Dilated Congested Blood Vessels Research Articles

The Potential Role of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes on Experimentally Induced Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint in Male Albino Rats. Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

Abstract Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder worldwide characterized by progressive loss of articular cartilage. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) derived Exosomes as a promising therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Aim of the Work to study the healing potential of BMSCs derived exosomes on experimentally induced knee osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods Forty adult male albino rats, weighing 200-250 gm, were used in this study, five rats used as a source of BM-MSCs derived exosomes. The other thirty-five rats were randomly divided into three main groups Group I: The control group (20 rats) in which rats were subdivided into four subgroups. Subgroups IA and IB were sacrificed 2 and 6 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Subgroup IC left for 2 weeks then were received intra-articular injection of 0.1ml Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) in right knee joint once weekly for 4 weeks Subgroup ID: left for 2 weeks then given intra-articular injection of purified exosome concentrate in the right knee joint once weekly for 4 weeks then the animals were sacrificed Group II:(15 rats) in which OA was induced by intra-articular injection of 2% formaldehyde solution in the right knee joints. The rats of group II were subdivided into two subgroups. Subgroups IIA and IIB were sacrificed 2 and 6 weeks after induction of OA respectively. Group III (5 rats), Osteoarthritis induced, as in group II and animals left for 2 weeks then treated by intra-articular injection of purified exosome concentrate in right knee joint once weekly for 4 weeks. The right joints from all groups were collected, decalcified and processed for histological studies. Morphometric and statistical measurements were done. Results Histological examination of the right knee joints of OA group (subgroups IIA and IIB) showed surface erosions, decrease cartilage thickness, chondrocytes with pyknotic nuclei and areas of chondrocytes loss with longitudinal clefts reaching the deep zone. Synovial membrane of group II showed increased thickness of the intima, mononuclear cellular infiltration with abundant collagen fibres deposition and dilated congested blood vessels in subintima, apparent increase in the number of iNOS positive intimal synovial cells. Meanwhile, group III showed smooth articular surface, with multiple colonies of chondrocytes and multiple cell nests, significant increase in the mean area percentage of PCNA positive chondrocytes in animals of group Ш when compared to all the other groups. Conclusion BMSCs derived exosomes improved OA induced damage of articular cartilage and synovial membrane. Therefore, it offers a cell-free treatment of OA and joint damage.

The Preventive and Therapeutic Effects of Ajwa Date Fruit Extract Against Acute Diclofenac Toxicity-Induced Colopathy: An Experimental Study.

BackgroundStudies regarding treatment of acute toxicity with diclofenac (ATD) are quite few. Diclofenac is commonly prescribed in neurology, psychiatry, and general medicine practice. This study investigated possible colon-protective effects exerted by Ajwa date fruit extract (ADFE), a prophetic medicine remedy native to Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia against ATD. Phytochemicals in ADFE as gallic acid and quercetin have reported protective effects against ATD.MethodsTotal phenols and flavonoids in ADFE were estimated as equivalents to gallic acid and quercetin. Four experimental groups were allocated each of six rats: control group, ATD group received a single dose of 150 mg diclofenac intraperitoneally, toxicity prevention group received a single dose of ADFE orally followed 4 hours later by diclofenac injection, and toxicity treatment group received a similar diclofenac dose followed 4 hours later by a single dose of ADFE. Four days later, animals were sacrificed. Histological and biochemical examinations were done.ResultsADFE has a total phenolic content of 331.7 gallic acid equivalent/gram extract and a total flavonoid content of 70.23 quercetin equivalent/gram. ATD significantly increased oxidative stress markers as serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Serum MDA and H2O2 were significantly scavenged by ADFE. ATD significantly (p<0.001) decreased antioxidant power as serum total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity. That was reversed by ADFE in both prevention and treatment groups. Histologically, ATD caused complete destruction of colonic crypts architecture, patchy loss of the crypts, loss of the surface epithelium, absent goblet cells and submucosal exudate, heavy infiltration of the lamina propria and submucosa with inflammatory cells, mainly lymphocytes and eosinophils. There were mucosal haemorrhages and submucosal dilated congested blood vessels. All that was prevented and treated using ADFE.ConclusionADFE is rich in quercetin and gallic acid equivalents that exert potent antitoxic effects. ADFE is strongly recommended for preventive and therapeutic colon effects against ATD.

Curcumin ameliorated low dose-Bisphenol A induced gastric toxicity in adult albino rats

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most common worldwide chemicals involved in the industry of polycarbonate plastics, medical devices, and pharmaceuticals. Forty three-month-old albino rats were randomly classified into four groups. Group Ӏ received a daily corn oil dose (5 mL/kg/ body weight, BW) through a gastric tube for one month, Group ӀӀ received a daily dose of Curcumin (200 mg/kg body weight (B.W.) through a gastric tube for one month, Group ӀӀӀ received a daily dose of BPA (0.5 μg/kg B.W.) through a gastric tube for one month and Group ӀV received concomitant daily doses of Bisphenol A and Curcumin as the regimen described in groups ӀӀ and ӀӀӀ. The rats were sacrificed, and glandular portion of stomach was dissected and processed for light, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. BPA induced destructed gastric glands, dilated congested blood vessels, submucosal oedema, decreased PAS-positive reactivity, increased collagen fibres deposition, decrease in the positive BCL2 immunoexpression, increased positive PCNA immunoexpression, reduction in the gastric mucosal height and destructive changes in the enteroendocrine, chief and parietal cells. Curcumin coadministration provoked an obvious improvement in the gastric structure. BPA exposure has toxic effects on the glandular portion of the stomach in rats. Otherwise, Curcumin coadministration has exhibited protective impact on the architecture of the stomach.

Protective effects of Folic acid against reproductive, hematological, hepatic, and renal toxicity induced by Acetamiprid in male Albino rats

Acetamiprid (ACP) is a widespread used insecticide belonging to neonicotinoids (NNs) that are introduced for controlling pests, and for domestic use to control fleas on cats and dogs. The current experiment pertains to a comprehensive overview of the toxic effects of acetamiprid and the protective role of folic acid against reproductive, hematological, histopathological and biochemical toxicity induced by ACP during 5 weeks. Male Albino rats were divided into four groups of seven each: First group served as control rats (CL group); Second group received acetamiprid (ACP group) (10 mg/Kg body weight) by oral gavage. Third group received both acetamiprid and folic acid (ACP + FA group) (2 mg/Kg body weight); Fourth group received folic acid (FA group) (2 mg/Kg body weight). Exposure of rats to acetamiprid caused significant changes in the reproductive indices as it cause a significant decrease in the sperm count, viability and motility. Furthermore, reproductive hormones such as testosterone and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) were found significantly decreased in acetamiprid treated group. In addition, acetamiprid administration causes significant changes of some hematological and immunological parameters (red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), platelet (Plt), white blood cells (WBCs), lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, IgG, IgM and IgA) in treated rats compared to controls. Significant increases in the levels of hepatic markers enzymes (aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in acetamiprid treated group, as well as severe toxic effect was found on the liver and kidney after acetamiprid delivery according to the histopathological examinations which were confirmed after applying histological, histochemical, and Immunohistochemistry tests. The most conspicuous histopathological changes occurred on the liver and kidney of the acetamiprid treated group represented in the liver by fatty liver cells, leukocytic infiltration, and hemorrhage while in kidney tissues revealed tubular atrophy, dense eosinophilic cytoplasm and dilated congested blood vessels. Both liver and kidney tissues showed an increase in the amount of collagenous fibers and immune reactivity of fatty acid synthase. Moreover, other markers such as uric acid and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly decreased in acetamiprid treated rats. Co-administration of folic acid to the third group restored all the parameters cited above to near-normal values. Therefore, our investigation revealed that acetamiprid induce severe toxicity on different body systems and parameters and folic acid appeared to be a promising agent for protection against acetamiprid-induced toxicity.

Comparative Histological Study of Therapeutic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells versus Mesenchymal Stem Cells Co-Cultured with Liver Tissue on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats.

Liver diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects, so they can be used in the treatment of liver diseases. MSCs co-cultured with diseased liver tissue improve the homing capacity, survival rate, and paracrine effects of the MSCs, as well as the ability to enhance liver function. This work aimed to study the therapeutic effect of MSCs versus MSCs co-cultured with liver tissue on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in adult male albino rats. Twenty adult male albino rats were divided into four equal groups; Group I (control group), Group II received CCl4 intraperitoneally (i.p.), Group III received CCl4 i.p. and then injected with MSCs intravenously (i.v.), and Group IV received CCl4 i.p. and then injected with co-cultured MSCs i.v. Finally, liver specimens were processed for light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). Statistical analysis was carried out to assess histological scoring, area percentage of collagen fibers, number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells, and biochemical analysis of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Statistical analysis of (histological scoring, area % of collagen fibers, and biochemical analysis) was done by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test using graphpad software (SanDiego, CA, USA). The means ± standard deviations were used for statistical analysis. LM of Group II revealed loss of hepatic architecture and diffuse fibrosis with dilated congested blood vessels, bile ductular proliferation, and cellular infiltrations. Vacuolated cytoplasm with or without pyknotic nuclei was observed in addition to micro- and macro-steatosis. EM demonstrated disfigured hepatocytes with abnormal organelles surrounding atypical nucleus. Group III showed restoration of the normal liver architecture with greater extent in Group IV. Statistical analysis confirmed the microscopic findings. Co-cultured MSCs with diseased liver tissue augmented the therapeutic effects of MSCs in treating hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 in adult male albino rats.

Febuxostat ameliorates methotrexate-induced lung damage.

The intention of the present study was to assess the structural affection of the lung following methotrexate (MTX) overdose. The proposed underlying mechanisms involved in lung affection were studied. The possible modulation role of febuxostat over such affection was studied. Twenty-four rats were divided into three groups: control, MTX-treated, febuxostat-treated. The study was continued for 2 weeks. Lung was processed for histological and immunohistochemical (inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS] and cyclooxygenase [COX]-2) studies. Inflammatory markers (tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-a], interleukin 1 [IL-1]), Western blot evaluation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and oxidative/antioxidative markers were done. Methotrexate-treated group exhibited inflammatory cellular infiltrations, thickened interalveolar septa, dilated congested blood vessels, extravasated blood, and apoptosis. The collagen fibres content increased 3-fold. MTX induced lung affection through oxidative stress (increase MDA/decrease GSH, SOD) and apoptosis. It induced sterile inflammation through an increase of NF-kB (2-fold), IL-1 (3-fold) and TNF-a (3-fold), COX-2 cells (2.5-fold) and iNOS (6-fold). With the use of febuxostat, the normal lung architecture was observed with a bit thickened interalveolar septum and extravasated blood. The collagen fibres content was minimal. Decrement of oxidative stress and sterile inflammation (COX-2 cells and iNOS were comparable to the control group. NF-kB, IL-1 and TNF-a became higher by 34%, 64% and 100%). The overdose of MTX displays inflammatory lung affection with residual fibrosis. It induces lung affection through oxidative stress, apoptosis and sterile inflammation. With the use of febuxostat, the normal lung architecture was preserved with a little structural affection or fibrotic residue. Febuxostat exerts its lung protection through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant features.

The Effect of Semicarbazide on the thyroid gland of Juvenile male Albino Rat and Possibility of Recovery: Histological and Immunohistochemical study

AbstractBackground: Semicarbazide (SEM) is a byproduct of azodicarbonamide widely employed in the industry of plastic gaskets used in sealing glass jars, especially baby foods jars.Aim of the study: To determine the effects and possibility of recovery of semicarbazide on thyroid histology of male juvenile albino rats.Materials & Methods: Thirty juvenile male albino rats (3 weeks old) were Split into 3 equal groups; group I (control), group II (treated with SEM 40 mg/kg oral daily for 4 weeks), group III (recovery group allowed to recover for 4 weeks after stoppage of SEM treatment). Different histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used on thyroid specimens.Results: In comparison to the control group, group treated with SEM revealed distortion and degeneration of the thyroid follicles, some follicles appeared markedly distended and lined by flat cells with flat nuclei, desquamated follicular cells were located in the lumen, peripheral vacuolation of colloid, empty follicles, wide interstitial space and dilated congested blood vessels in between follicles. Collagen fibers amount in the interstitial space has increased significantly “P ˂ 0.05”. The mean epithelial height and colloid area percentage have both decreased significantly. Activated caspase-3 immunohistochemical expression was significantly increased. Contrary, in the recovery group, most of the Follicles appeared to be normal except for minimal changes in some follicles.Conclusion: Semicarbazide causes significant histological structural changes in the juvenile thyroid gland and its stoppage caused marked improvement in the thyroid gland histology. It is advisable to replace semicarbazide as a sealing agent for glass jars with other natural products.

A Histological Study on The Effects of Bisphenol an Administration on The Liver, Spleen and Pancreas of Adult Male Albino Rats and The Possible Protective Role of Lycopene

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disturbing element liberated through the environment and broadly used all over the world. The purpose of this work was to explore the impacts of BPA on liver, spleen and pancreas of adult male albino rats and the probable protecting role of Lycopene. Thirty adult male albino rats were distributed into three groups; group I (control group) , group II administrated BPA orally (50 mg/kg) for 30 days and group III (BPA+ Lycopene treated group) administered Lycopene (LYC) concomitantly with BPA at a dose of 10 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, rats of all groups were sacrificed. Liver, spleen and pancreas were extracted, fixed and processed for histologic study. The area % of the collagen fibers in liver, spleen and pancreas was measured in the different groups and statistically analyzed. Structural alterations were discovered in liver, spleen and pancreas of BPA-treated rats including dilated congested blood vessels and vacuolar degeneration of the cells. When Lycopene (LYC) was concomitantly administered with BPA, It produced marked improvement at structural and ultrastructural levels. The morphometric results declared that the area % of the collagen fibers in the liver, spleen and pancreases was considerably increased in the BPA-treated group in comparison to the control group. Meanwhile the area % of the collagen fibers of BPA+ Lycopene treated group was more or less comparable to the control group with no significant difference. It was concluded that LYC has noticeable protective effects versus the damaging effects of BPA.

The chemopreventive effect of thymol against dimethylhydrazine and/or high fat diet-induced colon cancer in rats: Relevance to NF-κB

AimEvaluating the possible protective effect of thymol as an approach against 1,2 N,N-dimethylhydrazine and/or high-fat diet (HFD)-induced colon cancer. Main methodsAdult male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups, namely a normal control group, colon cancer groups received DMH (40 mg/kg i.p., twice weekly), 20% HFD and DMH/HFD, thymol (20 mg/kg/day, p.o.), thymol/DMH and thymol/DMH/HFD (treatment of all groups continued for 16 weeks). Key findingsThymol significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of colon related tumor markers carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as well as the apoptotic marker, caspase-3 compared with the colon cancer group. In addition, it mitigated colonic tissue oxidative stress markers and inflammatory mediators. Moreover, the histopathological study revealed reduction of mucous secretion with elongated nuclei, frequent mitotic figures, focal nuclear stratification, mild interstitial edema, and markedly dilated congested blood vessels, aberrant crypt foci (ACF); adenoma with moderate to severe dysplasia of colon corrected by thymol treatment. SignificanceThe administration of thymol had a promising preclinical protective efficacy and could be considered as a new strategy for the prophylaxis from colon cancer in clinical practices.

The effect of N-acetylcysteine on the sensory retina of male albino rats exposed prenatally to cypermethrin.

Cypermethrin (CYP), a pyrethroid that is globally used in the field and house to fight the pests. CYP can induce cellular toxicity and cross the placental barrier. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) can fight the prenatal exposure to the inflammation. This work aimed to study, for the first time, the effects of NAC on the sensory retina of male albino rats exposed prenatally to cypermethrin. Twenty-four sexually mature female albino rats and 12 male albino rats were allowed for mating and divided equally into the following groups: group I (control group): kept without treatment; group II (NAC group): received 1 g/kg/day NAC diluted in distilled water orally by gastric tube from the 7th day of gestation till delivery; group III (CYP group): received 12 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin orally by gastric tube from the 7th day of gestation till delivery; group IV (CYP and NAC group): received 12 mg/kg/day of cypermethrin and 1 g/kg/day of NAC. The ten male offspring of each group were divided into subgroups a and b that were sacrificed at the age of 7th and 14th days postnatal, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the eye samples were subjected to histological, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies. Concerning the different previous studies, the sensory retina of CYP subgroups showed vacuolation of the inner and outer plexiform layers, dilated congested blood vessels, hyalinisation and disorganisation of the photoreceptor layer. Also, the expression of collagen IV and caspase 3 (a marker of apoptosis) was up-regulated in the CYP subgroups. N-acetylcysteine significantly protected the sensory retina from the damaging effects of CYP. NAC could be considered as a good protective agent against the damaging effect of CYP on the sensory retina.

Aqueous anise extract alleviated the pancreatic changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model via modulation of hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy: a biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical study.

The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the effect of aqueous anise extract on the pancreatic damage in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model with referral to some of its underlying mechanisms. Forty adult male albino rats were divided equally into four groups; control, anise extract treated (500 mg/kg orally once daily), diabetic control group (STZ 50 mg/kg once intraperitoneally) and diabetic group treated with anise extract. At the end of experiment (7 weeks), body weight, blood glucose and serum amylase levels were assessed. Pancreatic tissues were subjected to biochemical, histological (light and electron microscopic), and immunohistochemical studies. The diabetic group exhibited significant decrease in body weight and increase in blood glucose and serum amylase levels. Marked degenerative changes affecting both b-cells and acinar cells of the pancreas in the form of a significant decrease in islet's perimeter, vacuolated cytoplasm, pyknotic nuclei, depletion of zymogen granules, dilated congested blood vessels and degenerated organelles were reported. Hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress with subsequent upregulation of caspase 3 and beclin 1 immunoreaction were suggested to be implicated in diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. Anise extract ameliorated the all examined parameters via its hypoglycaemic and antioxidant properties with subsequent downregulation of apoptosis and autophagy. Anise extract can be a promising agent in the control of diabetes mellitus for further clinical trials.

The Protective Role of Atorvastatin against the Damage Induced by Cyclophosphamide on the Kidney and Testis of Adult Male Albino Rat: Histological, Biochemical and Histomorphmetric Study

Abstract Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is commonly used as chemotherapy for many cancers as well as autoimmune disorders. However, upon treatment, it was found that it had side effect which was the cause of histological and biochemical changes due to its oxidative stress capability. Atorvastatin (ATV) at a therapeutic low dose has been found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim of Study: The present work was designed to evaluate the adverse effect of cyclophosphamide on the histology and oxidative markers of the kidneys and testes of adult male albino rats. Moreover, the study evaluated the role of Atorv-astatin in prevention and treatment of the possible renal and testicular histological and biochemical alterations induced by cyclophosphamide. Material and Methods: Twenty-four adult male albino rats were utilized in the present study, six in each group; Group I (control group), Group II receiving Cyclophosph-mideonly, Group III receiving Atorvastatin 10 days after-Cyclophosphmide, Group IV receiving Atorvastatin 5 days before and 5 days after Cyclophosphmide. The kidneys and testes of all rats were dissected and removed for investigation using light microscopic study, biochemical analysis, histomor-phometrical and statistical study. Results: Light microscopic examination of the renal cortex of the kidneys of group II showed shrunken renal glomeruli with subsequent widening of the Bowman's space, and inter-stitial inflammatory cellular infiltration. The proximal and distal convoluted tubules appeared dilated. Examination of the rat testes of group II displayed histological changes in theform of irregular distorted seminiferous tubules with marked degenerative changes of the spermatogenic epithelium. The interstitial spaces were wide containing pyknotic Leydig cells, dilated congested blood vessels and interstitial acidophilic exudate. The renal glomeruli and seminiferous tubules showed increased amount of collagen fibers deposition in the interstitial tissue in Masson's stained sections. Light microscopic exam-ination of the kidneys and testes of group III and IV showed recovery of the histological changes. Conclusion: Atorvastatin intake implicated outstanding structural recovery approaching the structural and biochemical parameters of the control group, but the improvement in group IVwas much better than in group III.

Toxic Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on the Lung of Adult Male Albino Rat and Possible Protective Role Of β-Carotene:Light and Electron microscopic study

Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are commonly used in cosmeceutical, biomedical, pharmaceutical and industrial fields but its adverse effects are also increasing alarmingly. β-Carotene is an antioxidant that can guard against the toxicity induced by TiO2 NPs.Aim of the Work: To study the histological alterations in the normal lung tissue of adult albino rats after administration of TiO2 NPs and to assess the potential protective effect of β-Carotene.Materials and Methods: four groups of adult male albino rats were used in this work; treated group received a dose of 300 mg/kg of TiO2 NPs was administered intraperitoneally daily for 14 days. Along with one protected group received 10mg/kg β-carotene by gavage for 7 days before and another 14 days with 300 mg/kg TiO2 NPs administration, in addition to one control group and one group received only β-carotene. Tissue samples from the lung were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and toluidine blue, ultrastructural study and morphometric analysis were also conducted.Results: The treated group revealed marked histological alterations appeared as vacuolated cytoplasm of pneumocytes type II and loss of lamellar bodies' characteristic pattern in addition to dilated congested pulmonary blood vessels. Morphometric results showed thickening of the interalveolar septa and increased numbers of macrophages and pneumocytes type II in comparison to the control group. In the protected group, β-Carotene co-administration with TiO2 NPs greatly preserved the normal lung structure.Conclusion: It can be concluded from this study that supplements of β-carotene can reduce the detrimental effect of TiO2 NPs on lung tissues via antioxidant mechanism.

Modulating Effect of Vitamin D on iNOS, PCNA and a-SMA Expression Against Diclofenac Sodium Induced Gastric Injury in Rats

BACKGROUND: Diclofenac sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory prescription, widely used in the management of many inflammatory diseases but the side effects limiting its clinical use. The present work was carried out to detect the ameliorative effect of vitamin D against diclofenac sodium induced gastric injury in adult male albino rats.METHODS: Forty adult male Wistar albino rats were classified into four groups: G-I received no treatment (control group), G-II orally received 500 IU/kg of vitamin D daily, G-III intraperitoneally received 3 mg/kg of diclofenac sodium daily, and G-IV received both 500 IU/kg of vitamin D and 3 mg/kg of diclofenac sodium daily for 14 days. Specimens from rats' stomach were processed for light microscopy. Immunohistochemical examination was carried out to detect inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The morphometric results were analyzed statistically.RESULTS: Gastric sections of G-III displayed inflammatory cellular infiltrations and dilated congested blood vessels. Some of the gastric gland cells showed cytoplasmic vacuolation, dilated gastric pits, and cystic dilatation. There was a significant increased Masson's trichrome stain and a significant decrease in PAS. The mean area percentage of iNOS and α-SMA expression showed a statistically significant increase. The PCNA positive cells were significantly decreased in the isthmus and neck region compared with the control. While in contrast, G-IV prevented the gastric injury by increasing PAS and PCNA but decreasing Masson's trichrome stain, iNOS and α-SMA expression.CONCLUSION: Vitamin D administration prevented the structural alterations of the gastric rat induced by diclofenac sodium.KEYWORDS: diclofenac sodium, α-SMA, iNOS, PCNA, vitamin D

TThe effect of Atorvastatin on the pancreas of adult male albino rats and the possible protective role of Resveratrol (Histological, Immunohistochemical and Biochemical study)

Introduction: Hyperlipidaemia is a dangerous condition that may lead to atherosclerosis and various cardiovascular diseases. Different drugs are taken to reduce hyperlipidaemia such as Statins. Recently various side effects for statins have been detected clinically that actually restrict their prescription. Resveratrol is a natural phenol and is produced naturally by several plants and proved to have both antioxidant & anti-inflammatory actions.Aim of the Study: This research has been aimed to investigate the effect of Atorvastatin on the pancreas and the probable protective action of Resveratrol.Materials and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four equal groups and were received drugs orally as a single daily dose for one week. Control group (I): received 1ml normal saline. Resveratrol group (II): received dose 30 mg/kg. Atorvastatin group (III): received dose 80 mg/Kg. Group IV: received Resveratrol concomitant with Atorvastatin with the same doses as pervious groups.All rats were sacrificed one day following the last dose and blood samples were gathered for biochemical study of serum amylase and lipase. Pancreas specimens were obtained and processed for histological and immunohistochemical study.Results: Atorvastatin-treated rats showed degeneration of pancreatic acini. The acinar cells showed cytoplasmic vacuoles with dilated RER and depleted zymogen granules. Also, inflammatory cell infiltration, dilated congested blood vessels with hemorrhage and marked deposition of collagen fibers were observed. The islets of Langerhans showed apparent reduced cells number. α cells and to more extent β cells revealed degeneration. The immunohistochemical results revealed marked increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and caspase-3 expressions. The biochemical study revealed remarkable elevation in the serum amylase and lipase. The concomitant administration of Resveratrol with Atorvastatin minimizes these changes. Conclusion: Atorvastatin has been proved to induce pancreatic histological changes and these changes can be attenuated by Resveratrol when given concomitantly with it.

Evaluation of the impact of platelet rich plasma and hyaluronic acid on ketamine-induced cystitis in albino rats : A histological and immunohistochemical study.

Background: ketamine induced cystitis (KIC) is commonly occurred in ketamine abusing individuals. It is associated with damage in the lining of the bladder and lower urinary tract symptoms. Platelets rich plasma (PRP) is attractive therapeutic line in regenerative medicine. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has many beneficial therapeutic effects in treatment of different types of cystitis.Objective: to evaluate the effect of PRP and HA on ketamine induced cystitis in adult male rats.Materials and Methods: Forty- four adult male rats were divided into five groups: Group I: control rats. Group II: Ketamine group. Group III: Recovery group. Group IV: Ketamine and PRP treated group. Group V: Ketamine and HA treated group. Specimens from the body of the urinary bladder were processed and examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Morphometrical studies and statistical analysis were conducted.Results: Groups II and III showed focal areas of degeneration and ulceration with apparently decreased thickness of the urothelium. Cellular infiltration and dilated congested blood vessels of the lamina propria were also observed. A significant increase of the collagen fibers in the lamina propria and between the muscle bundles. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) immunoreaction was significantly increased but there was a non-significant increase of antiproliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunopositive nuclei among urothelium and a significant decrease of desmin, compared to group I. Groups III and IV showed improvement of most of the histological and immunohistochemical changes described before.Conclusion: The intravesical injection of PRP and HA provide a positive impact on treatment of KIC. HA therapy is a more efficient mean as it provides a better improvement in healing of urothelium and promotes more rapid tissue regeneration.

Role of copeptin as a novel biomarker of bisphenol A toxic effects on cardiac tissues: biochemical, histological, immunohistological, and genotoxic study.

Copeptin is a precursor for arginine vasopressin which is usually elevated in acute stress and cardiac emergencies. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an ideal plasticizing factor used in manufacturing of plastics and epoxy resins. To evaluate the cardio toxicity of bisphenol A and to assess copeptin as a cardio toxic diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in Wistar rats. Sixty Wistar rats were classified into three groups: group I, naive group received regular diet and water; group II, vehicle group administered corn oil; and group III, each rat received BPA daily with (30 mg/kg/day S.C). After 4 weeks, blood samples were collected for estimating serum copeptin levels. Then, the hearts were subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic examination. Cell suspensions from the hearts were examined to determine the extent of DNA damage by comet assay. Bisphenol A induced a significant increase in mean values of serum copeptin level, histopathological changes in the form of dilated congested blood vessels and extensive collagen fiber deposition in the myocardium. Ultrastructurally, disturbed indented nuclei, focal lysis of myofibrils, normal cross striations loss, mitochondrial swelling, and intercalated disks distortion were noticed. Immunohistochemical study showed a significant increase in TLR2 immunoreactions in the myocytes of BPA administered rats. In addition, comet assay showed that bisphenol A exposure produced DNA damage in cardiac cells. We concluded that bisphenol A has deleterious effects on cardiac tissues mean, while copeptin is a good diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.

Effects of Chronic Use of Tramadol on Uterus and Ovary of Albino Rats

Backgrounds: The researches on endocrinopathy related with oral opioids had focused more on males, while fewer studies had focused on females. Objective: it was to demonstrate the possible chronic tramadol toxic effect (histopathological & biochemical) on ovary and endometrium of adult female albino rats. Materials and methods: Twenty-five female rats (control group), were given normal food and water, while one hundred adult female rats were given 30 mg/kg/day tramadol dissolved in distilled water (which represent 1/10 LD50) on daily basis for each rat for 3 months (An average 0.6ml for each rat). Rats were weighted at the beginning of the study and then 2 times weekly. At end of this period, blood samples were taken for Biochemical analysis. Rats’ ovaries and uterus were examined by light microscope after staining with Haematoxylin and Eosin, and then data were analyzed and statistically studied. Results: Our study showed gradual decrease in female body weight and levels of sex hormones. In tramadol treated group, ovaries showed apparent decrease in the number of growing follicles and an increase in the number of corpora lutea. The medulla showed dilated congested blood vessels. Many of the follicles appeared atretic. In the corpora lutea, there were degenerated cells. While endometrium in tramadol treated group there was apparent atrophic glands and stroma in the surface of the endometrium with appearance of inflammatory cells in the stroma. Conclusion: it has harmful histopathological and functional effects on the reproductive organs of female albino rats.

Role of Scutellarin in Ameliorating Lung Injury in a Rat Model of Bilateral Hind Limb Ischemia-Reperfusion.

The lung is one of the most sensitive organs that are vulnerable to injuries induced by lower limb ischemia-reperfusion. Scutellarin is a flavonoid glycoside extracted from the Chinese herb Erigeron breviscapus. This study aimed to investigate the role of scutellarin in ameliorating lung injury in a rat model of bilateral hind limb ischemia-reperfusion. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were equally divided into four groups; control, scutellarin, bilateral hind limb ischemia-reperfusion, and bilateral hind limb ischemia-reperfusion followed by scutellarin (at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 14 days). Lung specimens were processed for different biochemical and histological techniques. The bilateral hind limb ischemia-reperfusion group showed a significant increase in lung malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase levels as well as a significant decrease in lung glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Histological examination revealed collapsed alveoli, polymorphic mononuclear cell infiltration, thickened dilated congested blood vessels, and excessive collagen fiber deposition in thickened interalveolar septa. A significant increase in iNOS and Bax immunohistochemical expression was associated with a significant decrease in Bcl2 and COX2 expression. Scutellarin administration following bilateral hind limb ischemia-reperfusion significantly ameliorated all studied parameters. It can be concluded that scutellarin could be beneficial in improving bilateral hind limb ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung damage most probably through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Anat Rec, 302:2070-2081, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.

Role of alpha lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide induced cardiotoxicity in adult male albino rat: histological study

Background: Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapeutic agent used for treatment of leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma. Several studies reported wide range of cyclophosphamide induced cardiotoxicity in cancerous patients. Alpha lipoic acid is a natural antioxidant used widely for prevention and treatment of different conditions. Aim of the work: This work was conducted to study the role of alpha lipoic acid in cyclophosphamide induced cardiotoxicity basing on histological and ultrastructural studies. Material and Methods: Forty-four adult male Albino rats were divided into four groups: group I (control), group II (alpha lipoic acid -treated) in a dose (25 mg/kg body weight/day) given orally, group III (cyclophosphamide -treated) in a dose (200 mg/kg body weight) single dose injected intraperitoneally and group IV (alpha lipoic acid plus cyclophosphamid-treated). The experiment was conducted for ten days. Cardiac muscle specimens were subjected to light, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study. Results: Microscopic examination of cardiac muscle of cyclophosphamide treated group (III) showed focal disruption and vacuolation of cardiac muscle fibers with mononuclear infiltration between cardiac muscle fibers. Ultrastructurally, destruction of myofibrils, swollen, irregular arranged mitochondria and dilated SER were noted. Some nuclei showed chromatolysis and others were heterochromatic with irregular nuclear membrane. These results were confirmed by significant decrease in Bcl2. The intercellular spaces were wide contained dilated congested blood vessels and collagen. Alpha lipoic acid administration improved cardiac muscle architecture but still not attained the complete normal morphology Conclusion: Supplementation of alpha lipoic acid in concomitant with cyclophosphamide (CYP) can ameliorate the CYP induced cardiac injury.