Digital Vernier Caliper Research Articles

Analysis of Bolton Ratios in Skeletal Class I Malocclusion and Effects of Various Four-Premolar Extraction Combinations Before and After Treatment

This study was conducted to find whether different premolar extraction patterns lead to a change in the Overall Bolton ratio from 0.91 and the Posterior Bolton ratio from 1.05, among the Pakistani population in a skeletal class I malocclusion. This quasi-experimental study took place in Khyber College Of Dentistry, Peshawar. Dental plaster models of the patients with skeletal class 1 malocclusion were collected. A Digital Vernier Caliper was used to calculate the Bolton's ratios. The Bolton ratios were again calculated after hypothetical extractions of all the 1st premolars (4/4), all 5s, upper 4s and lower 5s, and upper 5s and lower 4s. The sample consisted of 12 males and 18 females. The change in Overall Bolton ratios was statistically significant for 4s extractions. For the Posterior Bolton ratio, the 4/4 and 4/5 extraction patterns were significant. Taking out the premolar teeth leads to a statistically significant but clinically insignificant reduction in the Posterior and Overall Bolton ratios in Skeletal class I malocclusion.

Comparison of Commercially available denture teeth with available natural teeth dimensions among genders

Background: Selecting the artificial teeth is an art, every prosthodontist should learn the art to fulfill the esthetic and functional requirement of the patient. It gives a pleasing, expressive and confident life to the patient. Aim: To compare the dimensions of natural maxillary and mandibular anterior and posterior teeth with the dimensions of three commercially available denture teeth such as Acryrock,Biorock and Ivoclar Vivadent along with gender consideration. Materials and Methods: The length and width of the natural anterior and posterior teeth from dentate casts of 23 males and 77 females were examined by a single examiner using a digital vernier caliper on a straight line and using a flexible ruler . These dimensions were also measured in three denture teeth mold charts: Acryrock, Biorock, Ivoclar vivadent. The dimensions thus obtained are compared between the three systems of artificial teeth and natural teeth for selecting the best system of artificial teeth for complete denture prosthesis. Results: This present study concludes that the width of available natural maxillary anterior teeth matches with the dimensions of all the three commercially available denture teeth such as Ivoclar Vivadent, Acryrock, Biorock. But the mandibular anterior and posterior teeth of maxillary and mandibular dentate cast dimensions were matching only with the Ivoclar vivadent teeth set irrespective of the genders. Conclusion: From this study, the determination of the size of anterior and posterior artificial teeth using the natural teeth dimensions for fabrication of complete denture prosthesis was proved statistically and mathematically.

Morphometric Dimensions of Male Auditory Ossicles among Nigerian Population

Introduction The auditory ossicles transfer sound vibrations in the tympanic membrane from the middle ear to the inner ear. These ossicles are located in the petrous part of the temporal bone and they form a chain across the tympanic cavity from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. Aim The present study was aimed at providing the morphometric dimensions of the male auditory ossicles among the Nigerian population. Materials and Methods The study was carried out on 94 malleus (R=44, L=50), 70 incus (R=34, L=36), and 27 stapes (R=10, L=17) auditory ossicles collected from 57 unidentified adult male cadavers from the departments of anatomy of various universities in Nigeria. The various parameters were taken with the help of a digital vernier caliper and weighed with Mettler Toledo weighing balance. Results This study revealed no statistically significance difference (p>0.05) between morphometric measurements of the bones of the right and left side except in the malleus. The mean weights (mg) of the malleus, incus and stapes were 22.04, 27.02, and 3.34, respectively. The mean lengths (mm) of the malleus and incus were 8.02 and 6.73, respectively and the mean length of footplates in stapes was 1.94 mm. The mean width of the incus was 4.12 mm and the mean width of the footplate in stapes was 2.88 mm. Conclusion The three auditory ossicles are morphometrically identical in both ears except the malleus. The precise measurements of the ossicles have been reported in this study among the adult male Nigerian population which would be very helpful in forensic study. Variations were observed in the dimensions of the ossicles when compared with previous studies which may be due to racial or regional factors as the values from published authors are from Asian and Caucasian populations.

Morphometric study of the lumbar vertebrae in dried anatomical collections

Background The objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae in human cadavers. Methods This study utilized 200 adult human cadaveric dried lumbar vertebrae. The digital Vernier calipers was used to perform the measurements. The height, antero-posterior length, transverse length of the body of the vertebrae, interpedicular distance at the lateral ends, lamina length, height and thickness, superior and inferior articular facet height and width, mid sagittal and transverse diameter of vertebral foramen, height, width and thickness of the pars inter-articularis were measured. Results The vertebral body’s anteroposterior length was more at the lower border than at the superior border (p < 0.01). The length of lamina was higher over the right in comparison to the left (p < 0.001). The height of lamina, width of inferior articular facet, diameter of lateral recess and thickness of pars inter-articularis were greater for the left sided specimens (p < 0.01). The statistical significance was not observed for the comparison of the remaining parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusion This anatomical study offered several dimensions of lumbar vertebrae, which are essential in the surgical practice. The implants at the lumbar vertebrae need to be manufactured based on the anatomical dimensions of that particular sample population.

Development of hydrophobic coating on 3D printed ABS samples and surface characterization

Manufacturers are increasingly substituting additive manufacturing for conventional manufacturing methods due to their ability to produce complex shapes. Polymer-based filament materials can be printed efficiently and inexpensively with fused deposition modeling. Coatings tend to augment the appearance of 3D printed objects as well as protect them from environmental influences. It is imperative to realize the physical and chemical properties of polymeric material like Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) surfaces so as to design an optimal surface system. This work relates to the development of surface coatings on 3D-printed ABS parts. L9 orthogonal array was used with three 2 level factors for printing the samples. Specifically, the research compares surface characteristics of 3D-printed uncoated and coated ABS specimens. An aqueous solution containing Tricalcium phosphate and Chitin clear solutions in a 70:30 ratio was applied through immersion technique to create hydrophobic coatings. The coated and uncoated samples were characterized by employing various characterization tests, including dimensional accuracy (DA), surface roughness (SR), water contact angle (WCA), absorbency tests, scanning electron microscopy on fabricated parts. Assessment of wettability of 3D printed samples and impact of coating was accomplished via static contact angle measurements. In order to assess DA and SR before and after coating, digital vernier calipers were used in conjunction with a profilometer. In accordance with ASTM D570-98, water absorption tests were conducted for specified time. Results of investigation post coating showed no variation in dimensional accuracy, reduced SR and increased in WCA by ≥ 100 ̊. A reduction in water retention was observed after coating based on water absorption tests.

Morphometry of proximal femur and correlations of the head neck shaft assemblage

Introduction: Recent times have shown an increased incidence of proximal femur pathologies. The morphology and morphometry of the proximal femur is an important component of hip biomechanics. Altered diameters and angles affect the range of motion and have been found to be causative in hip pathologies. Understanding femoral shape and orientation can help to predict degenerative diseases, relate to hip instability, in designing hip replacement implants, in preoperative planning and for forensic identification of human remains. This study aimed at determining the morphometric parameters of proximal femur and to analyse the correlations between measured parameters. Materials and Methods: Measurements were made on 120 dry adult human femora of unknown sex (Right-60, Left-60). Transverse and vertical diameters of the head and neck and anterior and posterior neck lengths were measured using digital vernier calliper and neck-shaft angle was measured using a goniometer. Measurements were statistically analysed. Correlation coefficient was used to analyse the relationship among variables. Results: Mean vertical and transverse diameters of head were 43.23 mm and 43.16 mm and Mean Anterior and Posterior neck lengths were 28.37 mm and 35.81 mm respectively. Mean Neck shaft angle was 128.82. On comparison between sides, statistically significant differences were observed in neck shaft angle and anterior neck length measurements. Correlation between neck shaft angle and neck length as well as between neck shaft angle and head diameters revealed variable patterns on left and right sides. Conclusions: Our study has found a significant difference in anterior length of neck in left and right femur as well as a substantial and statistically significant positive correlation was observed between anterior neck length and neck shaft angle of the right femur. Keywords : Femur, Morphometry, Vernier, Goniometer, Hip, Prosthesis

Sexual dimorphism among medical students of north India assessed by interorbital circumference index

Background: The human body dimensions are affected by ecological, geographical, racial, gender, and age factors. Craniofacial anthropometry has become an important tool used in genetic counseling, reconstructive surgery, and forensic medicine. Orbital measurements are important in the evaluation of several systemic syndrome, craniofacial abnormalities, and also surgical treatment of post-traumatic telecanthus. Among these measurements, normal interpupillary distance, inner canthal distance (ICD), and outer intercanthal distance are the vital features to be known. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the present study were to assess the ICD, head circumference (HC), and circumference orbital index of male and female medical students of North India and find out gender differences in the respective parameters and thus to contribute the present finding to the available literature. Materials and Methods: This was an observational descriptive study conducted in the department of anatomy at a fixed time in 150 MBBS course students in the age group 18–22 years. The ICD and HC were measured using round end digital spreading Vernier caliper. Then, circumference interorbital index (CII) was calculated and analyzed. Results: The mean ICD in males was 3.44±0.33 mm and in females was 3.21±0.32 mm; mean HC in males was 56.03±1.55 mm and in females was 53.88±1.38 mm; and mean CII in males was 6.15±0.54 and in females was 5.95±0.51. Conclusion: The result of this study will help to establish the mean values for of craniofacial anthropometric parameters for medical students of North India, and the results are showing that craniofacial anthropometric parameters are sexually dimorphic.

Association between Severe Early Childhood Caries, Dietary Preferences, and 2nd Digit-4th Digit (2D:4D) Ratio.

To evaluate the association between severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), dietary preferences, and 2nd digit-4th digit (2D:4D) ratio. The objective is to contrast the detection and prevalence of dental caries in children with different sensitivity levels to the bitter taste of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and its association with 2D:4D. A total of 300 children below 71 months of age were assigned to two study groups-group I (caries-free) and group II (caries). PROP sensitivity test was carried out to determine the inherent genetic ability to taste a bitter or sweet substance. Evaluation of dietary preferences was carried out using a food preference questionnaire, which was completed by the parents of the children to know the child's dietary habits and their sweet, sour, and strong taste preferences. The length of the index (2D) and ring (4D) finger was measured with the help of digital vernier caliper to record the 2D:4D ratio. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using Pearson's Chi-squared test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results suggested a positive association between S-ECC and dietary preferences but could not establish a straightforward 1:1 relation between 2D:4D ratio and S-ECC. An individual considered as nontaster by PROP test was a sweet liker with low 2D:4D ratio having high caries index. The association between 2D:4D ratio and S-ECC should further be explored by taking other influencing factors into consideration before arriving at a definitive conclusion. Srivastava SK, Garg N, Pathivada L, et al. Association between Severe Early Childhood Caries, Dietary Preferences, and 2nd Digit-4th Digit (2D:4D) Ratio. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(5):740-744.

A Study of Bolton’s Analysis on Permanent Dentition of Nepalese Citizen of Lumbini Province

Introduction: To achieve a good occlusion with satisfactory intercuspation of teeth and a correct overjet and overbite, the maxillary and mandibular teeth must be proportional in size. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the Bolton’s tooth size discrepancy in a sample of the Nepalese population of Lumbini Province. Materials and Method: One hundred twenty-fie study casts (50 males and 75 females) were made after making impression of individuals with normal occlusion. Impression was made using alginate impression material, studycasts were made using dental stone type III, and bases were made using dental plaster type II. Individual mesiodistal width of the teeth were measured using a digital vernier caliper to the nearest 0.01mm for the calculation of Bolton’s anterior and overall ratio. The ratios were then compared between male and female. Result: One hundred twenty-five study casts (50 males and 75 females) were made after making impression of individuals with normal occlusion. Impression was made using alginate impression material, study casts were made using dental stone type III, and bases were made using dental plaster type II. A statistically signifiant difference between the summed mesiodistal widths were found between males and females using Independent sample t-test. There was no sexual dimorphism concerning Bolton’s ratio in samples. The overall ratio and anterior ratio were 91.70 ± 1.28 and 77.09 ± 1.57 for males and 91.79 ± 1.34 and 77.29 ± 1.71 for females respectively. The combined overall ratio was 91.75 ± 1.32 and anterior ratio which was 77.21 ± 1.65. Individual mesiodistal width of the teeth were measured using a digital vernier caliper to the nearest 0.01mm for the calculation of Bolton’s anterior and overall ratio. The ratios were then compared between male and female. Conclusion: The sum of mesiodistal dimensions of teeth were greater in males, however, no sexual dimorphism was found in the Bolton ratio. Further, statistically signifiant difference was found in the overall ratio from Nepalese population when compared to the original ratio by Bolton.

TO CORRELATE THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN LINGUAL FRENAL ATTACHMENT AND MANDIBULAR INCISAL EDGE POSITION AS AN AID IN ESTABLISHING MANDIBULAR OCCLUSAL PLANE: A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY

Background: The determination of vertical dimension, aesthetics, phonetics and incisal guidance, depends on the placement of anterior teeth. Fewer studies are present for mandibular anterior teeth setting. Therefore this study aims at determining the correlation of distance between lingual frenal attachment and mandibular incisal edge position in dentulous subjects as an aid in establishing mandibular occlusal plane in edentulous patients. Methodology: 318 subjects (161 males and 157 females) under the age group of 18 to 30 years, who met the requisite criteria were seleceted. A mandibular cast was obtained from irreversible hydrocolloid impression in stock trays for each subject. The distance between the incisal edge of lower central incisor and anterior attachment of the lingual frenum was measured using digital vernier caliper. Result:It was observed that the distance between anterosuperior attachment of lingual frenumand mesioincisal edge of mandibular central incisor (CI) in female subjects was 12.19, with mean standard deviation (±SD) of 1.34. and 15.91 with mean standard deviation (±SD) 1.32 in male subjects respectively. Conclusion:Thus, the anterior attachment of lingual frenum is a reliable anatomic landmark and shall aid in setting the mandibular central incisors in a more natural position.

The role of thread embedding acupuncture in the management of nasolabial fold: A Case Report

Background: Aging occurs in all organs, including the skin. As the largest organ of the body, wrinkles on the skin show signs of aging that are visible and affect appearance. Thread embedding acupuncture (akupunktur tanam benang/ATB) is one of acupuncture methods used in various cases, including aesthetics. This case report describes the role of ATB in the management of nasolabial folds (NLF).
 Case Illustration: A 45-year-old woman came complaints of deep and long smile lines. On physical examination, the NLF length (measured with digital vernier caliper) right/left: 34.15/30.3 mm; Wrinkle severity rating scale (WSRS) right/left: 3/3. ATB was given once and the results were observed until week 12. The best results were obtained at week 12 of follow-up (NLF: 22.00/21.46 mm; WSRS: 2/2)
 Conclusion: NLF improvement in ATB is getting better over time. Further clinical trials are needed to determine the effectiveness of ATB in improving NLF.
 Keywords: Thread embedding acupuncture; Wrinkle; Aesthetic acupuncture

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Morphing Trailing Edge Wings in The Application of MAV

In the past few years, FDM basedpolymer3D printing process has flourished mainly with ABS filaments as a thermoplastic source. Food packing, medical, marine and agriculture industries employdevices and other usable items made of polymers. Utilizing layered fabrication components in these areascompelthem to have self-cleansing, anti-freezing and corrosion resistant surfaces. It is generally complex and expensive to prepare hydrophobic coatings. The present work is related to the development of a surface coating on 3D printed ABS specimens with the mentioned properties. 3D printed specimens were fabricated using Flash Forge 3D printer without any modifications, and the hydrophobic coatings were achieved by dip coating process using Tricalcium phosphate-chitin solutions with a ratio of 70:30. Static contact angle measurement was employedin gaging wettability impact on dip coated 3D printed specimens. By using digital vernier calipers and profilometer (SJ410), dimensional accuracy and surface roughness were assessed pre and post-coating. According to ASTM D570-98, water absorption tests were conducted at different time intervals. Results of the experiment showed that the hydrophobic solutions had been successfully synthesized. The maximum contact angle was achieved for solution 1(4g of tricalcium phosphate solution with 0.3g chitin solution) i.e., 109.3°. Improvement in the textureof 3D printed ABS surfaceswasobserved after dip coating. Dip-coated 3D printed ABS specimens exhibited minimal absorption based on their weight gain per area.

Investigating The Surface Characteristics of Dip Coated 3D Printed ABS Specimens

In the past few years, FDM basedpolymer 3D printing process has flourished mainly with ABS filaments as a thermoplastic source. Food packing, medical, marine and agriculture industries employdevices and other usable items made of polymers. Utilizing layered fabrication components in these areascompelthem to have self-cleansing, anti-freezing and corrosion resistant surfaces. It is generally complex and expensive to prepare hydrophobic coatings.The present work is related to the development of a surface coating on 3D printed ABS specimens with the mentioned properties. 3D printed specimens were fabricated using Flash Forge 3D printer without any modifications, and the hydrophobic coatings were achieved by dip coating process using Tricalcium phosphate-chitin solutions with a ratio of 70:30. Static contact angle measurement was employedin gaging wettability impact on dip coated 3D printed specimens. By using digital vernier calipers and profilometer (SJ410), dimensional accuracy and surface roughness were assessed pre and post-coating. According to ASTM D570-98, water absorption tests were conducted at different time intervals. Results of the experiment showed that the hydrophobic solutions had been successfully synthesized. The maximum contact angle was achieved for solution 1(4g of tricalcium phosphate solution with 0.3g chitin solution) i.e., 109.3°. Improvement in the textureof 3D printed ABS surfaceswas observed after dip coating. Dip-coated 3D printed ABS specimens exhibited minimal absorption based on their weight gain per area.

Accuracy of lab scanners in establishing dental measurements: In-vitro study

To determine the accuracy of the measurements made by the lab scanner on rubber-based impressions, the scanned plaster models, and the conventional plaster models by digital vernier calliper. The sample comprised of 20 randomly selected patients. Two sets of maxillary rubber base impressions were taken. The samples were then divided into three groups In Group A, stone casts obtained from the first rubber base impression, were measured manually using a digital vernier calliper having an accuracy of 0.01 mm. In Group B, the second rubber base impressions were measured using a lab scanner (3 shapes series E3) and finally in Group C, the stone models used in group A were scanned by the lab scanner and measurements were performed on 3 Shapes Ortho analyser software. The total of 9 linear measurements made were mesial distal tooth width, arch perimeter, arch length, buccolingual width, clinical crown height, intercanine, inter first premolar, inter second premolar and intermolar distance. The measurements were done twice and average value was recorded as the final result. Data were tabulated and analysed statistically. One way ANOVA test was done to analyse the differences between measurements. Results showed no statistically significant difference between mesial distal tooth width, arch perimeter, arch length, buccolingual width, clinical crown height, intercanine, inter first premolar, inter second premolar and intermolar distance. Digital models were as accurate as the manual measurements performed on casts by digital vernier calliper in establishing linear measurements. Thus, digital models were proven to be reliable and clinically acceptable.

A study on the morphology and morphometry of foramen ovale in dry human skulls

An oval shape foramen is present in the greater wing of sphenoid through which passes the many vital structures. It is located at the transitional area between intracranial and extracranial structures. It is important for diagnostic and surgical procedures. A total 100 skulls were used for the study. 82 skulls were studied and 18 skulls were excluded from the study. The skulls were collected from Phase I MBBS students from different medical colleges in south India. Skulls in poor conditions or skulls with partly damaged surroundings of the foramen ovale were not considered. Maximum length and width of foramen ovale was measured using digital Vernier calliper. Also, the distance from the anterior root of zygoma and the distance from the articular tubercle on zygomatic arch to foramen ovale were measured. Variation in right and left side were calculated, the variations in shape also recorded. The mean length of foramen ovale was 6.8 ±1 and the mean breath of foramen ovale was 3.65±1. Two-sample independent t test showed significant difference between the right and left breadths of foramen ovale (p 0.0126), while the right and left lengths of foramen ovale were not significant (p 0.245). The mean distance of foramen ovale from articular tubercle on Zygomatic arch was 33±2 mm. The mean distance from anterior root of Zygomatic arch was 21.5 ± 2.1 mm. The present study concludes that there is significant difference between sizes of right and left side foramen ovale. Foramen ovale has practical significance to both neurosurgical and functional cranial neuroanatomy as it provides transcutaneous approaches to the skull base especially in cases of trigeminal neuralgia, as the Gasserion ganglion can be approached through it.

Morphological study of the popliteus muscle-tendon complex in formalin embalmed adult cadavers

Background: The dimensions of popliteus muscle and its tendon are subjected to variability in the origin, mode of insertion, innervation patterns and vascular supply. The aim of this study was to measure the length, thickness and width of the popliteus muscle and its tendon at its different parts. The objectives were to study the topographic anatomy of the neurovascular structures of the popliteus and also to determine the dimensions of the popliteo-fibular ligament. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional institutional based study included 50 formalin embalmed adult lower limb specimens. The measurements were performed by using the digital Vernier caliper. Results: The length of the popliteus muscle belly along the upper and lower border were 44.2±6.63 mm and 89.26±14.41 mm, width of the muscle belly at midpoint, musculotendinous junction and insertion were 28.45±6.85 mm, 11.7±3.5 mm and 75.95±10.7 mm. The thickness of muscle belly at the midpoint was 2.55±0.55 mm. The length of popliteal tendon, width at origin and at musculotendinous junction were 24.85±2.15 mm, 7.55±1.55 mm and 8.5±1.15 mm. The thickness of tendon of popliteus was 2.6±0.75 mm. The length of nerve to popliteus was 50.44±8.66 mm and its origin was located 27.54±6.18 mm from the intercondylar line. The distance of origin of medial and lateral geniculate arteries from the intercondylar line were 26.26±10.47 mm and 20.76±5.19 mm. The distance of division of popliteal artery was 49.44±16.26 mm from the intercondylar line. The length and width of the popliteo-fibular ligament was 17.84±3.43 mm and 7.36±1.9 mm individually. Conclusions: This study offered detailed morphometric data of the popliteus and it is believed that the data of this anatomical research is enlightening to orthopedic surgeons particularly in the field of arthroscopic and plastic surgery. The data can be considered as the database from our population.

Morphological variations of the pterion among skulls at the Galloway Osteological Collection in the Department of Human Anatomy Makerere University

Background: The pterion is an important anatomical landmark in anatomy, neurosurgery, radiology, and forensic examinations. The region is prone to damage following blunt trauma of the head. Although the structure varies with age, sex and ethnicity, this has not been documented in the Ugandan setting. The study set out to describe the morphological variations of the pterion among skulls in the Galloway Osteological Collection at the Department of Anatomy, Makerere University.
 Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that examined human skulls for the type of pterion, the distance between the center of the pterion and mid zygomatic arch, and the distance between the center of the pterion and the frontozygomatic suture. The measurements were conducted using a digital Vernier caliper. Data was analyzed using the Welch t-test and student t-test.
 Results: A total of 65 skulls were studied, the sphenoparietal type of pterion was the commonest 65.4%. The pterion in females was located more posteriorly from the frontozygomatic suture compared to that of males, however the p-value was 0.10. The distance from pterion to zygomatic arch and frontozygomatic suture showed variations with age and nationality.
 Conclusion: The Pterion exhibited variations which need to be considered during examinations and operations of the region.

Comparative evaluation of accuracy, time and patient acceptance between intraoral scanner and conventional alginate impression technique – An invivo study

Orthodontists use various dental records such as dental models or casts for diagnosis and treatment planning which includes making of dental impressions and study casts. Conventional alginate impressions are challenging for the patients with extreme gag reflex, irritation & discomfort. Recently 3D technology has led to development of scanning and digital models, but one major concern has been the accuracy. So this study was done to compare the accuracy, time and patient acceptance between intraoral scanner and conventional alginate impression technique. 15 patients were selected. Alginate impressions were made using zhermack neocolloid. The patients were subjected to digital scanning with Medit i500 intraoral scanner. Procedures were timed. After the impressions, each patient was asked to complete survey. Tooth width measurements were made using digital vernier caliper from stone models. In the second method digital images were measured using medit link software. Anterior and overall Bolton ratio was calculated to determine accuracy. Digital impressions are accurate and comparable to conventional impressions as tooth width measurements did not differ significantly. Conventional impression consumed more time. Patients preferred digital impressions.Intraoral scanners are accepted by patients and they have comparable accuracy and time efficient compared to conventional impression.

Linear Morphometric Analysis of Auricular Measurements of a Nigerian Igbo population

The human ear (auricle) is an important body component in biometric studies and forensic identification. The purpose of this study was to evaluate linear auricular morphometric measurements of a Nigerian Igbo population. 300 participants (142 males to 158 females) of at least 16 years of age were randomly recruited from settlements in the South-Eastern states of Nigeria. The participants were made to sit in a Frankfort horizontal position and auricular measurements such as total ear height (TEH), ear width (EW), lobule height (LH) and lobule width (LW) were obtained using a digital vernier caliper (validated by calibrating to 0.01mm). The ear index (EI) and lobule index (LI) were calculated using the measurements. Data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 23.0). The following mean values were recorded for males: TEH [Right (R) = 47.01±6.30, Left (L) = 46.24±5.85], EW (R = 25.06±4.14, L = 24.68±4.32), LH (R = 13.92±2.61, L = 13.99±2.18), LW (R = 12.99±2.30, L = 13.30±1.94), EI (R = 53.47±7.23, L = 53.28±6.69) and LI (R = 95.17±18.12, L = 96.80±18.56); for females, TEH (R = 48.25±6.83, L = 48.25±6.24), EW (R = 25.19±3.93, L = 24.57±4.21), LH (R = 14.44±2.67, L = 14.89±2.55), LW (R = 13.37±2.26, L = 13.78±2.04), EI (R = 52.50±6.85, L = 50.93±7.05) and LI (R = 94.60±19.59, L = 94.30±16.63). Gender differences were highly significant regarding total ear height, lobular length and width, as well as the ear index of the left auricle. This study provides a baseline data for auricular morphometrics of adult Nigerian Igbos and could be used as an ergonomic guide towards the creation of hearing aids in the future and to solve possible forensic issues associated with identification of remains.

Development of Formulae to Determine Living Stature using Handprint Anthropometry of Tagalog People in the Philippines

Highlights: 1. This is the first-ever anthropological study on Tagalog people in the Philippines that has established formulae for determining stature using handprint length measurements.2. This study has generated formulae that are applicable for personal identification purposes within real crime scenes. Abstract Forensic science plays a crucial role in the pursuit of justice, particularly through the identification of physical evidence found at crime scenes, such as human fingerprints and handprints. This study aimed to develop formulae for determining living stature using the handprint anthropometry of Tagalog people, an indigenous ethnic group in the Philippines. A total of 360 Tagalog volunteers, comprising 180 men and 180 women, were recruited. This study excluded subjects who had finger and hand-related diseases, injuries, or were under the age of 18. The materials used were a stadiometer for height measurement, a digital vernier caliper for handprint measurements, and a handprint kit to collect handprints. Five length measurements were collected for each handprint. The length measurement spanned the distance from the middle wrist crease to the tips of each of the five fingers. The data were analyzed statistically using regression analysis (p<0.05) in IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). The analysis results produced equations for determining stature using all the length measurements of the handprints. The study involved the calculation of correlation coefficients (r values) and standard deviations using the stature and handprint lengths of individuals of both genders. The results are presented in the form of tables and figures. The study concluded with the development of regression equations that may be utilized for determining stature based on various handprint length measurements of the Tagalog people. This study represents the first-ever anthropological study conducted on the Philippine Tagalog population within the scope of this research subject matter. The formulae can be applied to actual crime scenes for the purpose of personal identification.