Digital Data Transmission Research Articles

A Watermark-Based Scheme for Authenticating JPEG 2000 Image Integrity That Complies with JPEG Privacy and Security

Network development has made it easier to access multimedia material and to change it by allowing the collection, modification, and transmission of digital data. Additionally, this has led to a rise in malicious use, including unauthorized data distribution and copying. As the quantity of evil activities increases, security issues such as unauthorized use and image forgery are rising. While security solutions for JPEG-1 images are widely available, there remains a significant gap in protection for JPEG 2000 images. In this paper, we propose a new watermark-based forgery detection method to comply with the JPEG Privacy and Security standards and to authenticate JPEG 2000 image integrity in the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) domain. The method proposed divides JPEG 2000 images into groups of blocks (GOBs) within the DWT domain. The watermark is generated by collaborating with the neighboring GOBs and is embedded in the GOBs. It enables you to respond to the collage attack. Experimental results using various sample images show the superiority of the proposed method, showing negligible visual differences between the original and watermarked JPEG 2000 images.

Associations Between Sociodemographic Factors And Interest in Remote Patient Monitoring Among Arkansas Residents.

Introduction: Remote patient monitoring (RPM) has the power to transform health care delivery, as it allows for the digital transmission of individual health data to health care professionals, providing the most up-to-date information to be able to make medical decisions. Although RPM use has grown exponentially during the pandemic, there is limited information on the association between sociodemographic characteristics and interest in RPM use in underserved areas of the United States after the onset of the pandemic. Methods: We conducted a survey via random digit dialing of 2201 adults living in Arkansas in March of 2022. Weighted estimates were generated using rank ratio estimation to approximate the 2019 American Community Survey 1-year Arkansas estimates for race/ethnicity, age, and gender. We fit a partial proportional odds model using weighted generalized ordered logistic regression to examine adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for interest in RPM. Predictors included sociodemographic characteristics, nativity, health care access, and self-rated health. Results: Results indicate respondents who were age 60 or older had lower odds of interest in RPM than those between the ages 18-39 (OR = 0.61). Hispanic adults had lower odds of reporting interest in RPM (OR = 0.68), and non-Hispanic adults of other races/ethnicities had lower odds of reporting any interest at all (OR = 0.67) or interest greater than a little (OR = 0.67) in RPM compared with non-Hispanic White respondents. However, respondents who had previously used telehealth had greater odds of reporting higher levels of interest in RPM than those who had not previously used it (OR = 1.93). Discussion: Interest in RPM use is associated with several sociodemographic factors. Future work is needed to understand and address RPM reluctance and to increase interest in RPM among marginalized and underserved populations who may need these services.

Missing-cell defects in QCA wires: The ground and excited electronic states perspectives

Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA) technology offers promising prospects for designing molecular electronic circuits that operate at high frequencies and with ultra-low power consumption. QCA wires serve as crucial conduits for digital data transmission between logic gates. A series of QCA cells arranged sequentially forms these wires, with data written or read using paired nanogap electrodes. In this study, employing a simplified full-basis quantum mechanical model, we investigate the impact of single and double missing cells on the response function and output voltage of wires implemented within the two-dot QCA architecture. The electronic coupling between the quantum dots within each QCA cell stands out as a critical structural parameter influencing both the nonlinearity of the response function and the level of output voltage. Ground state analyses of wires affected by missing-cell defects suggest that employing QCA cells with weak electronic coupling could potentially enhance fault tolerance. However, examination of excited states reveals that reducing electronic coupling may compromise the thermal robustness of such defective QCA wires.

Digital Twin Smart Water Conservancy: Status, Challenges, and Prospects

Digital twin technology, a new type of digital technology emerging in recent years, realizes real-time simulation, prediction and optimization by digitally modeling the physical world, providing a new idea and method for the design, operation and management of water conservancy projects, which is of great significance for the realization of the transformation of water conservancy informatization to intelligent water conservancy. In view of this, this paper systematically discusses the concept and development history of digital twin smart water conservancy, compares its differences with traditional water conservancy models, and further proposes the digital twin smart water conservancy five-dimensional model. Based on the five-dimensional model of digital twin water conservancy, the research progress of digital twin smart water conservancy is summarized by focusing on six aspects, namely digital twin water conservancy data perception, data transmission, data analysis and processing, digital twin water conservancy model construction, digital twin water conservancy interaction and collaboration and digital twin water conservancy service application, and the challenges and problems of digital twin technology in the application of smart water conservancy. Finally, the development trend of digital twin technology and the direction of technological breakthroughs are envisioned, aiming to provide reference and guidance for the research on digital twin technology in the field of smart water conservancy and to promote the further development of the field.

Real-time monitoring system for blood pressure monitoring based on internet of things

Real-time monitoring system for blood pressure monitoring based on internet of things

Robust Encryption Framework for IoT Devices Based on Bit-plane Extraction, Chaotic Sine Models, and Quantum Operations

In the domain of Internet of Things (IoT) applications, quantum computers offer the promise of addressing complex computational issues that traditional cryptographic methods find challenging. The unparalleled computational power of quantum computers makes existing cryptographic schemes, tailored to mitigate computational complexity, ineffective. This research introduces a robust encryption scheme designed specifically for digital data exchanged between IoT devices such as smartphones, smart sensors, and smart health monitoring devices. The proposed encryption framework is based on bit-plane extraction-based encryption, the chaotic sine model, the hyperchaotic map, the quantum baker map, and quantum operations such as quantum selective scrambling. The proposed methodology involves three key phases: the first and last phase related to permutation, which is performed at the bit level based on discrete bit-plane scrambling, bit-plane extraction, and hyperchaotic mapping. However, the second phase is based on diffusion, which depends on the chaotic sine model. During the initial stage, creating correlations among image pixels, along with a couple of chaotic sequences using a quantum baker map, is accomplished through a superposition of quantum-states. Before applying diffusion, the pixels of the grayscale image are encoded using a single qubit, and quantum operations are based on a quantum circuit featuring swap gates. To introduce pixel-level permutation, a hyperchaotic map generates random sequences within the range of 0 to 255. A circular shift further shuffles the pixel rows and pixel columns of the permuted image pixels. To enhance the digital image security further, bit-planes are extracted from the permuted bit-planes. Then, the bits within each bit plane are scrambled using a random sequence generated by the hyperchaotic map. Finally, the encoded bit planes are merged to produce a final encrypted image. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, with security parameters such as correlation, entropy, and key space measuring at 0.0001, 7.999, and >2100, respectively. Furthermore, to assess performance in relation to computational complexity, a detailed analysis of computational time is conducted. The results reveal that the proposed encryption scheme can execute all encryption steps presented in the proposed method in less than one second. These findings demonstrate the secure transmission of digital data between IoT devices and show the suitability of the proposed encryption scheme for real-time applications.

Ultra-Wideband Vertical Transition in Coplanar Stripline for Ultra-High-Speed Digital Interfaces.

A design method for an ultra-wideband coplanar-stripline-based vertical transition that can be used for ultra-high-speed digital interfaces is proposed. A conventional via structure, based on a differential line (DL), inherently possesses performance limitations (<10 GHz) due to difficulties in maintaining constant line impedance and smooth electric field transformation, in addition to the effects of signal skews, FR4 fiber weave, and unbalanced EM interferences. DL-based digital interfaces may not meet the demands of ultra-high-speed digital data transmission required for the upcoming 6G communications. The use of a coplanar stripline (CPS), a type of planar balanced line (BL), for the vertical transition, along with the ultra-wideband DL-to-CPS transition, mostly removes the inherent and unfavorable issues of the DL and enables ultra-high-speed digital data transmission. The design process of the transition is simplified using the analytical design formulas, derived using the conformal mapping method, of the transition. The characteristic line impedances of the transition are calculated and found to be in close agreement with the results obtained from EM simulations. Utilizing these results, the CPS-based vertical transition, maintaining the characteristic line impedance of 100 Ω, is designed and fabricated. The measured results confirm its ultra-wideband characteristics, with a maximum of 1.6 dB insertion loss and more than 10 dB return loss in the frequency range of DC to 30 GHz. Therefore, the proposed CPS-based vertical transition offers a significantly wider frequency bandwidth, i.e., more than three times that of conventional DL-based via structures.

Building and evaluating the performance of a digital data transmission system over a noisy Rician fading channel using a 16-QAM modulator, Hamming source encoding, and BCH channel encoding

In today's digital age, digital data transmission methods are becoming popular. In a wireless communication environment, interference can cause data loss and distortion. In this paper, the author builds and evaluates the performance of a data transmission system using a noisy Rician fading channel. This system combines the use of 16-QAM modulators, Hamming source coding, and BCH channel coding to improve the reliability of data transmission. The performance evaluation of the system is conducted under different interference conditions. The results show that the proposed system is capable of detecting and correcting errors in transmitted data and has good anti-interference ability.

Разработка и исследование подхода к обработке сигналов цифровых измерительных трансформаторов тока и напряжения

During the development of secondary systems of stations and substations, including relay protection, automation, control, electricity metering, etc., qualitative changes have recently occurred due to the introduction of digital technologies. The introduction of digital technologies is supported by innovative development programs such as “Digital Transformation 2030”. The introduction of digital technologies is associated with the use of digital data transmission channels according to uniform standards. Projects of “digital substations” are being actively implemented with the transmission of digital information at all levels, including the primary equipment, the transmission of information both from current and voltage measuring transformers, and from switching devices. Currently, digital instrument transformers are actively being developed and implemented, in which information about measured currents and voltages is presented in digital code. New approaches to measure primary currents and voltages, and transmit information pose new challenges, and open prospects for improving signal processing methods used for relay protection purposes. Thus, the relevant aim of the study is the development and research of approaches to digital processing of signals of digital instrument current and voltage transformers. To solve the problems posed within the framework of this study, analytical and numerical solution methods have been used. Numerical methods are applied using software products such as MathCAD and the Python programming language to generate signals and display them on graphs. To substantiate the reliability, verification of the results obtained by different methods is carried out. The authors have formulated an approach to digital processing of signals obtained using current sensors of a digital instrument transformer. The authors have studied the approach to determine synchronized current vector values by processing information received from primary current converters. The characteristics of the algorithm for obtaining a vector have been analyzed and the dependences of errors on the influence of distorting factors have been plotted. The proposed approach is a development of the existing approach to obtain a vector by getting information from current sensors operating on different physical principles. The results show the advantages of the proposed method. The proposed digital signal processing algorithm is more technically expensive since it contains at least two metrologically calibrated measuring channels instead of one. However, all other things being equal, it allows to increase the accuracy and speed of the digital processing algorithms taken as a prototype. The results obtained can be used to formulate algorithms for measuring relay protection devices.

Digital data transmission system over the Gaus noise channel using a 16-QAM modulator, hamming source encoding, and turbo channel encoding

Digital data transmission system over the Gaus noise channel using a 16-QAM modulator, hamming source encoding, and turbo channel encoding

Edge effects in quantum cellular automata binary wire

The molecular quantum cellular automata approach provides a paradigm for molecular electronics, where the charge configurations at reduction–oxidation centers of molecules represent binary information. The QCA cells are coupled by electrostatic fields and enable implementing devices for digital data transmission and logic operation at the molecular scale. Designing inputs for the desired operation of molecular QCA devices has been a challenging task, where the edge effects of electrodes may reduce the reliability of the QCA devices. We calculate the fringing fields of a pair of electrodes implemented on a model platform for the operation of a molecular QCA binary wire. The calculated nanogap and fringing fields are used in a simple quantum mechanical model to analyze the edge effects on the polarization propagation and polarization loss throughout the wire. Discussions on the stability of the wire in the presence of the fringing fields using the excited state of the wire and polarization uncertainties are presented.

Optimized register level transfer mechanism for ASIC-based memscomputing

Micro-electromechanical system-based semiconductor sensor systems typically need a reliable on-chip analog readout circuit to identify and process changes in physical properties. To improve the mobility, robustness, reliability and performance (in terms of power consumption and speed) of the sensor system, the remaining parts of the post-processing logic, such as the digital data processor (or part of it), can also integrated into the chip. Cost and integration are always important considerations in both analog and digital designs, but they become even more important; the subsystem of data processing must be squeezed into a very small space near the structure of the micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) sensor. The paper introduces a new Buffalo-based register-transfer level (BRTL) method that aims to improve the efficiency and reliability of the system of digital data processing for MEMS sensor post-processing algorithm. Initially, the memcomputing system was designed with the needed functional processing elements. Then, a novel Buffalo-based register-transfer level design is modelled in the MEMS architecture. The digital data transmission process is performed to estimate the reliability of the proposed BRTL model. Finally, the performance of the proposed model can be validated.

Building and evaluating the performance of a digital data transmission system over a noisy Rician fading channel using a 32-QAM modulator, Convolutional source encoding, and LDPC channel encoding

Building and evaluating the performance of a digital data transmission system over a noisy Rician fading channel using a 32-QAM modulator, Convolutional source encoding, and LDPC channel encoding

Enhancing Data Protection through Advanced Encryption or Improving Data Security with Advanced Encryption

The protection of information content is becoming a key concern with the recent exponential growth of digital data interchange over computer networks. Numerous security vulnerabilities can readily jeopardize the information sent over a network. An enhanced modification for the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is proposed and implemented using an additional key that generated using a linear feedback shift register (LFSR), which provides an efficient technique to pseudo random number generation and also reduces the number of rounds. Cryptography plays a crucial role in ensuring the security of digital data transmission over these unsafe networks. When compared to the original AES algorithm result, the suggested technique produces the expected results for several data types, including text, images, It is more important than ever to strengthen data protection procedures in an era of rising cyber dangers and growing reliance on digital data. A thorough framework for "Enhancing Data Protection through Advanced Encryption" (EDPAE) is introduced in this study. The project's goal is to protect sensitive data by utilizing state-of-the-art encryption techniques in response to the ever-changing cyber security scenario. In addition, the project places a strong emphasis on how to seamlessly incorporate advanced encryption into current data storage and communication systems in order to minimize interference with user operations and greatly improve overall security posture. In order to guarantee the secure creation, distribution, and storage of encryption keys and to reduce potential risks related to key compromise, key management features are addressed.

Hardware study and implementation of image encryption algorithm based on a hyperchaotic key generator

In today’s interconnected world, digital data transmissions are an integral part of our communication systems. Connected objects are commonly used in digital life, however, they can be vulnerable to hacking and personal data theft due to inadequate security. To address the size and capability limitations of existing embedded devices, lightweight cryptography has been developed. This paper presents a hardware implementation of a lightweight cryptographic method using VHDL and FPGAs to secure digital information, specifically images. The proposed algorithm is a block cipher scheme that operates on blocks of 128-bit length and employs chaos based generator-based. The cryptosystem includes a whitening operation, random permutation, and key-dependent Substitution box. The proposed hardware implementation of the algorithm was validated using a Xilinx FPGA-Zynq platform and can secure different gray-scale images while maintaining low power usage, a high frequency of 160.6098 MHz, and high throughput of 11314.917 Mbps. The cryptosystem is shown to be effective against statistical and differential attacks, and key sequences are tested using the NIST SP 800–22 test suite. The algorithm’s robustness with respect to Shannon’s theory and Chaos is discussed, emphasizing its high level of security and performance.

Optical injection locking and optical-fiber data transmission by directly modulated wavelength tunable laser transmitters

Enhancement of the small- and large-signal modulation performance of wavelength tunable laser diode (TLD) transmitters under strong optical injection locking (OIL) is investigated numerically in back-to-back and optical-fiber transmission schemes. Our model is based on the spatiotemporal description of laser dynamics as due to the composite cavity design of TLDs, the usual rate equation formalism is not directly applicable. We demonstrate that TLD transmission strongly depends on wavelength tuning, which was investigated over a 21-nm range between 1529 and 1550 nm emission wavelengths. The best performance for both free-running (FR) and OIL TLDs is achieved at shorter wavelengths, 1529 nm for our device. Although in both cases this is due to larger differential material gain at shorter wavelengths, the underlying physics of the effect is completely different. For an FR TLD, it is the resonance oscillation frequency (ROF) that defines the best modulation speed, while for an OIL TLD, the achievable modulation speed depends on the cavity mode shift due to optical injection. Both the ROF and the cavity mode shift increase when the differential gain increases. However, the ROF is the device’s fixed parameter, while the cavity mode shift is defined by the OIL conditions, and thus, it can be optimized. The superior performance of the optical fiber digital data transmission with the OIL TLD is demonstrated at around 20-Gb/s modulation speed for standard fibers. This result is attributed to an enhanced modulation response and suppressed frequency chirping of the OIL TLD, and it is important for practical utilization of TLD transmitters.

Use of information redundancy to increase the reliability of devices for storing, processing and transmitting information

In modern information transmission systems, a special place is occupied by telecommunication systems (TS), which include digital data transmission systems (DSTS) containing specialized computers (SEVMs). The systems under consideration must ensure fast and reliable transmission of discrete data over communication lines. In this case, the loss of even one transmitted character is unacceptable; therefore, the main indicator of the reliability of a computer is the probability of failure-free operation. To increase the probability of failure-free operation of a storage device (MS), corrective codes and duplication are used, and to increase the probability of failure-free operation of the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) of a computer, majority redundancy is used. The disadvantage of the majority method is the high hardware costs for redundancy, which reduces the efficiency of its use. The disadvantages of using correction codes include: as a rule, they are used for separate redundancy (detection and correction of errors that occur in storage devices; majority redundancy is used to detect and correct errors in the ALU); not all arithmetic and logical operations can be controlled based on existing correcting codes; a sharp increase in hardware costs when using algebraic linear codes to detect and correct multiple errors. Detection of errors in the ALU of a computer processor can be achieved on the basis of duplication in a loaded mode with replacement, however, this is associated with solving the main problem of computer duplication: - selection of monitoring tools for determining a failed channel (detection of errors in storage and information processing devices). The purpose of the research is to develop a scientific and methodological apparatus for computer backup using the duplication method with error detection in backup channels based on the use of an algebraic linear code, which makes it possible to detect errors not only in storage devices, but also adapted for detecting errors when performing arithmetic and logical operations. Results. An analysis of operation and selection of reliability indicators for specialized computers (SEVMs) of telecommunication systems was carried out. Requirements for computer backup methods are formulated. A comparative assessment of the detecting ability and hardware costs was carried out when implementing the majority redundancy method, the duplication method and the use of correcting codes. The expediency of using the duplication method is substantiated to increase the probability of failure-free operation and survivability of self-healing digital computers, using algebraic linear codes to determine the faulty channel, which allows to significantly reduce hardware costs for constructing monitoring equipment and use 10-30% of backup equipment for these purposes. It is proposed to use an algebraic linear code, in which, unlike well-known codes, the values of the check bits correspond to the direct and inverse values of the information bits, which makes it possible to detect errors when reading information from the inverse outputs of the memory, correct single errors, detect double errors and control the logical inversion operation , necessary to represent a negative number in two's complement code, which makes it possible to adapt the code to control arithmetic and logical operations of the computer processor. An assessment was made of the probability of failure-free operation of a duplicated computer, with its general redundancy, with detection and correction of single errors in the backup memory channels and detection of errors in the backup channels of the processor ALU based on the proposed code, and an assessment of the probability of failure-free operation of the computer, with its separate redundancy, with error detection in the backup channels of the duplicated memory based on the Hamming code and error correction in the backup channels of the processor ALU based on the majority method. A comparative assessment of the probabilities of failure-free operation allows us to conclude that the general redundancy of the computer based on the proposed code, in comparison with the separate redundancy of the memory and ALU of the computer processor, allows for a gain in the probability of failure-free operation of the computer and its functional devices throughout the entire period of operation. The practical significance lies in the fact that the proposed scientific and methodological apparatus provides: reduction of hardware costs for identifying a faulty channel when organizing duplication; detection of errors in the memory and ALU of the computer processor with time costs not exceeding the time of error detection when using standard methods of monitoring the computer system.

ANALYSIS OF ALGORITHMS FOR THE FORMATION OF CODE STRUCTURES AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF DATA TRANSMISSION IN INFOCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Achieving the best quality indicators of transmission through the channels of modern communication systems is always of urgent importance for developers and users of information communication systems. At the same time, to ensure high transmission reliability and performance, various coding methods and methods of converting the transmitted data can be used. Accordingly, each of the proposed data processing methods has its advantages and disadvantages, which determines their attractiveness or application limitations for the data being transmitted. In this paper, the analysis of algorithms for forming signal code structures of traditional interference-resistant positional codes, codes with an even number of units, and a nine-element Hamming code is carried out. Classical positional coding is inferior in such important data transmission parameters as information capacity and entropy. However, in some cases, for example, when the results of data transfer quality parameters calculations are significantly influenced by the language of the transmitted textual information or the volume of the analyzed text (the influence is more likely to be noticeable in individual cases, and not in general), then an important value acquires the possibility of applying a certain/adapted type of encoding of the transmitted data. The article conducts theoretical research and calculates the main qualitative parameters of the studied code constructions for various initial conditions. A comparative analysis and assessment of the influence of the studied parameters on the quality of data transmission was carried out. Conducted theoretical studies show that, under certain conditions, positional coding provides a significant gain in the main quality indicators of data processing and can be successfully applied for coding and transmission of digital data through the channels of modern information transmission systems. In order to practically confirm the reliability of the obtained results, relevant studies should be conducted, for example, with simulation on a software model of a virtual transmission system with different coding principles on modern computer systems.

SIELNet: 3-D Chaotic-Map-Based Secure Image Encryption Using Customized Residual Dense Spatial Network

The continuous development of Industry 5.0 technology has brought great convenience to people’s work and life. However, during digital data transmission and storage, the data may be accessed by unauthorized persons, resulting in privacy disclosure. Therefore, efficient data protection is always a high demand to solve this realistic problem. This work proposes a secure encryption algorithm, SIELNet, for colour images. First, we introduce a new three-dimensional chaotic map to encrypt colour images, obtaining the cipher images with a relationship to the plain images. We provide its excellent chaotic behaviour through standard randomness test. Secondly, we use a customized residual dense spatial network to perform the task of lossy image reconstruction from an encrypted, compressed image, which solves the constrained super-resolution task. Extensive experimental results on four public datasets demonstrate the superior performance of SIELNet against state-of-the-art techniques with excellent reconstruction quality. We believe the secure design of SIELNet can contribute to the favourable data integrity application of Industry 5.0.

Deep learning-based biometric image feature extraction for securing medical images through data hiding and joint encryption–compression

Images are promising information carriers when compared to other media documents in the healthcare domain. However, digital data transmission over unprotected wired or wireless networks poses a threat to the security of healthcare systems. As a result, the issue of copyright violation and identity theft can occur due to the unauthorised use of these data. This paper proposes a new secure method under a framework that embeds biometric fingerprint image features in a medical image without any perceptual distortion. This paper uses ResNet152 for biometric image feature extraction in the first stage and features to generate a secret key for embedding in the second stage. The method combines encryption and compression scheme based on a generated key, novel chaotic map and Huffman coding to enhance the security of medical images while reducing the storage consumption or bandwidth requirements if images are transmitted to remote servers. Experimental results show that the proposed method presents superior security with high imperceptibility and compression performance, ensuring its effectiveness as an image protection mechanism for medical applications. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) that is above 54 dB, a structural similarity index measure (SSIM) close to 1, a bit error rate (BER) of 0 and a normalised correlation (NC) of 1. Moreover, this method compresses the images up to 70% when tested on three standard datasets.