Authentication Of Digital Video Research Articles

A Review for Video Authentication and Integrity

In daily life, digital video authentication is a crucial problem. Digital videos may be recorded or captured by many different devices, and these can all be sent through the internet and other unsecured means. Due to the advancement of video editing tools, there is an issue with the editing or changing of digital video without authorization. There are many different methods and techniques, which are suggested for overcoming these problems. Digital video is the fundamental of surveillance system. However, it is easy to be modified by threats that may decrease drastically the trust of surveillance system. The techniques used for video authentication by various authors are discussed in this study.

Watermarked Hashing As a Video Content Authentication Technique

The Authentication is the primary problem of cyber security as a dimension. It is just a method of approving a digital proof of identification. Different levels of access or completion of tasks are granted to different individuals, depending on who has signed up for the task at hand. There are many different types of authentication, ranging from passwords to fingerprints to bio metrics. These technologies add a layer of protection and prevent security lapses like data infringements. Digital video authentication is a method of evaluating whether the recorded video is genuine and has not been tampered with. Video hashing is commonly deployed in closer detection, video authentication and video tamper detection and a look for anti-piracy. Perceptual hashing has emerged as a powerful tool for verifying the validity of multimedia content and it continues to pique the interest of experts working in analyzing multimedia domains and spotting illegal or counterfeit videos on the internet.

Digital Video Forgery, Detection and Authentication Techniques

We are living in the era of multimedia technology. Digital video occupies an imperative role in our daily life. With the use of omnipresent multimedia technology, we can create process, transmit and store digital information in many forms such as an image, audio and video. Digital video is convenient tool in forensic investigation, medical treatment, education, entertainment and other disparate fields. Videos are recorded by the people with their smart phones, camcorders, digital cameras and CCTV cameras. We have seen the rapid growth and development in the use of surveillance cameras. Videos recorded using these electronic and smart gadgets mostly contain crucial proof of most of the events. Inasmuch, the most affected to inter frame forgery which can be freely done by replication, insertion, removal and deletion of frames. However, the advancement and usage of inexpensive and effortless video editor software there has been tremendous growth in the consequences and risks of usage such editing techniques. Therefore, forgery is a technique of getting altered, fake and duplicate videos by joining, altering new video. Hence, the genuineness of such digital videos questionable and requires to be verified. In this paper review various video forgery detection methods those are applied to detect whether the video is original or duplicate, real or fake and digital video authentication techniques.

Video Authentication using PLEXUS Method

Digital Video authentication is very important issue in day to day life. A lot of devices have got the ability of recording or capturing digital videos and all these videos can be passed through the internet as well as many other non-secure channels. There is a problem of illegal updating or manipulation of digital video because of the development in video editing software. Therefore, video authentication techniques are required in order to ensure trustworthiness of the video. There are many techniques used to prevent this issue like Digital Signature and Watermarking, these solutions are successfully included in copyright purposes but it’s still really difficult to implement in many other situations especially in video surveillance. In this paper, a new method called PLEXUS is proposed for digital video authentication on temporal attacks. In authentication process, the sender will generate a signature according to the method steps using a video and private key. In verification process, the receiver will also generate a signature using the same video and private key then each signature will be compared. If the two signatures are matched then the video is not tampered otherwise the video is tampered. This method is implemented using 10 different videos and proved to be an efficient method.

Detection of upscale-crop and splicing for digital video authentication

The eternal preoccupation with multimedia technology is the precursor of us becoming a civilization replete with astonishing miscellanea of digital audio-visual information. Not so long ago, this digital information (images and videos especially) savored the unique status of ‘definitive proof of occurrence of events’. However, given their susceptibility to malicious modifications, this status is rapidly depreciating. In sensitive areas like intelligence and surveillance, reliance on manipulated visual data could be detrimental. The disparity between the ever-growing importance of digital content and the suspicions regarding their vulnerability to alterations has made it necessary to determine whether or not the contents of a given digital image or video can be considered trustworthy.Digital videos are prone to several kinds of tamper attacks, but on a broad scale these can be categorized as either inter-frame forgeries, where the arrangement of frames in a video is manipulated, or intra-frame forgeries, where the contents of the individual frames are altered. Intra-frame forgeries are simply digital image forgeries performed on individual frames of the video. Upscale-crop and splicing are two intra-frame forgeries, both of which are performed via an image processing operation known as resampling. While the challenge of resampling detection in digital images has remained at the receiving end of much innovation over the past two decades, detection of resampling in digital videos has been regarded with little attention. With the intent of ameliorating this situation, in this paper, we propose a forensic system capable of validating the authenticity of digital videos by establishing if any of its frames or regions of frames have undergone post-production resampling. The system integrates the outcomes of pixel-correlation inspection and noise-inconsistency analysis; the operation of the system as a whole overcomes the limitations usually faced by these individual analyses. The proposed system has been extensively tested on a large dataset consisting of digital videos and images compressed using different codecs at different bit-rates and scaling factors, by varying noise and tampered region sizes. Empirical evidence gathered over this dataset suggests good efficacy of the system in different forensic scenarios.

Tampering Detection in Compressed Digital Video Using Watermarking

This paper presents a method to detect video tampering and distinguish it from common video processing operations, such as recompression, noise, and brightness increase, using a practical watermarking scheme for real-time authentication of digital video. In our method, the watermark signals represent the macroblock's and frame's indices, and are embedded into the nonzero quantized discrete cosine transform value of blocks, mostly the last nonzero values, enabling our method to detect spatial, temporal, and spatiotemporal tampering. Our method can be easily configured to adjust transparency, robustness, and capacity of the system according to the specific application at hand. In addition, our method takes advantage of content-based cryptography and increases the security of the system. While our method can be applied to any modern video codec, including the recently released high-efficiency video coding standard, we have implemented and evaluated it using the H.264/AVC codec, and we have shown that compared with the existing similar methods, which also embed extra bits inside video frames, our method causes significantly smaller video distortion, leading to a PSNR degradation of about 0.88 dB and structural similarity index decrease of 0.0090 with only 0.05% increase in bitrate, and with the bit correct rate of 0.71 to 0.88 after H.264/AVC recompression.

DWT Based Blind Digital Video Watermarking Scheme for Video Authentication

Digital video is one of the popular multimedia data exchanged in the internet. Due to their perfectly replicable nature many illegal copies of the original video can be made. Methods are needed to protect copyrights of the owner and prevent illegal copying. A video can also undergo several intentional attacks like frame dropping, averaging, cropping and median filtering and unintentional attacks like addition of noise and compression which can compromise the owner information thereby denying authentication. In this paper, a robust Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)-based blind digital video watermarking scheme with scrambled watermarks based on scene changes has been proposed for authentication of digital video, which embeds different parts of a single watermark into different scenes of a video. The video watermarking algorithm is robust against the attacks of frame dropping, averaging and compression, which are considered as some of the common types of attacks applied particularly on the video and due to the use of DWT it can also withstand geometrical attacks making the watermark perceptually invisible. Furthermore, it allows blind retrieval of embedded watermark which does not need the original video. The proposed algorithm has been compared with an existing DWT based watermarking scheme and is found to exhibit better robustness.