Digital Vernier Caliper Research Articles

Optimizing Arterial Tissue Thickness Measurement Protocols: Digital Vernier Caliper Versus Digital Thickness Gauge

Background: The aim of this study is to analyze the reproducibility of sample thickness measurements taken by a non-experienced user by comparing a standard digital vernier caliper, with four different protocols, to a specialized thickness gauge. Methods: The current study is a methodological study where we examined the thickness of the porcine arterial wall in the thoracic aorta of six pigs. Two adjacent samples of 10 × 10 mm from each aorta were excised longitudinally from the anterior wall, resulting in twelve specimens. Five protocols were employed to measure the thickness of each sample. In four of these protocols, digital vernier calipers (Multicomp PRO MP012475) were utilized, while the fifth protocol utilized a specialized digital thickness gauge (Mitutoyo 547-500S, Mitutoyo Corp., Kawasaki, Japan). Results: We observed a higher average thickness of the samples during the initial measurement compared to the second measurement (1.11 ± 0.16 vs. 0.94 ± 0.17, p = 0.0319) with the first protocol and smaller values than those determined at the last measurement (0.93 ± 0.15 vs. 1.10 ± 0.15, p = 0.0135) for the third protocol. Further, with the digital vernier calipers, we recorded lower values for all four protocols than for the digital thickness gauge determinations. In addition, we computed the ratio of the thicknesses measured during the first, second, and third measurements to analyze how consistent the values were across the three consecutive measurements, with no difference regarding the third, fourth, and control protocols. Conclusions: The digital thickness gauge offers dependable measurements, regardless of the user’s expertise in assessing tissue thickness, and demonstrates a substantially higher reproducibility when compared to the digital vernier. We also found that taking an average of the thickness measurements from four specific points on each half of the sides or on each diagonal of each corner yielded consistently reliable results over time when using a standard digital vernier caliper instead of a specialized one.

Prevalence of microdontia among orthodontic patients of Kathmandu, Nepal

Background: Microdontia is a condition where the teeth are smaller than the normal size, which may involve all teeth or be limited to a single tooth or a group of teeth. The objective of this study was to find out the prevalence of microdontia among orthodontic patients of Kathmandu, Nepal. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 190 orthodontic casts of patients (166 males and 224 females) who came for orthodontic treatment between the age of 14 to 28 years (mean age of 17.43±4.28 years) were randomly selected. The mesiodistal dimension of each tooth was recorded with the help of digital vernier caliper. A tooth was diagnosed as microdontia when it is smaller than the normal size. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0 with a confidence level set at 95% (P<0.05). Chi-square test was used to determine the difference in prevalence of microdontia among the genders. Whereas, mesio-distal dimensions of teeth were compared on both sides of the jaws using student’s t-test. Results: The prevalence of overall microdontia was 6.66% (26) whereas prevalence of single tooth microdontia, multiple teeth and generalized microdontia was 2.3% (9), 2.83% (11) and 1.53% (6) respectively. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of microdontia among genders (p=0.987). In addition, there was no statistical difference in the mesio-distal dimensions of teeth on both sides of the jaws (p>0.05). Conclusion: The most common tooth affected by microdontia was maxillary lateral incisor. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of microdontia among genders. Keywords: Microdontia, Nepal, Orthodontic patients, Prevalence

Comparison of anterior and posterior teeth dimensions between artificial teeth and natural dentition - An in vivo study

Background: The aesthetic and functional aspects of artificial tooth selection are pivotal for an individual's quality of life, a skill paramount to every prosthodontist. It gives a pleasing, expressive and confident life to the patient. Aim: This study aimed to juxtapose the dimensions of natural maxillary and mandibular anterior and posterior teeth with those of three commercially available denture teeth brands: Acryrock, Biorock, and Ivoclar Vivadent, taking into account gender variations Materials and Methods: Dentate casts from 23 males and 77 females were scrutinized for length and width of the natural anterior and posterior teeth dimensions. These measurements, collected by a single examiner employing a digital vernier calliper and flexible ruler, were subsequently compared to the specifications provided in the respective denture teeth mold charts. like Acryrock, Biorock, Ivoclar vivadent. The dimensions thus obtained are compared between the three systems of artificial teeth and natural teeth for selecting the best system of artificial teeth for complete denture prosthesis. Results : The study revealed that all three artificial teeth systems matched the width of natural maxillary anterior teeth. However, only the Ivoclar Vivadent teeth set closely resembled the dimensions of mandibular anterior and posterior teeth, as well as maxillary posterior teeth, across both genders. Conclusion: The findings confirm the feasibility of employing natural teeth dimensions to determine the size of anterior and posterior artificial teeth for complete denture prosthesis fabrication, providing a statistically and mathematically supported approach. keywords: artificial teeth, aesthetics, complete denture, dentulous subjects, mesiodistal width, prosthesis.

Morphometric Study on the Mandibular Foramen.

Aims and objectives This study aimed to analyze the mandibular foramen (MF) by identifying its average vertical and horizontal diameters, determining its localization, and assessing the prevalence of accessory mandibular foramina. Methodology The study was conducted at the Institute of Anatomy, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India over one month in August 2024. A total of 77 human dry mandibles were examined, excluding those that were damaged to the extent that measurements could not be taken. The dimensions of the MF were measured in two directions: superoinferior and anteroposterior. Localization measurements were taken from the MF to key anatomical landmarks, including the coronoid notch, the inferior border of the ramus, the pterygomandibular raphe (third molar tooth), and the posterior border of the ramus. Measurements were recorded using digital vernier calipers and documented in Google Sheets (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA). The study also recorded the presence or absence of accessory MF. Results The superoinferior diameter of the MF was found to be 4.20 ± 0.94 mm (right (R)) and 4.28 ± 1.21 mm (left (L)). The anteroposterior diameter was found to be 3.55 ± 0.90 mm (R) and 3.60 ± 0.80 mm (L). The distance between the MF and the coronoid notch was found to be 17.60 ± 2.95 mm (R) and 17.93 ± 3.16 mm (L). The distance between the MF and the inferior border was found to be 24.61 ± 4.32 mm (R) and 24.20 ± 4.28 mm (L). The distance between the MF and the pterygomandibular raphe was found to be 20.93 ± 1.98 mm (R) and 20.63 ± 2.00 mm (L). The distance between the MF and the posterior border was found to be 11.31 ± 1.67 mm (R) and 11.70 ± 2.28 mm (L). This present study identified 20 instances of an accessory MF, with 10 occurring on each side. Additionally, 10 mandibles displayed accessory mandibular foramina on both sides. Conclusions The comprehensive analysis of the MF and its anatomical landmarks in this study offers valuable insights that enhance our understanding of mandibular anatomy, with direct implications for clinical practice. The identification of the pterygomandibular raphe as a measurable landmark from within the buccal cavity introduces a practical guide for dental practitioners and maxillofacial surgeons, potentially improving the accuracy of surgical and anesthetic procedures. Furthermore, the detailed measurements of MF width provide a foundation for refining anesthetic techniques, thereby enhancing patient outcomes. The observed prevalence of accessory MF underscores the importance of considering anatomical variability in clinical practice, highlighting the need for continuous anatomical research to advance clinical methodologies and ultimately improve patient care and surgical success.

Assessing Length-Weight Relationships of Anodonta anatina in Damba Reservoir

Bivalves are molluscs of aquatic bottom dwellers that have many ecological impacts. Most importantly, they purify the water they inhabit. They are affected by environmental, ecological, and biological factors. The current study aimed to determine the length-weight relationship (LWR) of Anodonta anatina in the Damba Reservoir using standard procedural methods. One hundred samples were collected using the handpicking method at four sampling stations in the reservoir over five weeks. LWR was determined using morphometric measurements with digital Vernier caliper. The highest correlation coefficient (0.9632) was recorded for the TL-W relationship. The paired variable values of total length – weight (TL-W), height -weight (H-W), width – weight (WD-W), lever length – weight (LL-W), and umbo-anterior length – width (UAL-W) showed negative allometric values, with b values <3 (1.27, 1.07, 0.85, 1.02, 0.92 respectively). These results show that growth in length (TL, H, WD, LL, and UAL) was faster than the increase in weight of A. anatina in the Damba Reservoir relating to poor state of wellbeing.

Influence of Head Circumference on the Accuracy of Facial Scanning: An In vitro Study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the impact of head circumference on the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) facial scans, focusing on trueness and precision across three mannequin heads of different sizes. Material and methodsThree 3D-printed mannequin heads with circumferences of 30, 50, and 65 cm were used. Ten facial landmarks were identified to measure seven interlandmark distances and two angles. Direct anthropometric measurement, serving as the reference value, was taken using a digital vernier calliper for linear distance, and angle was calculated using the law of cosines. Each head was scanned six times using two systems: a dual-structured light facial scanner (iTom) and a stereophotogrammetry system (3dMD). Digital measurements were analysed using Meshlab and Blender for distances and angles, respectively. Trueness values were determined by comparing measurements to reference measurements, while precision values were derived from the variability among the six scans. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test due to nonhomogeneous variances, followed by Bonferroni correction for pairwise group comparisons. ResultsFor each scanning system, overall deviations in trueness and precision significantly increased with head circumference. Five of the seven distances and one angle showed significant compromises in trueness with larger head circumferences. Most measurements exhibited significant precision decreasing due to head circumference changes, except for N-Pn and Pn-Sn. Additionally, 3dMD displayed higher overall trueness compared to iTom, with five out of seven linear measurements and one angular measurement showing better results. ConclusionHead circumference significantly affects both trueness and precision of 3D facial scans for both technologies, suggesting that facial imaging should be used with caution for larger faces. Selecting an appropriate scanning system, such as 3dMD, can help mitigate the negative effects of scanning larger objects.

Pertinence of Five Different Regression Equations of Mixed Dentition Analysis in West Godavari District Children: A Comparative Study.

The orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning are the fundamental goals during the mixed dentition period. Numerous methods have been proposed to date. The study was designed to determine the mesiodistal (MD) widths of the lower permanent canines and premolars from Tanaka and Johnston, regression equation (RE) proposed for north Indian population (RE-NIP), Bernabé and Flores-Mir C, Moyers', and Ling and Wong mixed dentition analysis (MDA) and to determine the correlation coefficients for the Eluru population. The study population was selected using cluster random sampling. A total of 3,572 children were clinically examined from the Outpatient Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, St Joseph Dental College and Hospital, Eluru district, Andhra Pradesh. Out of these, 140 children aged 11-16 years were randomly selected for the study based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The MD width of permanent incisors, canines, premolars, and molars was measured with the help of a digital vernier caliper; summed up and compared with the above-mentioned REs. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 22, employing Student's t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The RE-NIP underestimated the values, whereas the remaining equations overestimated the sum of permanent canines and premolars in both arches in the study population. The predicted values obtained from the abovementioned methods overestimated the actual values, and a new RE for the Eluru population should be suggested to better represent the size of unerupted canines and premolars. Measuring the MD widths of the upper and lower permanent incisors and molars during the mixed dentition period from different REs will help a pedodontist in proper treatment planning to predict the MD width of unerupted canines and premolars. Kanaparthi S, Done V, P Madu GS, et al. Pertinence of Five Different Regression Equations of Mixed Dentition Analysis in West Godavari District Children: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):871-876.

Superior Measurement Accuracy of Digital Thickness Gauge Versus Digital Vernier Caliper in Determining Venous Tissue Thickness.

Background In determining mechanical characteristics, the accuracy of the thickness of the specimens can influence the biomechanical behavior, especially in the case of human tissues, where there is an important variability. This study aims to compare the accuracy of two routine measuring instruments, i.e., the digital vernier caliper and the digital thickness gauge, when measuring the thickness of venous specimens multiple times. Methodology In this study, we used 12 tubular vena cava specimens obtained from common breed pigs aged 18-24 weeks at the time of sacrifice from a local slaughterhouse. The measurements were performed using a digital vernier caliper (Multicomp PRO MP012475) for the first four protocols and a digital thickness gauge (Mitutoyo 547-500S) for the fifth protocol. In the first protocol, three measurements were taken on the same side, and their average was recorded as the sample thickness. The second protocol involved taking measurements on two opposite sides, and the average of these measurements was recorded as the sample thickness. In the third protocol, the thickness of each side was measured at its midpoint, and the average of the four measurements was recorded as the sample thickness. In the last protocol using a digital vernier caliper, the thickness of the vernier specimens was calculated as the average of the measurements taken at each corner of the square sample. Finally, for the fifth protocol, three consecutive measurements were taken using the digital thickness gauge, and their average was recorded as the final thickness of the sample. Results In the first protocol, we observed lower values during the first measurement in comparison to the second (0.409 ± 0.063 vs. 0.536 ± 0.064, p < 0.0001) and the third (0.409 ± 0.063 vs. 0.528 ± 0.055, p = 0.0001). Moreover, with the second protocol, we observed lower values during the first two measurements in comparison to the third measurement (p = 0.0279 and p = 0.0054). Regarding protocols three and four, we recorded higher values for the second and third measurements than the first one, with higher values for the third measurement than the second one. In the fifth protocol, there were no significant statistical differences between the three consecutive measurements (p = 0.953, p = 0.742, and p = 0.897). Further, we examined the variations in sample thickness determined using each of the protocols proposed for the digital vernier caliper, as well as the values obtained with the digital thickness gauge protocol. As a result, during the first and second measurements, we observed lower thickness values for the venous wall samples using the first four protocols compared to the fifth protocol (for all p < 0.05). However, no differences were noted between the five protocols during the third measurement. Conclusions The digital thickness gauge Mitutoyo 547-500S provided superior accuracy with no difference between three successive measurements of venous wall thickness, regardless of the examiner's experience. Accurately determining the thickness of venous specimens is crucial for calculating the tissue's biomechanical properties.

የቦሎቄ (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)የምህንድስና ባህሪያት ለመውቂያ ማሽን ዲዛይን በአካላዊ እናፍራክሽናል መለኪያዎች አንፃር

When designing appropriate machinery systems, equipment, and infrastructures for interacting with, cultivating, gathering, and agriculture-related processing, it is required to have an understanding of the engineering characteristics of agricultural products. This unpredictability makes it difficult to design or develop machines that can efficiently and effectively manage a wide range of product characteristics. Experimental analysis was used to accomplish the study's objective, which was to investigate the implications of variation on the physical characteristics and frictional parameters of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) concerning the design of the threshing machine. One hundred bean seeds from each variety were randomly selected and their three primary dimensions were measured with a digital vernier caliper (least count 0.01 mm) and a micro-screw gauge in order to determine the dimensional parameters. The remaining parameters (elongation at the width, thickness, and vertical orientation, geometrical mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, square mean diameter, equivalent mean diameter, roundness, sphericity, flakiness ratio, aspect ratio, cross-sectional area, projected area, transverse surface area, and the seed volume) were calculated using mathematical models. Gravimetric characteristics true density and seed volumes were calculated using the toluene displacement method. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Duncan multiple range test was used to separate the means. Significance was accepted at 95% confidence interval (p&lt; 0.05).The results data are required for predicting loads in agricultural storage structures, and to establish useful sources for the development of machinery for handling, cleaning, storing, transporting and drying, among other things.

Morphometry of adult cricoid cartilage in Nepalese cadavers: a cross-sectional observational study

Background: Cricoid cartilage is crucial during endotracheal intubation, yet its dimensions in the Nepali population remain uncharacterized. This study aimed to measure cricoid cartilage dimensions in adult Nepalese. Methods: A total of 105 cadavers (75 males, 30 females) were dissected at *** Medical Campus, Nepal. Measurements of outer and inner transverse and anteroposterior diameters, as well as heights of the cricoid arch and lamina, were taken using digital vernier calipers. Statistical analyses included gender comparisons and correlations with age. Results: The mean age of the 105 cadavers studied was 34.11 years (SD = 12.08). The measurements of outer anteroposterior diameter, outer transverse diameter, inner anteroposterior diameter, inner transverse diameter, arch height and lamina height were respectively 22mm (SD=4), 21mm (SD=4), 18mm (SD=3), 17mm (SD=3), 9mm (SD=3) and 24mm (SD=4). Inner AP (p = 0.009) and inner TR (p = 0.021) measurements correlated significantly with age. Males had significantly larger cricoid cartilage dimensions than females (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: This study provided essential data for selecting appropriately sized endotracheal tubes in Nepalese patients, reducing airway complications. It underscored the need to tailor medical devices to local anatomical variations, supporting advancements in biomechanical modeling and medical research.

The Normal Growth Rate of Human Fingernails in Indian Population.

Background: India, with a large population working in industries, has a considerable amount of nail bed injuries day to day as well as infections and other issues with nails. However, there are no normative data for nail growth in our population. This study aims to measure and analyze the rate of nail growth in the Indian population, which will be a valuable tool for clinical assessment and treatment. Objective: The aim of the study was to estimate the average rate of nail growth of all fingers in the Indian population between the age group of 18 to 40 years. Materials and Methods: Fifty young adults whose 500 fingernails were painted with three coats of nail polish following a standardized protocol, and the rate of the growth of the nails was recorded with a digital Vernier caliper from the nail fold every 10 days for 1 month. Results: The average fingernail growth is 0.103 mm/d. There is no correlation of nail growth with sex or hand dominance. Nail growth is more in the left index finger (0.13 mm/d) and the left thumb, while it is the least in little fingers (0.101 mm/d). Initial fingernail growth was higher in older individuals, however. At the end of the study period, nail growth was equal. The nail growth rate reduces as the days progress. Conclusion: We have reported the normative data of nail growth as 0.103 mm per day. In the majority of the healthy population, this rate would hold true.

Determination of Location of Mandibular Foramen of Sri Lankans with Reference to Nearer Anatomic Landmarks by using Dry Mandibles

Objective: The mandibular foramen serves as a reference point in the inferior alveolar nerve block and is at risk in some maxillofacial surgeries. Therefore, it is crucial to localize the position of the mandibular foramen. Worldwide many studies have been conducted regarding this but in Sri Lanka, there aren’t any recorded studies. The objective of this study was to determine the location of the mandibular foramen with reference to nearer anatomical landmarks of the Sri Lankans according to gender.Methods: A total of 20 dry mandibles collected from the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Wayamba University Sri Lanka were included in this study. The distances from the mandibular foramen to 8 bony landmarks were measured using the digital vernier caliper. The data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 Version. The mean distances were calculated and compared according to gender using the independent samples t-test. The differences in mean measurements between the right and left sides of the mandibles were compared according to gender using the paired samples t-test.Results: There was a significant difference between male and female mandibles in mean distances from the posterior border of the mandibular ramus on the left side, and from the angle of the mandible bilaterally. There was no statistically significant difference between any of the measurements of the right and left sides of the male mandibles, but there was a statistically significant difference in some of the measurements between the right and left sides of the female mandibles. Out of the 40 mandibular foramina observed, there was only one accessory mandibular foramen.Conclusions: According to the study it was proven that there’s a difference in the location of mandibular foramen according to gender. The location of the mandibular foramen in the Sri Lankan population was different from the documented locations of the mandibular foramen of various populations around the globe.

Unravelling the Anatomy of the Anterior Tarsal Tunnel and Its Clinical Implications.

Anterior tarsal tunnel (ATT) syndrome is caused by the compression of the deep fibular nerve (DFN) within the ATT beneath the inferior extensor retinaculum, bounded by the tendons of the extensor hallucis longus (EHL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Compression may result from direct trauma, repetitive mechanical irritation, and thrombosis of the dorsalis pedis artery. Injury to the contents of ATT could occur during ankle arthroscopy. Therefore,thisstudy was undertaken to provide a detailed description of the anatomy of the ATT and its clinical implications. Ten formalin-fixed cadavers were utilized for the study. The ATT was identified between the tendons of the EHL and EDL. The length at the medial and lateral boundaries and the width at the proximal end, middle, and distal end of the ATT were measured using a digital Vernier calliper. The mean length of the medial border of the tunnel was 31.42±8.44 mm, while the lateral border was 20.39±4.39 mm. The width of the ATT increased from the proximal to the distal end. DFN was related to the DPA laterally in 15 limbs and medially in five limbs within the tunnel. The present study not only describes the intricate anatomy of the ATT but also describes the patterns of DFN and DPA within the tunnel. Understanding the anatomy of ATT is crucial, as it paves the way for safe and efficient surgical interventions, thereby significantly reducing the risk of neurovascular damage during surgical procedures.

Foramen Magnum: Morphometric Analysis in Dry Adult Human Skulls

Abstract Background: Foramen magnum (FM) is a crucial aperture situated in the occipital bone and connects the brain to the spinal cord. Its size and dimensions are crucial in understanding a range of disorders, with implications for clinical, surgical, radiological, and forensic fields. We undertook the present study to analyze the morphometry of FM in detail and to compare this data with other similar studies. Methodology: This study analyzed 51 dry human skulls from Northern India of unspecified gender. Morphometric assessments of the FM were conducted, encompassing measurements of its shape, anteroposterior diameter (APD), transverse diameter (TD), FM index (FMI), size, and surface area using digital Vernier calipers. Minimum, maximum, and mean values and standard deviations (SDs) were calculated for each parameter. A comparison with previous studies was conducted. Results: The study established that the most common shape of FM as calculated by the ratio of AP diameter to TD was round (58.8% of specimens) and the majority of FM (41.1%) were narrow according to Martin and Saller classification. Mean APD was 33.71 ± 2.53, and TD was 27.88 ± 1.92; AP diameter was significantly greater than TD (P &lt; 0.05). FMI ranged from 70.54 to 93.55 (mean: 82.92 and SD: 5.63). The mean surface area as calculated by Teixeira’s method was higher compared to Radinsky’s formula; 747.51 ± 96.25 mm2 and 739.93 ± 94.85 mm2, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.68). Conclusion: This study furnishes data on detailed morphometry of FM, a complete knowledge of which is essential for planning surgical procedures for optimal preoperative and postoperative results. It provides an objective definition of the FM’s morphology and highlights the ambiguous role of visual assessment which needs to be reconsidered. The comparison of present morphometric data with other national and international studies further highlights the ethnic and genetic variation of FM.

Mandibular Intercanine Width at Three Stages of Mixed Dentition in Children at Namakkal District: A Cross-sectional Study.

To assess and compare the mandibular intercanine width (ICW) of children at three stages of mixed dentition in children at Namakkal district. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 135 schoolchildren aged 7-11 years, with 45 children in each group. Group I included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central incisors, group II included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central and lateral incisors, and group III included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. Impressions were made in the mandibular anterior region, and study casts were prepared. Measurements of the mandibular ICW were taken using a digital vernier caliper. The mean mandibular ICW after the complete eruption of permanent mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines was 23.7, 25.5, and 25.7 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the ICW between the three groups (p < 0.001). Post hoc tests showed that mandibular ICW was statistically significant between groups I and II and group III (p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that age does not contribute to the changes in mandibular ICW. The average mandibular ICW found can be a standard comparison for treatment planning in the western Tamil Nadu population. Mandibular ICW reaches its maximum after the eruption of permanent mandibular lateral incisors. Changes in mandibular ICW should be attributed to the eruption of permanent mandibular anterior teeth and not to the age of the child. Balaraman C, Asokan S, Pollachi Ramakrishnan GP, et al. Mandibular Intercanine Width at Three Stages of Mixed Dentition in Children at Namakkal District: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(7):737-741.

Anatomical variations and clinical significance of the pyramidalis muscle: A detailed morphometric analysis in cadaveric population

Background: The pyramidalis muscle, often considered a minor muscle of the anterior abdominal wall, has variable presence and morphology across populations. Its clinical significance, particularly in surgical interventions involving the suprapubic region, necessitates a detailed understanding of its anatomical features. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the incidence, morphometric variations (length, width, and thickness), and clinical relevance of the pyramidalis muscle in the cadaveric population, offering insights that could enhance surgical outcomes in the suprapubic region. Materials and Methods: It conducted on 60 formalin-fixed cadavers from the Department of Anatomy at Guntur Medical College, Guntur, and Government Medical College, Ongole. This study utilized digital Vernier calipers and measuring tape for precise morphometric analysis. Parameters such as presence, number of bellies, length, width, thickness, and the Pyramidalis Pubo Umbilical Index were meticulously recorded. Results: The pyramidalis muscle was present in 83.3% of the cases, with 80% bilateral and 3.3% unilateral occurrences. The mean length was 66.2 mm on the right and 64.4 mm on the left. The width at the base averaged 23.4 mm (right) and 22.5 mm (left), with a consistent mean thickness of 4.1 mm on both sides. The Pyramidalis Pubo Umbilical Index was 39.82 (right) and 39.2 (left), indicating little variation between sides. Conclusion: The pyramidalis muscle exhibits a high incidence rate and specific morphometric characteristics in the cadaveric population. These findings underscore its potential impact on surgical approaches in the suprapubic area, providing valuable anatomical insights for healthcare professionals.

Morphological study of the popliteus muscle-tendon complex in formalin embalmed adult cadavers.

The dimensions of popliteus muscle and its tendon are subjected to variability in the origin, mode of insertion, innervation patterns and vascular supply. The aim of this study was to measure the length, thickness and width of the popliteus muscle and its tendon at its different parts. The objectives were to study the topographic anatomy of the neurovascular structures of the popliteus and also to determine the dimensions of the popliteo-fibular ligament. This descriptive cross sectional institutional based study included 50 formalin embalmed adult lower limb specimens. The measurements were performed by using the digital Vernier caliper. The length of the popliteus muscle belly along the upper and lower border were 44.2±6.63 mm and 89.26±14.41 mm, width of the muscle belly at midpoint, musculotendinous junction and insertion were 28.45±6.85 mm, 11.7±3.5 mm and 75.95±10.7 mm. The thickness of muscle belly at the midpoint was 2.55±0.55 mm. The length of popliteal tendon, width at origin and at musculotendinous junction were 24.85±2.15 mm, 7.55±1.55 mm and 8.5±1.15 mm. The thickness of tendon of popliteus was 2.6±0.75 mm. The length of nerve to popliteus was 50.44±8.66 mm and its origin was located 27.54±6.18 mm from the intercondylar line. The distance of origin of medial and lateral geniculate arteries from the intercondylar line were 26.26±10.47 mm and 20.76±5.19 mm. The distance of division of popliteal artery was 49.44±16.26 mm from the intercondylar line. The length and width of the popliteo-fibular ligament was 17.84±3.43 mm and 7.36±1.9 mm individually. This study offered detailed morphometric data of the popliteus and it is believed that the data of this anatomical research is enlightening to orthopedic surgeons particularly in the field of arthroscopic and plastic surgery. The data can be considered as the database from our population.

The Clinical Significance of Lumbar Transverse Process Lengths Associated with Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae: A Landmark for Lumbar Spine Enumeration

This study aimed to identify which lumbar vertebral level above a lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) demonstrated the longest transverse process (TVP) lengths. In this exploratory quantitative osteological cohort study using a digital Vernier caliper, dried human cadaveric lumbar TVPs were measured for linear horizontal length at each lumbar vertebra, left and right sides. Data collection was conducted in South Africa at the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Modern Human Skeletons and the Pretoria Bone Collection. The LSTV cohort consisted of 110 spinal columns and an LSTV-free control cohort of a sex-balanced randomized selection of 30 male and 30 female spinal columns. Compared with the control cohort, the LSTV cohort demonstrated longer TVPs for every vertebral level, particularly L3, while the left side demonstrated longer TVPs overall. There were no statistical differences in TVP length within the LSTV cohort when comparing all levels (P > 0.05). The L3 TVPs demonstrated the longest mean lengths in both control (65%) and LSTV (58%) cohorts. The general trend was that the TVPs of L3 had the longest mean length for both the left and the right sides in both cohorts and both sexes. In the absence of whole-spine imaging, these findings indicate that L3 TVPs may offer an alternative bony landmark, which may aid in spinal enumeration estimation in the setting of LSTV. This is of value for radiograph appraisal and may aid with correct-level intervention.

Osteometric analysis of human adult dry tibia at a Medical College in South India: A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: In the domains of forensic science, anatomy, archaeology, and sports medicine, morphometric data of long bones are important. The morphometry of the tibia is essential for the successful outcome of total knee arthroplasty. The lower end of the tibia, which forms the ankle joint, is commonly impacted in accidents and sports injuries. Objective: The present study aims to reappraise the morphometry of the adult dry tibia in South India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 60 bones of adult human dry tibia obtained from the bone collection of the department of anatomy. Various parameters of the upper end, shaft, and lower end of the tibia were measured using a digital Vernier caliper. Results: The tibial length varied from 32.7 to 42.7 cm, with a mean length of 36.79 ± 2.24. The Cnemic index, Foraminal index, Length–thickness index, and Cross-section index were 72.57 ± 11, 32.1 ± 3.3, 75.7 ± 11.1, and 22.95 ± 1.53, respectively. According to the foraminal index, 75% of the bones belonged to Type-1 and 25% to Type-2, where the nutrient foramen was in the proximal and middle third of the bone, respectively. Conclusions: The present study gives observational morphometric data of the tibia, which will be helpful in clinical as well as in medicolegal cases. These parameters will help in the selection of the correct prosthesis for a successful surgery, and we hope this morphometric analysis will have substantial significance across various disciplines.

Location of mandibular foramen in dry mandibles in relation to various anatomical landmarks

To localize the mandibular foramen in dry mandibles of adult and old age groups of South Indian origin by estimating its average distance from different anatomical landmarks and to provide a specific and precise site for inferior alveolar nerve block. : A total of 51 mandibles were taken for the study and the distance between the mandibular foramen and the various anatomical landmarks were measured using a digital vernier caliper. Presence of accessory mandibular foramen was observed and recorded. Difference between the sides and the correlation between the gonial angle and various distances were carried out.:Distance of mandibular foramen from anterior border was 16.41±2.44 mm and 16.85±2.55 mm, from posterior border was 10.28±2.08 mm and 10.13±2.02 mm, from mandibular incisure 22.5±3.13mm and 21.9±3.08mm, from mandibular base 23.72±3.37 mm and 24.5±3.27 mm, from third molar 15.27±11.99 mm and 16.85±11.60 mm, from apex of retro molar trigone 18.28±3.02 mm and 19.79±3.18 mm on right and left side respectively. There was no significant difference between the measurements of right and left sides. The measurements had a negative association with gonial angle. Accessory foramina were found to be present in 21and 23 mandibles on right and left side respectively.:Precise localization of mandibular foramen is clinically very important to achieve effective inferior alveolar nerve block prior to dental surgeries in the lower jaw. The present study establishes the presence of bilateral symmetry in the position of mandibular foramen with respect to various anatomical landmarks and the utility of gonial angle in localizing the mandibular foramen.