar-blind light communication.

The effect of ship-induced wave trains on periphytic algal communities in the littoral zone of a large regulated river (River Danube, Austria)

Riverine ecosystems are profoundly influenced by hydrological dynamics and natural flow regimes, which dictate the temporal variability of water levels and the amplitude of fluctuations. Human activities, particularly navigation and hydropower generation, have significantly altered these natural patterns, leading to detrimental impacts on the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of river ecosystems. The littoral zone, in particular, is highly susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances, experiencing disruptions in biological activity and biogeochemical processes. This study evaluates the effects of ship-induced wave trains on the structural and functional properties of periphytic algal communities in a regulated river environment. Using data from the Austrian Danube River, periphytic algae's immediate and long-term responses to wave events generated by different types of ships were investigated. Immediate reactions of periphytic algae to wave trains were characterized by reductions in the effective quantum yield of PS II, indicating stress-induced down-regulation of photosystem II photochemistry. Abrasion and remobilization of periphytic algae due to wave action led to increased resuspension of chlorophyll-a into the water column. Furthermore, ship-induced wave trains influenced the pigment composition of periphyton, with photoprotective mechanisms being activated in response to fluctuating light conditions. Long-term effects of wave impact on periphytic algae biomass varied depending on water depth and exposure to aerial stress. While wave action mitigated desiccation stress in shallow areas, it resulted in biomass reduction and alterations in community composition in deeper zones. Notably, the occurrence of diatoms decreased in wave-impacted areas, potentially shifting the community towards Chlorophyceae dominance. Overall, this study underscores the complexity of ship-induced wave impacts on riverine ecosystems and highlights the importance of considering both immediate and long-term responses of periphytic algal communities. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for informing sustainable management strategies aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of navigation activities on riverine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.

(Ne)odporovateľnosť dohody schválenej formou súdneho zmieru v porovnaní českej a slovenskej súdnej praxe

A lawsuit is inseparably linked to the desired and, in particular, the expected outcome, namely the substantive and authoritative judicial decision. There can be no more fundamental doubt that at least one party to the dispute will not always be satisfied with their statements. If the parties to the dispute have no interest in continuing to litigate, the dispute may also end in an alternative way, other than by a court’s decision on the merits, i.e., by court settlement. But what if the parties to the dispute present the court with a settlement that steals from the creditor? The purpose of this article is to provide an analysis of Slovak and Czech case law on the issue of creditors’ lawsuits against decisions approving a court settlement with reference to lawsuits for the settlement of the community property of spouses.

Evaluating the Healthcare System Responsiveness for COVID-19 Care in Southeast Iran

Background: Health system responsiveness is critical in managing infectious disease epidemics. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of the health system during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 patients who had been discharged from hospitals after recovering from COVID-19 during 2021 - 2022 in Sistan-Baluchistan province, located in the southeastern region of Iran. Data were collected using the World Health Organization health system responsiveness tool through telephone interviews. Descriptive statistics methods were used to determine the responsiveness score. T-tests and one-way analysis of variance were also used to compare the means between groups. Results: The overall score for health system responsiveness was 110.12 ± 13.12, indicating a moderate level of responsiveness. The communication dimension received the highest mean score (30.12 ± 4.73), while the choice of provider dimension had the lowest mean score (5.65 ± 2.37). Significant relationships were found between health system responsiveness and variables such as place of residence (P = 0.01), city of residence (P = 0.001), and household size (P = 0.05). Conclusions: The study identified areas for improvement in health system responsiveness within Sistan-Baluchistan's hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic. To enhance patient care and strengthen the healthcare system's responsiveness, health policymakers should implement measures such as developing responsiveness guidelines, establishing a dedicated responsiveness unit, and providing training programs for healthcare professionals. Regular evaluation of responsiveness in hospitals is also crucial.

Identifying loci in mobility networks with applications in New Zealand work commutes: a statistical test for identifying extreme stationary distribution values in Markov transition matrices

Human mobility describes physical patterns of movement of people within a spatial system. Many of these patterns, including daily commuting, are cyclic and quantifiable. These patterns capture physical phenomena tied to processes studied in urban planning, epidemiology, and other social, behavioral, and economic sciences. This paper advances human mobility research by proposing a statistical method for identifying locations that individual move to and through at a rate proportionally higher than other locations, using commuting data for the country of New Zealand as a case study. We term these locations mobility loci and they capture a global property of communities in which people commute. The method makes use of a directed-graph representation where vertices correspond to locations, and traffic between locations correspond to edge weights. Following a normalization, the graph can be regarded as a Markov chain whose stationary distribution can be calculated. The proposed permutation procedure is then applied to determine which stationary distribution values are larger than what would be expected, given the structure of the directed graph and traffic between locations. The results of this method are evaluated, including a comparison to what is already known about commuting patterns in the area as well as a comparison with similar features.

Patterns and drivers in the functional diversity decomposition of invaded stream fish communities

AbstractAimThe assembly of real‐world ecological communities in human‐modified landscapes is influenced by a complex interplay of spatial, temporal, environmental and invasion gradients. However, understanding the relative importance of these drivers and their interactions in shaping functional assembly remains elusive. Our study aimed to investigate the relative influence of these drivers on the functional assembly of a stream fish metacommunity.LocationStreams of the Lake Balaton catchment, Hungary.MethodsWe analysed a long‐term (18‐year) dataset of the stream fish metacommunity, focusing on changes in functional diversity (Q), redundancy (R) and species dominance (D). Ternary diagrams were utilized to decompose functional diversity into Q, R and D components and to visualize diversity patterns. Linear mixed‐effect regression and separate structural equation models were employed to identify significant drivers of Q, R and D.ResultsNative fish communities exhibited low functional diversity (Q) but high redundancy (R) and dominance (D), indicating functional convergence and dominance. Stream habitat size, network position and associated spatial, physical and chemical gradients emerged as consistently significant drivers of D and R. Changes in Q were additionally linked to non‐native community properties and subtle shifts in land use and within‐stream habitat characteristics.Main ConclusionsOur findings suggest that both environmental filtering and interspecies interactions, particularly trait similarity between invaders and natives shape functional assembly of stream fish metacommunities. Despite minimal temporal directional changes, environmental drivers predominantly influence long‐term diversity patterns of native fish communities, overshadowing invasion effects. Our findings underscore the importance of considering both environmental filtering mechanisms and interspecies interactions in understanding functional assembly. Additionally, the joint application of diversity decomposition frameworks with predictive modelling provides comprehensive insight into patterns of functional diversity and assembly across ecological communities.

Digital Literacy Competence for Scientific Writing: Students' Perceptions and Skills

In this digital era, digital literacy skills must be owned by students to write a good scientific writing. Therefore, this study aims to obtain students' perceptions and skills toward digital literacy in scientific writing. This study was a descriptive study. The data were collected by administering closed-ended questionnaires and conducting semi-structured interviews with the thirty-three students in the seventh semester of the English Language Education Study Program of Teaching Training and Education Faculty of Mahasaraswati University, Denpasar. Data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively, and the data from the interviews were analyzed qualitatively. The result of the study indicated that students had a positive perception of digital literacy and had good digital literacy skills in scientific writing. Students believed having digital literacy skills was essential to help them write good scientific writing. In addition, students have good skills in the digital literacy dimension of critical thinking, finding online information, online writing attitude, and digital function. These skills helped them construct and develop ideas and also avoid plagiarism. However, students' digital literacy skills can be classified as sufficient in the dimensions of online communication, creativity and collaboration, and digital academic culture. Lack of knowledge, competence, and confidence leads students to be less creative and not actively join the online collaboration and digital academic culture.

Soil microbial respiration does not respond to nitrogen deposition but increases with latitude

AbstractFacing global changes, substantial modifications in soil microbes and their functions have been widely evidenced and connected. However, the response of soil microbial respiration (MR) to increasing nitrogen (N) deposition and the role of microbial characteristics in controlling this response remain elusive. In this study, we quantified the intensity of the soil MR in terrestrial ecosystems that suffered elevated N deposition. High‐throughput quantitative sequencing and phospholipid fatty acids were employed to analyse microbial community properties and biomass, whilst microbial necromass was quantified using biomarker amino sugars. Our results revealed that soil MR kept stable under N deposition. Microorganisms maintained their respiration rates by modifying the characteristics of enzymes rather than altering microbial community properties or biomass. Notably, soil MR increased with latitude across study sites, which was attributed to the restriction of microbial activity by bacterial necromass. Supporting this observation, the recalcitrance of the soil carbon (C) pool to microbial degradation was evidenced to be the stability mechanism underlying the spatial variations in MR. Overall, we propose that MR is resistant to short‐term N deposition, whilst it exhibits a pronounced latitude dependence as shaped by the recalcitrant C pool. Our findings provide crucial insights into the microbial mechanisms of soil C dynamics under global change, contributing to the advancement of soil C models.

Visual evaluation of graph representation learning based on the presentation of community structures

Various graph representation learning models convert graph nodes into vectors using techniques like matrix factorization, random walk, and deep learning. However, choosing the right method for different tasks can be challenging. Communities within networks help reveal underlying structures and correlations. Investigating how different models preserve community properties is crucial for identifying the best graph representation for data analysis. This paper defines indicators to explore the perceptual quality of community properties in representation learning spaces, including the consistency of community structure, node distribution within and between communities, and central node distribution. A visualization system presents these indicators, allowing users to evaluate models based on community structures. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the indicators for the visual evaluation of graph representation learning models.