Dill Plants Research Articles

Nutritional Value, Phytochemical Properties of Different Parts of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) and Their Effects on in vitro Digestibility in Ruminants

Introduction: At the interface between man, animal and environment, the use of phytobiotics in agroecology practices has been developed as one of the most effective nutritional strategies for animal performance, health, and well-being. This study aimed to determine the effect of extracts from different parts (leaves, flowers and fruits) of a medicinal and food plant, dill ( Anethum graveolens L.) on in vitro digestibility in small ruminants. Methods: Chemical and parietal composition and antioxidant activity were determined, and nutritional and energy values were predicted. Substrate fermentation was studied using in vitro gas production techniques in sheep and goat intestines. Results: Flowers were rich in secondary metabolites, while fruits were rich in fiber and showed the best antioxidant activity against DPPH (IC50 = 41.71 μg/ml). The studied dill plant parts were digestible and nutritious, mainly fruits, with lower gas production rates compared to leaves and flowers in sheep and goats. The methane gas produced by fermentation was not significant in the leaves of either species. Conclusion: In summary, A. graveolens fruits can be considered a natural source of antioxidants that improve animal nutrition and health. Moreover, A. graveolens leaves can play an ecological role in the environment.

Effect of Nano-Iron and Some Growth Regulators on the Volatile Oil Content of Dill Plants and Its Active Compounds

Effect of Nano-Iron and Some Growth Regulators on the Volatile Oil Content of Dill Plants and Its Active Compounds

Hidrogel za poboljšanje biljne biomase i relativnog sadržaja vode u listovima kod mirođije i piskavice

Drought is the most important abiotic stress in arid and semi-arid regions of the world and causes a decrease in the yield of agricultural plants. One of the ways to deal with drought is the use of hydrogels. Two pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of hydrogel polymer on the growth and the physiological traits of fenugreek and dill plants. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The experiment included two factors: hydrogel polymer rates (0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 grams per kilogram of soil) and irrigation intervals (irrigation intervals of 3 and 6 days). Results showed that leaf, stem and seedling fresh and dry weight were increased by hydrogel polymer application in both plant species. Hydrogel polymer increased leaf relative water content but decreased chlorophyll content. Plants treated with the polymer applied at 0.08 g kg -1 produced the highest dry matter. The improvement was probably due to the increased leaf relative water content. The highest dry weight of the seedling was measured in plants treated with the polymer applied at 0.08 g kg-1 , whereas the lowest seedling dry weight was found in plants that were not treated with the polymer. The effect of irrigation interval on growth characteristics of both plant species was not significant. Overall, the use of hydrogel improves plant biomass in dill and fenugreek. Application of amounts higher than 0.08 g/kg of hydrogel on dill and fenugreek is recommended for further research.

Light spectra manipulation stimulates growth, specialized metabolites and nutritional quality in Anethum graveolens.

Light-Emitting Diodes (LED) play a major role in manipulating light spectra that helps in regulating the growth and specialized metabolite synthesis relevant to the plant defence system. In this study, we assessed photosynthetic performance, phytonutrients, and anatomical variations of an aromatic herb Anethum graveolens (also known as dill), grown under various combinations of LED lights viz. red (100R:0B), red:blue (50R:50B); blue (0R:100B) and warm white (WW, served as control). Exposure to 0R:100B LED lights led to the tallest stem height, whereas, the number of leaves were highest under 50R:50B LED lights. The photosynthetic performance was observed to be highest under 50R:50B LED lights. HPLC analysis revealed chlorogenic acid and rosmarinic acid as the major phenolic compounds accumulated under different spectral irradiations. The highest chlorogenic acid content was observed in 50R:50B LED treated dill plants, while 100R:0B light showed the highest accumulation of rosmarinic acid. Dill plants grown under 50R:50B light displayed a relatively higher content of volatile compounds including, myristicin (phenylpropene), psi-limonene, and α-phellandrene (monoterpenoids). Expression analyses of candidate genes of phenylpropanoid and monoterpenoid biosynthetic pathways showed good correlations with the enhanced phenolic compounds and monoterpenes detected under appropriate light treatments. Further, the stem anatomy revealed higher vascularization under the influence of 0R:100B LED lights, whereas, intense histochemical localization of specialized metabolites could be correlated with enhanced accumulation of phenolic compounds and terpenoids observed in this study. Taken together, these studies suggest that proper combinations of blue and red spectra of light could play important role to augment the growth and phytochemical characteristics of dill, thus improving its value addition in the food industry.

The Accumulation of Volatile Compounds and the Change in the Morphology of the Leaf Wax Cover Accompanied the "Anti-Aging" Effect in Anethum graveolens L. Plants Sprayed with 6-Benzylaminopurine.

Essential oils (EOs) are of commercial importance for medicine, food, cosmetics, the perfume industry, and agriculture. In plants, EOs, like the wax cover, serve as protection against abiotic stresses, such as high temperatures and water deficiency. The use of spraying with exogenous hormones of aromatic plants affects the accumulation and composition of volatile compounds, as well as tolerance to abiotic stress. As a result of cytokinin treatment with 6-BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) (200 mg L-l) of Anetum graveolens L. "Uzory" and "Rusich" varieties, several responses to its action were revealed: a change in the division of leaf blades, inhibition of flowering, an increase in the content of EO and its main components α-phellandrene and p-cymene in leaves, and limonene in umbels and fruits. It was revealed that the increased accumulation of EO in dill leaves was longer with sufficient moisture. In contrast, under conditions of heat and water deficiency, the effect of 6-BAP treatment on accumulations of the EO in leaves was short-lived and did not appear on umbels and fruits. The study of the cytokinin effect on a fine structure of a wax cover on the adaxial side of leaves by scanning electron microscopy revealed a change in its elements (from amorphous layers with scales to thin tubules), which probably increased the sensitivity of leaves to water deficiency and, consequently, led to a decrease in the biosynthetic activity of leaf tissue. Thus, 6-BAP had an impact on the adaptive properties of dill plants, prolonging the "youth" of vegetative organs and the ability to EO biosynthesis under conditions of sufficient moisture.

Effect of some microbial inoculants and bio straw treatments on growth, yield and volatile oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) plants

Effect of some microbial inoculants and bio straw treatments on growth, yield and volatile oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) plants

Study of the Effect of Oil Extract of Dill (Anethumgraveolens L.) Plant on Oxidative Stress Parameters of Liver Enzymes in Male Rats

This the study carried out inextracting of Anethum graveolensL. (dill) volatile oils belong to umbelliferae family and determent percentage of the oils, phytochemical screen were performed A. graveolens volatile oils extract and displayed positive results for Saponin, Cumarins, Phenol, Glycoside, Alkaloid and Flavonoid while Tannins negative results. and determent their impact oxidative stress Malonaldehyde and Lipid peroxidation level, the animal were divide in to five groups, each of which include three animals, the first groups was control groups, the second groups was injection with A. graveolensL. oils extract at a concentration of 25%mg/kg body weight (B.W), the third groups was injected with concentration of 50 mg/kg (B.W), the fourth groups was injected with concentration of 100 mg/kg (B.W) and five groups was injected with concentration of 200 mg/kg (B.W), was injected 7 days and 14 days and blood bled 30 days, the criteria foe stress (MDA and LPO) were defined to establish the effective duration and concentration, indicate the results the groups (G2, G3, G4 and G5) of male rats displayed significantly decline in MDA level (1.96, 2.52, 1.34 and 1.00μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.47μmol/L at the 7th day, G2, G3, G4, and G5 showed a considerable drop by day 14, however. (2.38, 1.93, 1.62 and 1.06μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 2.46μmol/L. While resultsLPO levels declined significantly in male rat groups (G2, G3, G4, and G5) (17.14, 13.4, 11.53 and 9.35μmol/L) respectively in comparison with control 22.01μmol/L at the 7th day, while at the 14th day (G2,G3,G4 and G5) showed significantly decrease (25.05, 20.94, 18.73, 10.65 and 11.85μmol/L) respectively compared with control 25.05μmol/L. aim from this research is known protective role and antioxidant for dill volatile oil extract.

The biochar-based nanocomposites improve seedling emergence and growth of dill by changing phytohormones and sugar signaling under salinity

Biochar-based nanocomposites (BNCs) with a high level of sodium sorption capacity may improve salinity tolerance and seedling establishment of dill. Thus, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of solid biochar (30 g solid biochar kg-1 soil) and biochar-based nanocomposites of iron (BNC-FeO) and zinc (BNC-ZnO) in individual (30 g BNC kg-1 soil) and a combined form (15 g BNC-FeO + 15 g BNC-ZnO kg-1 soil) on dill seedling growth in different levels of salt stress (non-saline, 6 and 12 dSm-1). Salinity caused a decrease in emergence percentage and emergence rate of seedlings. Increasing salinity of soil up to 12 dSm-1 decreased the biomass of dill seedlings by about 77%. Application of biochar and particularly BNCs increased the content of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and zinc, reducing and non-reducing sugars, total sugars, invertase and sucrose synthase activities, leaf water content, gibberellic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid in dill plants, leading to an improvement in seedling growth (shoot length, root length, and dry weight) under saline conditions. Sodium content was noticeably decreased by BNC treatments (9-21%), which reduced mean emergence rate and stress phytohormones such as abscisic acid (31-43%), jasmonic acid (21-42%), and salicylic acid (16-23%). Therefore, BNCs especially in combined form can potentially improve emergence and growth of dill seedlings under salt stress, through reducing sodium content and endogenous stress hormones, and enhancing sugars and growth promoting hormones.

Physiological Performance of Dill Plants Affected by Seed Pretreatments Under Salt Stress

Physiological Performance of Dill Plants Affected by Seed Pretreatments Under Salt Stress

Biosynthesis of dillapiole/apiole in dill (Anethum graveolens): characterization of regioselective phenylpropene O-methyltransferase.

The phenylpropene volatiles dillapiole and apiole impart one of the characteristic aromas of dill (Anethum graveolens) weeds. However, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the chemical composition of volatile compounds from different developmental stages and plant parts of A. graveolens. In this study, we examined the distribution of volatile phenylpropenes, including dillapiole, in dill plants at various developmental stages. We observed that young dill seedlings accumulate high levels of dillapiole and apiole, whereas a negligible proportion was found in the flowering plants and dry seeds. Based on transcriptomics and co-expression approaches with phenylpropene biosynthesis genes, we identified dill cDNA encoding S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent O-methyltransferase 1 (AgOMT1), an enzyme that can convert 6- and 2-hydroxymyristicin to dillapiole and apiole, respectively, via the methylation of the ortho-hydroxy group. The AgOMT1 protein shows an apparent Km value of 3.5μm for 6-hydroxymyristicin and is 75% identical to the anise (Pimpinella anisum) O-methyltransferase (PaAIMT1) that can convert isoeugenol to methylisoeugenol via methylation of the hydroxy group at the para-position of the benzene ring. AgOMT1 showed a preference for 6-hydroxymyristicin, whereas PaAIMT1 displayed a large preference for isoeugenol. In vitro mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that substituting only a few residues can substantially affect the substrate specificity of these enzymes. Other plants belonging to the Apiaceae family contained homologous O-methyltransferase (OMT) proteins highly similar to AgOMT1, converting 6-hydroxymyristicin to dillapiole. Our results indicate that apiaceous phenylpropene OMTs with ortho-methylating activity evolved independently of phenylpropene OMTs of other plants and the enzymatic function of AgOMT1 and PaAIMT1 diverged recently.

The biochar-based nanocomposites influence the quantity, quality and antioxidant activity of essential oil in dill seeds under salt stress

The essential oil content and composition of medicinal plants may be influenced by eco-friendly products for nutrient availability under abiotic stresses. This research was conducted to determine the effects of biochar (30 g kg−1 soil) and biochar-based nanocomposites (BNCs) of iron (30 g BNC-FeO kg−1 soil), zinc (30 g BNC-ZnO kg−1 soil), and their combined form (15 + 15 g) on dill (Anethum graveolens L.) under salinity levels (non-saline, 6 and 12 dS m−1). Application of biochar, particularly BNCs increased iron and zinc content and decreased sodium accumulation in leaf tissues. The seed essential oil content increased under high salinity. Salinity changed the values of major compounds in essential oil and induced the formation of compounds such as alpha,2-dimethylstyrene, cuminyl alcohol, p-cymene, and linalool. Biochar treatments especially BNCs with a higher production of monoterpenes increased the levels of limonene, carvone, apiol, and dillapioll. All extracts showed a considerable DPPH-inhibitory effect with application of BNCs under salinity. The maximum antioxidant activity was observed under high level of salinity with application of the combined form. Therefore, the combined form of nanocomposite was the best treatment to improve the content of basic commercial monoterpenes and consequently antioxidant activity of essential oil in salt-stressed dill plants.

Determination of the Nutritional and Anti-Methanogenic Properties of Some Green Plants as Food

Bu çalışmada amaç, bazı yeşil bitkilerin besin maddelerinin belirlenmesi ve in vitro gaz üretim tekniği kullanılarak anti-metanojenik potansiyellerini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla marul, semizotu, kuzukulağı, maydanoz, dereotu, tere ve nane bitkileri kullanılmıştır. Bitkilerin kuru madde içerikleri en yüksek %21.78 ile dereotu bitkisinde en düşük ise marul bitkisinde %7.24 bulunmuştur. Bitkilerin ortalama protein değeri %30.58 bulunmuştur. Bitkiler arasında net gaz miktarları bakımından en yüksek değer %66.66 ile kuzukulağı bitkisinde, en düşük %27.66 semizotundan gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışmada semizotu bitkisinin yüksek anti-metanojenik özellik gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Nane, marul, dereotu ve maydanoz orta düzeyde anti-metanojenik özellik göstermiş; kuzukulağı ve tere ise düşük anti-metanojenik özellik göstermiştir. Ancak anti-metanojenik potansiyelin tam olarak belirlenmesi için in vivo denemelerle belirlenmesi de gerekmektedir.

Effects of planting date and spraying with organic fertilizers on vegetative growth indices of dill plant (Anethum graveolens L.)

Effects of planting date and spraying with organic fertilizers on vegetative growth indices of dill plant (Anethum graveolens L.)

Biochar-based nutritional nanocomposites: a superior treatment for alleviating salt toxicity and improving physiological performance of dill (Anethum graveolens).

Biochar-supported metal oxide nanocomposites as functional materials could help to improve the production and stress tolerance of plants by enhancing the physicochemical properties of biochar. This experiment was carried out to assess the effects of unmodified biochar (30gkg-1 soil) and biochar-based nanocomposites (BNCs) of iron (30g BNC-FeOkg-1 soil), zinc (30g BNC-ZnO kg-1 soil), and a combined form (15g BNC-FeO + 15g BNC-ZnOkg-1 soil) on dill (Anethum graveolens L.) plants under various salinity levels (non-saline, 6 and 12dSm-1). The biochar-related treatments reduced sodium content of the plants, leading to a decline in osmolytes, antioxidant enzymes activities, reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, NADP reduction, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid in dill leaf tissues. The combined form of BNCs reduced sodium content of leaf tissue by about 22% and 26% under 6 and 12dSm-1 salinities, respectively. In contrast, addition of biochar, particularly biochar-based nanocomposites to the saline soil, enhanced potassium, iron, and zinc contents of leaf tissue, photosynthetic pigments, leaf water content, oxygen evolution rate, hill reaction and ATPase activities, endogenous indole-3-acetic acid, plant organs biomass, and consequently essential oil yield of plant organs. The combined form of BNCs in comparison with unmodified biochar improved vegetative, inflorescence, and seed biomass under 12dSm-1 salinity by about 33%, 25%, and 6%, respectively. These findings revealed that BNCs with novel structure can potentially enhance salt tolerance, plant biomass, and essential oil yield of different organs in salt-stressed dill plants through decreasing leaf sodium content and ROS generation and increasing nutrient availability, water status, and photosynthetic pigments.

Application of growth promoting hormones alters the composition and antioxidant potential of dill essential oil under salt stress

The performance of dill plant may be affected by adverse environments such as salinity. Thus, this research was designed to evaluate changes in chemical composition and antioxidant activity of seed essential oil of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) in response to salinity (0, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m) and 1 mM of each hormonal treatments (gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, and cytokinin). Salicylic acid (SA) reduced Na+ content of roots and leaves by 15.4%, 30.9% and 12.4%, 24.3%, but enhanced K+ content by 29.8%, 51.6% and 76.6%, 73.4% under moderate and severe salinities, respectively. Essential oil yield was enhanced with progressing seed filling, despite decreasing essential oil percentage. Percentage of essential oil was increased under low and moderate salinities. Hormonal treatments, particularly SA enhanced seed mass and essential oil percentage, leading to enhanced essential oil yield. The amounts of most constituents were enhanced under moderate salinity. Foliar spray of SA and CK (cytokinin) increased almost all essential oil components, except dill ether and dill apiole, while the GA3 (gibberellic acid) treatment reduced most of the constituents. The α-fenchol was only induced by salt stress. The β-pinene, 1-terpineol, cryptone, oxypeucedanin hydrate, α-thujene and P-α-dimethylstyrene were also specifically synthesized in SA treated plants under salinity. The highest TPC (total phenolic content) and antioxidant activity were recorded for essential oil of SA treated plants at mass maturity under moderate salinity. In general, the SA spray was the most effective treatment for improving essential oil quantity and quality of dill plants.

Chitosan Nanoparticle Encapsulation of Antibacterial Essential Oils

Chitosan is the most suitable encapsulation polymer because of its natural abundance, biodegradability, and surface functional groups in the form of free NH2 groups. The presence of NH2 groups allows for the facile grafting of functionalized molecules onto the chitosan surface, resulting in multifunctional materialistic applications. Quaternization of chitosan’s free amino is one of the typical chemical modifications commonly achieved under acidic conditions. This quaternization improves its ionic character, making it ready for ionic–ionic surface modification. Although the cationic nature of chitosan alone exhibits antibacterial activity because of its interaction with negatively-charged bacterial membranes, the nanoscale size of chitosan further amplifies its antibiofilm activity. Additionally, the researcher used chitosan nanoparticles as polymeric materials to encapsulate antibiofilm agents (such as antibiotics and natural phytochemicals), serving as an excellent strategy to combat biofilm-based secondary infections. This paper provided a summary of available carbohydrate-based biopolymers as antibiofilm materials. Furthermore, the paper focuses on chitosan nanoparticle-based encapsulation of basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum), mandarin essential oil (Citrus reticulata), Carum copticum essential oil (“Ajwain”), dill plant seed essential oil (Anethum graveolens), peppermint oil (Mentha piperita), green tea oil (Camellia sinensis), cardamom essential oil, clove essential oil (Eugenia caryophyllata), cumin seed essential oil (Cuminum cyminum), lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon commutatus), summer savory essential oil (Satureja hortensis), thyme essential oil, cinnamomum essential oil (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and nettle essential oil (Urtica dioica). Additionally, chitosan nanoparticles are used for the encapsulation of the major essential components carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, the encapsulation of an oil-in-water nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus), the encapsulation of a mandarin essential oil nanoemulsion, and the electrospinning nanofiber of collagen hydrolysate–chitosan with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) and dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Anethum graveolens L. Essential Oil from Algeria

Anethum graveolens commonly known as dill plant is a very important shrub which is widely acknowledged in traditional and modern medicine for its capacity to treat colic pain and flatulence. The purpose of this work is the study of the chemical composition and the evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of A. graveolens essential oil. The samples were collected from the chellal region in Algeria and submitted to hydrodistillation. The essential oil extracted was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were tested by the disc diffusion method; seven bacteria and four phytopathogenic fungi were used. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity was carried out by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging method. The results of the GC and GC/MS analysis allowed the identification of 22 components with carvone(34.33%), α-phellendrene (22.03%), dill ether (18.84%), limonene (6.93%) and dill apiol (5.01%) as major components. The results of the disc difusion method show that Anethum graveolens essential oil exhibits strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and moderate antifungal activity against Fusarium graminum and Alternaria alternata. The pure essential oil showed a moderate antioxidant activity with inhibition percentages of 49.93 ± 4.58%. This study highlights the importance of chemical constituents of A. graveolens essential oil which possesses important pharmacological effects on different pathogenic strains and could be used as substitute for synthetic antimicrobial drugs in pharmaceutical industries.

Effect of temperature on the corrosion rate of low carbon steel with nano dill plant as an inhibitor in industrial water

PurposeThe low carbon steel used in industrial water conveying pipes in the Dora refinery is corroded. This study aims to reduce corrosion rate in these pipes by using green inhibitor extracted from dill plant. This inhibitor is sustainable environmentally.Design/methodology/approachThe inhibitor extracted from the dill plant was added at different temperatures (25, 40, 60 and 80°C) and at a fixed concentration of 1,400 ppm, as the best protection was obtained at this concentration. The study was carried out under the same conditions using a polarization technique and scanning electron microscope.FindingsFrom the results obtained from the polarization curves, it was found that the inhibition efficiency was 92.12% at a concentration of 1,400 ppm and a temperature of 20°C. Potentiodynamic curves showed that both cathodic and anodic reactions were affected by the addition of the inhibitor, indicating that the used inhibitor acted as a mixed type inhibitor, which means that the addition of these inhibitors to the industrial water reduced the anodic dissolution of iron and also retarded the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction. This reveals that the inhibition mechanism is of the mixed type with a predominant anodic reaction. The results of the fourier transform infrared test indicated that the dill plant contained different chemical bonds (C–H, C = O, S = O, N–O and C–N) that were included in the construction of the barrier layer to protect the steel surface from corrosion.Originality/valueThe dill plant is abundant in nature, its cost is low and its extraction is very easy. It can be used as an environmentally friendly inhibitor to reduce the rate of corrosion in water-carrying pipes used in oil refineries because it contains effective groups (aromatic rings) that combine with metal atoms to form strong bonds that stick to the surface of the metal, which protect it from the attack of the corrosive medium.

Scopoletin contents and antioxidant properties of some edible plants of Black Sea regions

Scopoletin is a phytochemical of coumarins distributed in some plants. The aim of this study was the evaluation of scopoletin content and antioxidant activity of nettle, mallow, purslane, knot-grass, dill and coriander encountered in Black Sea regions. Analyses were conducted on the leaves and stems of these plants, except knot-grass. The lowest scopoletin content was found in nettle leaves (11.48 mg/kg) and the highest amount was found in knot-grass (6708.37 mg/kg). Scopoletin was not detected in stems of mallow, purslane and dill plants. The lowest total phenolic content was found in mallow stem (0.86 mg GAE/g) and the highest value was in knot-grass (67.74 mg GAE/g). The lowest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was ascertained in purslane stem (1571.58 µmol Fe2+/g) and the highest value in coriander leaves (64905.90 µmol Fe2+/g). The mallow stem displayed the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 48.63 µmol TE/g, while knot-grass provided the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of 5261.56 µmol TE/g. These results revealed that knot-grass was the richest source of scopoletin and antioxidants. The studied plants exhibited a high interest in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Evaluation of adaptation of dill plants by adding phosphorous sources and mycorrhiza to improve growth, fruit yield and essential oil

Evaluation of adaptation of dill plants by adding phosphorous sources and mycorrhiza to improve growth, fruit yield and essential oil