Dihomo-gamma-linolenic Acid Research Articles

The relationship between cognitive impairment and fatty acids and carnitine in hemodialysis patients

Background/AimThe prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) is high in hemodialysis patients. In this study, the relationship between CI and serum carnitine, plasma omega-3, omega-6 and omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid ratio was evaluated in hemodialysis patients. Materials and methodsSixty two patients [male: 40 (64.5%), mean age 51±13 years] were included in this cross-sectional study. Serum total and free-carnitine levels were determined by ELISA. Plasma omega-3 [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and omega-6 [arachidonic acid (AA), dihomo gamma linoleic acid (DGLA)] levels were measured using LC-ESI-MS/MS. According to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, ≤24 points were considered as CI. MoCA score ≤24 and >24 were determined as Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. ResultsGroup 1 had significantly higher AA+DGLA/EPA+DHA ratios and lower free-carnitine, DHA and EPA+DHA levels compared to Group 2 (P=0.008, P=0.040, P=0.032, P=0.032, respectively). Group 1 had a statistically lower education level (P<0.05). Negative correlation was found between MoCA scores and AA+DGLA/EPA+DHA ratios (rs=−0.284, P=0.026). Free-carnitine levels were positively correlated with EPA and EPA+DHA levels (rs=0.278, P=0.030 and rs=0.271, P=0.034, respectively), and negative correlated with AA+DGLA/EPA+DHA ratios (rs=−0.414, P=0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, MoCA scores was associated with AA+DGLA/EPA+DHA ratio (P=0.009) and education level (P<0.001). ConclusionIt was determined that high AA+DGLA/EPA+DHA ratio and low education level could be independent risk factors of the CI. It has been shown that free-carnitine level can have positive effects on plasma EPA+DHA and AA+DGLA distributions. Low omega-3 fatty acid levels may be associated with CI in hemodialysis patients, and low carnitine level may contribute partially to this process. In addition, cognitive education programs may have an effect on preventing CI in hemodialysis patients with low education levels.

Whole blood fatty acid profile of young subjects and adherence to the Mediterranean diet: an observational cohort study

BackgroundRelatively little is known about the physiological whole blood fatty acid composition in young people. Likewise, few studies have addressed the question of correlations between Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) adherence and blood fatty acids in childhood.MethodsThe fatty acid profile in whole blood from subjects, 46 days-19 years old (n = 152), without acute, chronic, or inflammatory diseases was analysed by gas chromatography. Dietary data was extracted from a 24-h recall in a subgroup of subjects (n = 60) into a modified Diet Quality Index for Children (KIDMED) questionnaire to evaluate MedDiet adherence. The cohort was divided into three age groups: < 2, 2- < 10, and 10–19 years. Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to check for age group fatty acid differences. For correlations, Spearman’s correlation coefficient and partial Spearman’s correlation coefficient were used.ResultsLinoleic acid, EPA, DHA, palmitic acid, and total saturated fatty acids were stable over age groups. Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA), total polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA), and total omega-6 PUFA increased from age group < 2 years; alpha-linolenic acid, total omega-3 PUFA, oleic acid, and total monounsaturated FAs decreased. Adherence to the MedDiet was at low-medium level in 91.7% of the subjects. In the age group 2- < 10 yrs., the degree of adherence correlated positively with total MUFA and PUFA balance, negatively with total PUFA, total n6-PUFA, AA/DHA, AA/EPA, and n6/n3. Age did not influence the correlations as to PUFA balance and AA/EPA.ConclusionsIncreased FA proportions with age were seen in the n6-series of PUFA. The n3-FA species decreased or were stable. The vast majority of the subjects with dietary data, 92%, obtained a KIDMED score indicative of low-medium adherence to the MedDiet. The score correlated negatively with various n6-species, i.e. the MedDiet suppressed circulating n6-PUFA. Whole blood may be used to investigate FAs and MedDiet adherence correlations which may be applied in the study of health issues in childhood.

Worldwide Research Trends on Diabetic Foot Ulcers (2004-2020): Suggestions for Researchers.

Objectives Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the devastating complications of diabetes. It has high mortality and disability rates. The number of research articles on DFUs has increased. This study was designed to explore the global trends and research hotspots of DFUs to benefit researchers in shaping future research directions. Methods Literatures relating to DFU from 2004 to 2020 were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-expanded) of Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). The current status of DFU research (including publications, journals, the performances of relevant countries, institutions, and authors and the research trends and hotspots of DFU) was analyzed with the WoSCC. VOSviewer v1.6.10.0 was utilised for cocitation, coauthorship, cooccurrence analyses, and bibliographic coupling. Results A total of 5869 publications on DFUs were retrieved. We performed a longitudinal review of publications over 17 years: 4500 articles and 865 review articles on DFUs published from 2004 to 2020 were analyzed. The total citation was 107,296. The USA (n = 1866), England (n = 606), and China (n = 599) were the three largest contributors. The University of Washington had the greatest number of publications within this time period (n = 103), and it had the most cooperative units and was in the core position in all research institutions, followed by the University of Manchester (n = 94) and the University of Miami (n = 92). Armstrong DG (91/1.69%) and Lavery LA (55/1.19%) should be regarded as scholars who have made outstanding contributions. The top journal with the greatest total link strength was Diabetes Care. Analysis showed that the global research hotspots of DFU focused on lower limb amputation, diabetic foot infection, and treatment and management of DFU. Studies on osteomyelitis, wound therapy and management, multidisciplinary integration and mechanism of DFUs, and its related diseases are the research fronts that should be closely watched in the future. Conclusions This study revealed the current research status and hotspots in the domain of DFU over the past 17 years, which can help researchers to further pinpoint potential perspectives on hot topics and research frontiers.

Диабетическая кардиальная автономная нейропатия: каковы перспективы в лечении?

Кардиальная автономная нейропатия (КАН) является серьезным и частым осложнением сахарного диабета. Несмотря на ее связь с повышенным риском сердечно-сосудистой смертности и различными симптомами и нарушениями, значимость КАН сложно переоценить. Изменение образа жизни, интенсивный гликемический контроль позволяют предотвратить развитие или прогрессирование КАН. Патогенетическое лечение КАН включает: сбалансированную диету и физическую активность; оптимизацию гликемического контроля; лечение дислипопротеинемии; коррекцию метаболических нарушений в миокарде; профилактику и лечение тромбоза; применение ингибиторов альдозоредуктазы; применение дигомо-гамма-линоленовой кислоты (ДГЛК); применение ацетил-L-карнитина, антиоксидантов, в первую очередь α-липоевой кислоты (α-ЛК), применение ω-3 и ω-6 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ω-3 и ω-6 ПНЖК), вазодилататоров, жирорастворимого витамина B1, аминогуанидина; заместительную терапию ростовыми факторами, в тяжелых случаях — лечение ортостатической гипотензии. Многообещающим является применение средств, которые повышают кровоток в vasa vasorum, в том числе аналогов простациклина, блокаторов тромбоксана А2, а также препаратов, которые способствуют усилению и/или нормализации функции Na+-,К+-АТФазы (ингибиторы фосфодиэстеразы), α-ЛК, ДГЛК, ω-3 ПНЖК, а также одновременное назначение α-ЛК, ω-3 ПНЖК и ДГЛК.

Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Blood from Patients with and without Catheter-Proven Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Statins reduce morbidity and mortality of CAD. Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), is associated with reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with CAD. Previous data indicate that a higher conversion of precursor fatty acids (FAs) to arachidonic acid (AA) is associated with increased CAD prevalence. Our study explored the FA composition in blood to assess n-3 PUFA levels from patients with and without CAD. We analyzed blood samples from 273 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. Patients were stratified according to clinically relevant CAD (n = 192) and those without (n = 81). FA analysis in full blood was performed by gas chromatography. Indicating increased formation of AA from precursors, the ratio of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) to AA, the delta-5 desaturase index (D5D index) was higher in CAD patients. CAD patients had significantly lower levels of omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs (n-6 PUFA) and n-3 PUFA, particularly EPA, in the blood. Thus, our study supports a role of increased EPA levels for cardioprotection.

Abstract 9098: The Relationship Between Linoleic Acid (LA) and Dihomo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) as Indicator of Delta-6-Desaturase Activity

Introduction: Low levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) have been shown to predict total death in patients hospitalized with an acute coronary syndrome. DGLA is converted from gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) by the enzyme elongase, following a slower and rate-limiting conversion from linoleic acid (LA) to GLA by the action of delta-6-desaturase. This would suggest that DGLA levels are (strongly) associated with delta-6-desaturase activity. Furthermore, a high ratio of LA to DGLA (LA:DGLA) has been claimed to reflect reduced delta-6-desaturase activity. Hypothesis/Aim: To evaluate the relationship between LA:DGLA ratio and DGLA levels in patients with a recent myocardial infarction (MI). Methods: Baseline samples from the OMEMI (Omega-3 Fatty acids in Elderly with Myocardial Infarction) trial* in which a total of 1027 patients, aged 70 to 82 years, were included 2-8 weeks after an MI, were obtained. The total fatty acid profile was determined in serum phospholipids and relative concentrations (wt%) of LA, GLA and the LA:DGLA ratio (used as a surrogate for delta-6-desaturase activity) were evaluated across quartiles of concentrations of DGLA. Results: Levels of GLA were low compared to other n-6 fatty acids and followed the same trend as DGLA, consistent with a rapid turnover from GLA (Table 1). Furthermore, there was a steady decrease in the LA:DGLA ratio across the quartiles of DGLA, with approximately 50% lower levels in the highest compared to the lowest quartile of DGLA. Conclusion: We found a strong inverse relationship between DGLA and the LA:DGLA ratio in patients with a recent MI, indicating that the LA:DGLA ratio may serve as a measure of delta-6-desaturase activity. * Circulation 2021; 143(6): 528-39.

Abstract 9147: Reduced Delta-6-Desaturase Activity May Be Associated With Major Adverse Cardiac Events During 2 Years Follow Up in Elderly Patients With a Recent Myocardial Infarction

Background: Low levels of dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA) have been related to a bad outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Reduced levels of DGLA may result from reduced conversion of its precursor linoleic acid (LA). An increase in the ratio of LA to DGLA (LA:DGLA) has been shown to reflect reduced delta-6-desaturase activity. Aim: To evaluate the association between the LA:DGLA ratio, reflecting delta-desaturase activity, and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE, comprising nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), unscheduled revascularization, stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, or all-cause death), in patients with a recent MI. Methods: Baseline samples from the OMEMI (Omega-3 Fatty acids in Elderly with Myocardial Infarction) trial* in which a total of 1027 patients, age 70 to 82 years, were included 2-8 weeks after an MI and followed up for 2 years, were used. FAs were measured in serum phospholipids, and the LA:DGLA ratio was calculated at baseline and related to incident MACE by univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, omega-3 supplementation at baseline and hypertension. Results: A total of 208 patients experienced MACE during follow-up. The univariate hazard ratio (HR) for MACE in the fourth quartile (Q4) of LA:DGLA compared to the lowest quartile (Q1) was 1.49 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-2.23), p=0.005. After adjustment, the HR for Q4 was weakened [1.47 (0.97-2.25), p=0.072]. The HR for Q2-4 combined as compared to Q1 was borderline significant [1.42 (0.99-2.03)], p=0.055. Although the number of total deaths were more than two-fold higher in Q4 as compared to Q1 [HR 2.30 (1.04-5.06), p=0.038], this did not reach significance in the adjusted models [HR 2.26 (0.95-5.37), p=0.065], and remained non-significant when comparing Q2-4 combined to Q1 [HR 1.74 (0.80-3.77), p=0.16]. Conclusion: Higher levels of LA:DGLA ratio were found to be associated with MACE in elderly patients with a recent MI, suggesting a mechanism to why low levels of DGLA may be associated with increased adverse events. * Circulation 2021; 143(6): 528-39.

Serum arachidonic acid levels is a predictor of poor functional outcome in acute intracerebral hemorrhage

Background and aimsCorrelations between serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA) and dihomogammalinolenic acid (DHLA) and outcomes following cardiovascular disease have been reported. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum levels of PUFAs (including AA) and functional outcomes among intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. MethodsFrom November 2012 to July 2020, ICH patients within 24 h from onset were enrolled. Patients were divided into a good functional outcome group (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score at 3 months, 0–3) and a poor functional outcome group (mRS score at 3 months, 4–6). We compared baseline variables between groups. ResultsParticipants comprised 133 patients (mean age, 60 years), with 106 patients (80%) in the good functional outcome group and 27 patients (20%) in the poor functional outcome group. Higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and larger hematoma on admission were more frequent in the poor functional outcome group (median NIHSS score 6 vs. 14, p < 0.001; median hematoma volume, 7.5 ml vs. 13.5 ml, p = 0.07). In terms of serum PUFA levels, only median serum AA level was significantly lower in the poor functional outcome group (212 µg/ml vs. 179 µg/ml, p = 0.002). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed lower serum AA level was independently associated with poor functional outcome (odds ratio 0.986, 95% confidence interval 0.976–0.996, p = 0.009). ConclusionLower serum AA level was associated with poor functional outcome in ICH patients. AA may represent an important biomarker of severity among ICH patients.

Iminodibenzyl induced redirected COX-2 activity inhibits breast cancer progression

Knocking down delta-5-desaturase (D5D) by siRNA or shRNA is a promising strategy to achieve 8-hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) production for cancer inhibition. However, the RNAi-based strategy to stimulate 8-HOA is restricted due to endonucleases mediated physiological degradation and off-target effects. Thus, to get persistent 8-HOA in the cancer cell, we recognized a D5D inhibitor Iminodibenzyl. Here, we have postulated that Iminodibenzyl, by inhibiting D5D activity, could shift the di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) peroxidation from arachidonic acid to 8-HOA in high COX-2 microenvironment of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We observed that Iminodibenzyl stimulated 8-HOA caused HDAC activity reduction resulting in intrinsic apoptosis pathway activation. Additionally, reduced filopodia and lamellipodia, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers give rise to decreased cancer cell migration. In the orthotopic breast cancer model, the combination of Iminodibenzyl and DGLA reduced tumor size. From in vitro and in vivo studies, we concluded that Iminodibenzyl could reprogram COX-2 induced DGLA peroxidation to produce anti-cancer activity.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease frequency and associated factors at admission of acute stroke

Background/purpose of the studyIf non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) frequency is very high in stroke patients, NAFLD may be a risk factor for stroke and identifying factors of NAFLD presence may lead to stroke prevention. This retrospective study aimed to investigate whether NAFLD frequency was very high and identify factors associated with NAFLD presence at acute stroke admission.MethodsWe included stroke patients aged 40 − 79 years who (1) were admitted from 2016 to 2019, within 24 h of onset; (2) underwent abdominal ultrasonography; and (3) underwent blood examination of biomarkers. We evaluated the frequency and significant factors of NAFLD presence.ResultsAmong 1672 stroke patients, 676 patients met our inclusion criteria, and 267 patients (39.5%) had NAFLD. Compared to patients without NAFLD, patients with NAFLD were young; had high anthropometric values; high blood pressure; low aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio (AST/ALT) ratio; high levels of liver enzymes, serum albumin, HbA1c, and serum lipids; low-density lipoprotein; high serum level of some fatty acids; and high fatty acid% of palmitic acid (PA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA). After excluding variables with multicollinearity, independent NAFLD-presence factors were high body mass index (BMI), low AST/ALT ratio, high serum albumin level, high PA%, and high DGLA level.ConclusionsThe frequency of NAFLD was high in our patient group. Significant NAFLD-presence factors were high BMI, low AST/ALT ratio, high serum albumin level, high PA%, and high DGLA level. A further study is warranted to determine the effects of the NAFLD-presence factors on stroke onset or prevention.

Integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis to characterize alkali stress responses in canola (Brassica napus L.)

BackgroundSoil salinization is a major constraint limiting agricultural development and affecting crop growth and productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the adaptability of canola to salt stress is very important to improve the salt tolerance of canola and promote its cultivation in saline alkali soil. ResultsTo identify the metabolomic and transcriptomic mechanisms of canola under alkaline salt stress, we collected roots of control (no salt treatment) and 72 h Na2CO3-stressed canola seedlings (hydroponics) for metabolic profiling of metabolites, supplemented with RNA-Seq analysis and real-time quantitative PCR validation. Metabolomic analysis showed that the metabolites of amino acids and fatty acids were higher accumulated under alkaline salt stress, including L-proline, L-glutamate, L-histidine, L-phenylalanine, L-citrulline, L-tyrosine, L-saccharopine, L-tryptophan, linoleic acid, dihomo gamma linolenic acid, alpha linolenic acid, Eric acid, oleic acid and neuronic acid, while the metabolism of carbohydrate (sucrase, alpha, alpha trehalose), polyol (ribitol), UDP-D-galactose, D-mannose, D-fructose and D-glucose 6-phosphate decreased. Transcriptomic and metabolomic pathway analysis indicated that carbohydrate metabolism may not play an important role in the resistance of canola to alkaline salt stress. Organic acid metabolism (fatty acid accumulation) and amino acid metabolism are important metabolic pathways in the root of canola under alkaline salt stress. ConclusionsThese results suggest that the genes and metabolites involved in fatty acid metabolism and amino acids metabolism in roots of canola may regulate salt tolerance of canola seedlings under alkaline salt stress, which improves our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in canola.

The aromatase inhibitor letrozole restores FADS2 function in ER+ MCF7 human breast cancer cells

PurposePlasticity in fatty acid metabolism is increasingly recognized as a major feature influencing cancer progression and efficacy of treatments. Estrogen receptor positive MCF7 human breast cancer cells have long been known to have no FADS2-mediated Δ6-desaturase activity. Our objective was to examine the effect of estrogen and the “antiestrogen” aromatase inhibitor letrozole, on Δ5- and Δ6-desaturase synthesized fatty acids in vitro. MethodsEicosa-11,14-dienoic acid (20:2n-6), a known substrate for both FADS1 and FADS2, was used as a sentinel of relative FADS2 and FADS1 activity. MCF7 cells and four additional estrogen responsive wild type cell lines (HepG2, SK-N-SH, Y79 and Caco2) were studied. FAME were quantified by GC-FID and structures identified by GCCACI-MS/MS. ResultsIn all five cell lines, estrogen caused a dose dependent decrease in sciadonic acid (5,11,14–20:3, ScA) via apparent inhibition of FADS1 activity, and had no effect on FADS2 catalyzed synthesis of dihomo-gamma linolenic acid (8,11,14–20:3; DGLA). In MCF7 cells, letrozole caused a dose dependent increase in FADS2-catalyzed DGLA synthesis, which plateaued in SK-N-SH cells. ConclusionLetrozole restores Δ6-desaturase mediated synthesis of the anti-inflammatory PGE1-precursor DGLA in vitro and is the first endocrine-active agent to have opposing effects on FADS1 and FADS2 catalyzed activities.

Abstract P450: Serum Arachidonic Acid Levels in Relation With Outcome of Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: The correlation between serum polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), Arachidonic Acid (AA) and Dihomogammalinolenic Acid (DHLA) levels and clinical outcomes of cardiovascular disease are previously reported. The aim was to investigate serum PUFAs including AA levels to clinical outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. Method: From Nov 2012 to Nov 2019, ICH patients within 24 hours from the onset were enrolled. All patients underwent radiological investigations and laboratory examinations including measurement of serum PUFAs levels on admission. We divided patients into two groups, favorable outcome group (mRS at 3 months 0-3) and poor outcome group (mRS at 3 months 4-6). We compared baseline variables including serum PUFAs levels between two groups. Result: We enrolled 142patients (87 male, median age 60 years old, median NIHSS score 8). Of them, 113 patients (80%) were favorable outcome group and 29 patients (20%) were poor outcome group. Higher NIHSS score and larger size of hematoma on admission were found in poor outcome group (median NIHSS score 6 of favorable outcome vs. 14 of poor outcome, p&lt;0.001, and median hematoma size, 7.5ml vs. 13.5ml, p=0.048). In serum PUFAs levels, only serum AA levels was significantly lower in poor outcome group (median interval 213μg/ml vs. 179μg/ml, p=0.002) though there were no difference of DHLA, EPA and DHA levels between two groups. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, lower serum AA levels was independently associated with poor outcome (OR 0.987, 95%CI 0.978-0.996, p=0.007, Figure). Conclusion: Serum AA levels may play an important role in predicting the outcome in ICH.

High Plasma Docosahexaenoic Acid Associated to Better Prognoses of Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction.

The clinical relevance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in heart failure remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PUFA levels and the prognosis of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This retrospective study included 140 hospitalized patients with acute decompensated HFpEF (median age 84.0 years, 42.9% men). The patients’ nutritional status was assessed, using the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI), and their plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) were measured before discharge. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. During a median follow-up of 23.3 months, the primary outcome occurred in 37 patients (26.4%). A Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that lower DHA and DGLA levels, but not EPA or AA levels, were significantly associated with an increase in all-cause death (log-rank; p < 0.001 and p = 0.040, respectively). A multivariate Cox regression analysis also revealed that DHA levels were significantly associated with the incidence of all-cause death (HR: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.06–0.44, p = 0.001), independent of the GNRI. Our results suggest that low plasma DHA levels may be a useful predictor of all-cause mortality and potential therapeutic target in patients with acute decompensated HFpEF.

Low circulating dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid is associated with diabetic retinopathy: a cross sectional study of KAMOGAWA-DM cohort study

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the major complications of diabetes, can cause blindness and reduce quality of life. Dyslipidemia is reported to be associated with DR, whereas arachidonic acid may have a protective effect against DR. We aimed to investigate the association of circulating n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with DR. In this cross-sectional study, 190 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes were classified as no diabetic retinopathy (NDR), simple diabetic retinopathy (SDR), or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) including pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Circulating fatty acids (FAs) were measured by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between the levels of FAs and the presence of DR. The average age, body mass index and the duration of diabetes were 62.7 ± 12.1 years, 25.0 ± 4.5 kg/m2, and 9.8 ± 8.7 years, respectively. Twenty-seven patients were diagnosed with DR. Circulating levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) in the NDR (n = 163), SDR (n = 13) and PDR (n = 14) groups were 28.3 ± 11.0 μg/mL, 24.4 ± 9.7 μg/mL, and 21.8 ± 6.2 μg/mL, respectively (p = 0.032). The logarithm of circulating DGLA levels was associated with the presence of DR after adjusting for covariates (OR of 1-unit increment: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.62-1.00, p = 0.049). Circulating DGLA was negatively associated with the presence of DR.

Free Fatty Acids and Their Inflammatory Derivatives Affect BDNF in Stroke Patients.

Objective The neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) affects poststroke functional outcome, neurogenesis, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity. Its level is related to the diet and nutritional status, and more specifically, it is free fatty acids (FFAs) and eicosanoids that can have an impact on the BDNF level. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential impact of FFAs and eicosanoids on the BDNF level in stroke patients. Material and Methods. Seventy-three ischemic stroke patients were prospectively enrolled in the study. Laboratory tests were performed in all subjects, including the levels of FFAs, eicosanoids, and BDNF. FFAs and inflammatory metabolites were determined by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography, while BDNF was evaluated by the immune-enzymatic method (ELISA). Results The plasma level of BDNF negatively correlated with C22:1n9 13 erucic acid, C18:3n3 linolenic acid (ALA), and lipoxin A4 15-epi-LxA4. A direct association was observed in relation to BDNF and C16:1 palmitoleic acid and C20:3n6 eicosatrienoic acid (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA)). Conclusions Saturated fatty acids and omega-3 and omega-9 erucic acids can affect signaling in the BDNF synthesis resulting in the decrease in BDNF. There is a beneficial effect of DGLA on the BDNF level, while the effect of ALA on BDNF can be inhibitory. Specialized proresolving lipid mediators can play a role in the BDNF metabolism. BDNF can interact with inflammation as the risk factor in the cardiovascular disorders, including stroke.

Abstract 13690: Association of Serum Fatty Acids With Age at the Onset of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patients Aged 50 Years or Older

Introduction: There are few reports about the association of concentrations and proportions of serum fatty acids with age at the onset of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in elderly patients. Hypothesis: A higher level of saturated FA (SFA) and n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) cause a younger onset of AIS, and a higher level of n-3 PUFA causes an older onset of AIS. Methods: For the retrospective cross-sectional study, we included patients aged 50 years or older who: 1) were admitted to our institution between August 2016 and July 2019 within 24 hours of AIS onset, and 2) underwent an examination of serum fatty acids. We evaluated concentrations of palmitic acid (PA) and stearic acid (SA) as SFA, oleic acid (OlA) as n-9 PUFA, linoleic acid (LiA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (AA) as n-6 PUFA on admission. We evaluated the concentration of alpha-linolenic acid (AlA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as n-3 PUFA on admission. We evaluated the proportion of PA, SA, OlA, LiA, DGLA, AA, AlA, EPA, and DHA on admission. Furthermore, we evaluated their correlations with age at the AIS onset. Results: Three hundred sixty-six patients met our inclusion criteria. Their median average age was 75 years. Age at the onset was negatively correlated with concentrations of PA, SA, OlA, LiA, DGLA, AA, and AlA. Age at the onset was negatively correlated with the proportion of SA, OlA, and DGLA and positively correlated with the proportion of EPA and DHA. Multiple regression analysis showed that DGLA was an independent factor for the younger onset of AIS. Multiple regression analysis showed that DHA proportion was an independent factor for the older onset and that proportions of SA and DGLA were independent factors for the younger onset of AIS. Conclusions: The higher proportion of SA (SFA) and higher concentration and proportion of DGLA (n-6 PUFA) were significantly correlated with the younger onset of AIS, and the higher proportion of DHA (n-3 PUFA) was significantly correlated with the older onset of AIS.

Consolidated Bioprocessing of Sugarcane Bagasse to Microbial Oil by Newly Isolated Oleaginous Fungus: Mortierella wolfii

The crucial need for alternative oil sources due to increasing energy demand has motivated research to find alternatives resources. In the current study, different fungal groups were isolated from diverse Egyptian localities for oil production screening as well as sugarcane bagasse management. A total of 499 fungal isolates were recovered from soil and dung samples; one isolate was identified as Mortierella wolfii AH12 using morphological and molecular techniques and was demonstrated to produce high lipid concentrations. Taguchi design was used to obtain higher lipid productivity. Accordingly, dry biomass, total lipids, and lipid percentage were 3.81 g l−1, 1.57 g l−1, and 41.2%, respectively, under the optimized culture conditions: 40 g glucose, 5 g peptone, pH 5 at 30 0°C for 10 days. Non-pretreated sugarcane bagasse was not only utilized as an alternative carbon source, but it was also an effective source of nutrients for mold sprouting and lipid biosynthesis using solid-state fermentation (SSF) technique. Promising fatty acid profile was deduced, where palmitic (PA) and oleic acid (OA) were predominant. Moreover, unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) as linoleic acid (LA), Gamma linolenic acid (GLA), Dihomo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), arachidonic acid (ARA) were present in low quantities according to GC–MS analysis. The study offers a promising result that serves in the management of agricultural waste, converting it into lipids with a promising profile which could be considered as a precursor for biodiesel.

One-Year Effects of Omega-3 Treatment on Fatty Acids, Oxylipins, and Related Bioactive Lipids and Their Associations with Clinical Lipid and Inflammatory Biomarkers: Findings from a Substudy of the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL).

Omega-3 (n-3) treatment may lower cardiovascular risk, yet its effects on the circulating lipidome and relation to cardiovascular risk biomarkers are unclear. We hypothesized that n-3 treatment is associated with favorable changes in downstream fatty acids (FAs), oxylipins, bioactive lipids, clinical lipid and inflammatory biomarkers. We examined these VITAL200, a nested substudy of 200 subjects balanced on demographics and treatment and randomly selected from the Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL). VITAL is a randomized double-blind trial of 840 mg/d eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) vs. placebo among 25,871 individuals. Small polar bioactive lipid features, oxylipins and FAs from plasma and red blood cells were measured using three independent assaying techniques at baseline and one year. The Women’s Health Study (WHS) was used for replication with dietary n-3 intake. Randomized n-3 treatment led to changes in 143 FAs, oxylipins and bioactive lipids (False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05 in VITAL200, validated (p-values < 0.05)) in WHS with increases in 95 including EPA, DHA, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA-n3), and decreases in 48 including DPA-n6, dihomo gamma linolenic (DGLA), adrenic and arachidonic acids. N-3 related changes in the bioactive lipidome were heterogeneously associated with changes in clinical lipid and inflammatory biomarkers. N-3 treatment significantly modulates the bioactive lipidome, which may contribute to its clinical benefits.

Association between Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species Production of Neutrophils in the General Population.

Little is known about the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the general population. Therefore this study aimed to describe the association of PUFAs with ROS according to age and sex in the general population and to determine whether PUFA levels are indicators of ROS. This cross-sectional study included 895 participants recruited from a 2015 community health project. Participants were divided into 6 groups based on sex and age (less than 45 years old (young), aged 45–64 years (middle-aged), and 65 years or older (old)) as follows: male, young (n = 136); middle-aged (n = 133); old (n = 82); female, young (n = 159); middle-aged (n = 228); and old (n = 157). The PUFAs measured were arachidonic acid (AA), dihomo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), AA/DGLA ratio, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ROS considered in the analysis were basal ROS and stimulated ROS levels. Multiple linear analyses showed: (1) significant correlations between PUFA levels, especially DGLA and AA/DGLA ratio, and neutrophil function in the young and middle-aged groups; (2) no significant correlations in old age groups for either sex. Because PUFAs have associated with the ROS production, recommendation for controlled PUFA intake from a young age should be considered.