Digital Terminals Research Articles

The Efficiency of the Functioning of the Digital Terminals of Relay Protection and Automation Devices, as Well as the Reliability of Its Operation in the Conditions of the Technological Control Process of the System

The Efficiency of the Functioning of the Digital Terminals of Relay Protection and Automation Devices, as Well as the Reliability of Its Operation in the Conditions of the Technological Control Process of the System

Reader–Tag Commands via Modulation Cutoff Intervals in RFID Systems

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology facilitates a myriad of applications. In such applications, an efficient reader–tag interrogation process is crucial. Nevertheless, throughout reader–tag communication, significant amounts of time and power are consumed on inescapable simultaneous tag replies (i.e., collisions) due to the lack of carrier sensing at the tags. This paper proposes the modulation cutoff intervals (MCI) process as a novel reader–tag interaction given the lack of carrier sensing constraints in passive RFID tags. MCI is facilitated through a simple digital baseband modulation termination (DBMT) circuit at the tag. DBMT detects the continuous-wave cutoff by the reader. In addition, DBMT provides different flags based on the duration of the continuous-wave cutoff. Given this capability at the tag, the reader cuts off its continuous-wave transmission for predefined intervals to indicate different commands to the interrogated tag(s). The MCI process is applied to tag interrogation (or anti-collision) and tag-counting protocols. The MCI process effect was evaluated by the two protocols under high and low tag populations. The performance of such protocols was significantly enhanced with precise synchronization within time slots with more than 50% and more than 55.6% enhancement on time and power performance of anti-collision and counting protocols, respectively. Through the MCI process, fast and power-efficient tag identification is achieved in inventory systems with low and high tag mobility; alternatively, in addition to the rapid and power efficient interaction with tags, anonymous tag counting is conducted by the proposed process.

Development of universal algorithm of voltage circuits detecting faults of microprocessor protection and automation devices

Reliability, along with response speed, sensitivity, and selectivity, is the key requirement for relay protection (RP) devices. The reliability of modern RP digital terminals is understood as protection operation for all estimated failure modes and failure of protection equipment to operate in all other modes, in which this protection is not provided. Analysis of the secondary voltage schemes and algorithms of detecting faults in these circuits reveals several disadvantages of the implementation of blocking in case of faults in voltage circuits. All existing algorithms and blocking schemes in case of faults in voltage circuits suffer from several disadvantages. In this regard, it is relevant to develop a universal relay protection terminal, which can be used with any types of voltage transformers. The MatLAB Simulink is used to simulate the primary failure of secondary circuits for the connection schemes of the voltage transformer load on phase and electric line voltages. The authors propose the algorithm that allows us to create a typical universal RP terminal, which can be used with any type of voltage transformers. To detect the neutral conductor interruption of the «star» circuits, it is proposed to create an artificial asymmetry at the input voltage circuits of the relay protection and automation (RPA) terminal and develop a group of fault detectors that analyze the position of the offset neutral on the voltage complex plane. Using a simulation model of various types of failure of voltage transformer secondary circuits and the logic diagram of the unit that implements the proposed algorithm, the authors graphically show that the detection of a break in the neutral wire is possible due to monitoring the zero-sequence voltage spike (triggering of the pulsed dU0 fault detector) with neutral displacement to the complex plane area, which is set by the setpoints. The results obtained allow us to implement a universal scheme of blocking faults in voltage circuits. This scheme does not depend on the voltage transformer secondary load connection method and exclude the disadvantages of existing solutions discussed in the article. This algorithm allows us to develop a typical universal RPA terminal. Due to its connection scheme and functional and logical implementation, this terminal can be used with any types of voltage transformer without reprogramming. Also, the proposed algorithm fully complies with the requirements of the current regulatory and legal documents.

Space-planning Solutions for New Type of Retail and Warehouse Buildings

Modern trade formats require changes to the typology of trade buildings. New titles and space-planning solutions emerge to build new trade and warehouse buildings. This article deals with the analysis and identification of the specific features of space-planning solutions for such buildings. A new type of public trade or warehouse building is characterized by large storage areas (70-85% of the overall area of premises), extensive product ranges, and small retail areas (up to 3-4% of the overall area). Orders and payments are made via the Internet of the digital terminals in the retail area. High (over 5.5 m) shelf and pallet storage practices are used. At warehouses, attics, panels, and built-in structures are used for storing things or as utility rooms, and seldom as office and amenity rooms. The buildings have the frame structure of metal and partially concrete.Simple room architecture and suspended sandwich panel facades make these buildings look like warehouses. The built-up area for the majority of the facilities is over 10,000-15,000 square meters. The overall building floor space is over 15,000 square meters.

Education and Research on Animation Creation Based on Northeast Regional Culture

With the rapid development of the Internet era, the way people get information is also changing. The way to obtain information becomes more convenient and efficient, so the effective utilization of mobile digital terminals can spread information more widely and quickly. Using animation as a medium to express cultural information through the Internet has become an important means of regional cultural communication. As creators and producers of animation determine the quality of animation, how to cultivate such talents has become an issue worth thinking deeply in the process of animation education. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore how to create animation based on the northeast regional culture and in line with the current social aesthetic awareness and development trend in the process of animation education and teaching.

Service system and monitoring of information terminals for protection of railway lines of long-distance trains

The paper proposes the innovative system of connecting digital terminals to a personal computer of a traction substation and a power dispatcher via remote access thus expanding control and observation over the system and facilitating the operation with In-Ter device. The real time work of In-Ter terminals can be performed by a power dispatcher and can be monitored by an engineer of the technical department of the energy service of an enterprise. This option will allow obtaining useful information quickly and changing the protection settings of a terminal if necessary, analyzing the compliance of loadings, emergency currents and settings in the technical department of the energy service of the enterprise to decrease cases of false activation of protection.

Hardware and algorithm of digital protection of electrified railway transport

The paper analyzes current analog protection devices, presents an experiment on the introduction of digital terminals, considers the possibility of improving the efficiency of digital protection system of direct current within traction railroad net-work.

The study of the logical mode of function choice of digital protection on the railway control

The article analyzes the existing protection systems for the traction substation-traction network –electric stock system, including digital terminals having several levels of digital protection used in the Russian Federation. Their vulnerabilities were described. Based on the analysis, a protection system responding to a number of signs of the transition process and having a built-in logic function used to select a mode was developed.

Latent Mechanisms of Gradient Force Field Origin in Theory of Electroosmotic Soil Dewatering

The analysis of existing protections, including currently implemented in Russia digital terminals with several digital protections, was made, and it showed their weak points. In addition, the authors proposed a protection that responds to several signs of a transient process with a logical mode of the selection function.

Design and Implementation of Medical Wireless Gateway Based on Several Communication Protocols

We designed a multi-functional medical wireless gateway based on Zigbee Bluetooth and WiFi Technology to monitor the medical physiological status of subjects in real time. On the one hand, the gateway acts as the Zigbee coordinator, organizing the Zigbee network and controlling multiple medical digital terminals. On the other hand, the gateway implements a heterogeneous wireless network. It establishes the communication between the medical digital terminals and the host computers or hand-held devices. In addition, we developed a display interface based on the LabVIEW platform, implemented the display and storage of various physiological data on the host computer, and verified the availability of the medical wireless gateway.

Development and use of a digital signage system for revitalizing regional shopping districts

In Japan, regional shopping districts are on the decline because residents prefer suburban-type large-scale shopping stores. Such issues can be addressed in the context of the “Smart City”, of which functions depend on the information and communication technology (ICT). We established the “KIT Digital Signage Project,” which aims to help the regional stores around the Kanazawa Institute of Technology (KIT). In our project, we developed a digital signage system that is low-cost and easy to introduce in small stores. We conducted an experiment to evaluate the effect of our system. During the experiment, store-advertising movies were shown on digital signage terminals, which were placed in each store. The total average watching time and audience rate of our system were 24 s and 50%, respectively. In addition, we investigated the educational aspects of our project. The students in our project could master movie production in a shorter time when compared against learning it as an ordinary classroom subject. The future plans of our project are also discussed.

Approach to Design Digital Meter for Monitoring Armored Vehicle Engine

Studied on the approach to design digital meter for monitoring technical state of armored vehicle engine through digital measurement of engine speed, oil temperature and cooling water temperature, etc. Used a chip microcomputer to collect, calculate, store and manage all the data automatically, used CAN bus to realize data communication between the chip microcomputer and a main controller and used a two-stage anti-jamming measure to improve electromagnetic compatibility. Developed a digital termination to display and monitor these engine parameters. Such a digital monitoring system gives a technical support for automatic measurement and monitoring as well as information development of armored equipment.

The Increasing Utility of Non-Lethal Force in International Conflict

Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has attained mixed results using the traditional instruments of power in pursuit of foreign policy objectives. In the future these instruments may prove even less effective because of domestic problems and changes in the geopolitical environment. Advanced military capabilities enabled by emerging technology may provide policymakers with broader options and greater utility when coercion is required in international relations. The application of non-lethal force is not a substitute for war but an effective lever to consider in future conflict. This article proposes several concepts: digital blockade, conflict termination, wide-area denial, and offshore control, which could be used during future state-level conflict. While these emerging capabilities offer great promise, they are not a panacea. Policymakers and military leaders must fully understand the conditions in which these capabilities provide maximum effectiveness, as well as overcoming legal barriers and contending with the problem of escalation.

Distally Based Dorsal Digital Fasciocutaneous Flap for the Repair of Digital Terminal Amputation Defects

The preferred plastic surgery regimen for distal digital segment wounds remains unknown, although multiple options are available for the repair. The purpose of this investigation is to study its anatomic rationale and clinical outcomes, in addition to the role of dorsal digital veins in digital reconstruction. Patients (n = 765) suffering from digital terminal segment traumatic wounds (823 digits) were identified and reviewed in a retrospective manner. The wounds were repaired using distally based dorsal digital fasciocutaneous flaps with venoneuroadipofascial pedicles. Skin flaps survived in 818 digits (99.4%), whereas 5 flaps (0.6%) became partially necrotic. Postoperative follow-up data were available from 521 patients involving 559 digits, for an average duration of 10 months (range, 4-36 months). The wider pedicled fascial flap (1.0-1.5 cm) was significantly associated with a decreased occurrence of blebs, whereas the first few patients with pedicled fascial flaps 0.5 to 1.0 cm wide exhibited more frequent occurrence of blebs and flap contractures. The flaps retracted in size within the first 2 to 3 months at the rate of 10% compared with the intraoperative outlined size. The skin flaps became mildly pigmented within the first postoperative month, and at 6 months the flaps turned brighter in color, almost approximating the color of the normal digits. At 12 months, both the texture and appearance of the flaps were acceptable. The donor sites healed without any scar contracture. The digital terminals appeared grossly normal with acceptable digital function. Without any neural reconstruction, skin flap sensation was rated as S2 to S3+, whereas with neural reconstruction the 2-point discrimination sensitivity measured 4 to 9 mm. The use of a distally based dorsal digital fasciocutaneous flap with venoneuroadipofascial pedicle was a simple, safe, and less invasive regimen for repairing digital terminal segment wounds.

DIGITAL SPEAKER DRIVING APPARATUS

A digital sound system suitable for a digital speaker device to directly convert analog sound by a circuit using a ΔΣ modulator and a mismatch shaping filter circuit to output a plurality of digital signals and a plurality of speakers driven by the plurality of digital signals. A digital speaker driving device includes a ΔΣ modulator, a post filter, s driving circuits, and a power supply circuit to supply power to the ΔΣ modulator, the post filter and the s driving elements, and the s driving circuits are adapted to s digital signal terminals.

Research on Audience Rating Statistics of Two-way Digital TV Based on OpenSSL

The drawback of the present various forms of digital program audience statistical method is that only the traditional phone questionnaire survey, the diary method or the artificial equipment is applied to counting the situation of watching program. By means of combining the timely recognized operation property of various digital terminals and automatic return viewing program feature, a new scheme is proposed to count audience situation for program in two-way digital television network. The main technologies and functions of the scheme are described by introducing audience information gathering mechanisms, security return protocol stack based on openSSL, fusion and automatic transmission and its appropriate statistical methods. Meanwhile, the development of the audience rating statistical system is provided, which is used by some program providers according to this scheme. The experiment and users’ feedback show that this scheme in the lower hardware configuration digital terminals can promptly and accurately count the subscribers watching program and effectively protect audience view information.

Use of barcodes and digital balances for the identification and measurement of field trial data

The widespread use of digitally-controlled measuring and analytical devices and electronic data collectors, all equipped with microprocessors and linked to computers, has made it possible for on-line data collection to become a routine process. A rational combination of two up-to-date techniques, barcodes and digital balance terminals, linked to an average computer background (Kuti et al., 2003), has proved in practice to satisfy the criteria raised for the up-to-date processing of breeding data at low cost. This system is an example of how it is possible to reduce costs while processing data more rapidly and reliably and allowing human resources to be utilised more flexibly and efficiently. The modules (MvLabel, MvSticker, MvWeighing)of the program package developed in Martonvásár for the handling and analysis of the data from plant breeding and crop production experiments can also be used independently for the identification of experimental field units (spikes, rows, plots) and for the online handling of weight measurements and analytical data. They provide a simple solution for the design and printing of labels (self-adhesive or plastic) containing barcodes. They make it easier to retrieve the data recorded by digital balance terminals and store them on hard discs, while also helping to unify and synchronise the various parts of the system using barcode readers to identify the measurement data.

Low capacitance, low kickback noise input stage of a multi-level quantizer with dithering and multi-threshold generation for a multi-bit sigma-delta modulator

An N-level quantizer circuit (14) has an analog input terminal and N-1 digital output terminals, and includes a sampling circuit (SW samp) coupled to the input terminal for providing a sampled input voltage signal; at least one preamplifier stage (14A) for converting the sampled input voltage signal to a current signal and providing an amplified sampled input signal; and N-1 comparator stages (14B) each having an input coupled to an output of the at least one preamplifier stage (14A) and sharing the input current equally. Individual ones of the N-1 comparator stages (14B) operate to compare the amplified sampled signal to an associated one of N-1 reference signals. The quantizer (14) further includes N-1 latches (14C), individual ones of which latch an output state of one of the N-1 comparators and have an output coupled to one of the N-1 digital output terminals of the quantizer circuit (14).

Design and implementation of a novel sync processing system for composite video signals

Sync processing will continue to be a mandatory block for future fully digital multimedia terminals, to offer a compatible analog video input. Conventional sync processing circuits employ a sync slicer combined with a PLL (phase locked loop) for line frequency filtering. The PLL is used for historical reasons and for ease of implementation, which however fundamentally limits the performance. This paper presents the prototype realization of a novel sync processing system, which offers a performance that is impossible with PLL-based solutions. It avoids any recursive processing blocks, is based on a free running clock system, and still delivers an orthogonal output pixel pattern. This paper concentrates on the prototypical implementation on a FPGA board and a synthesized design on a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Compared with state of the art PLL technology, the FGPA prototype demonstrates impressively the improved picture stability with all sources, especially with noisy and unstable analog signals.

Seeking tools for the war on terror

As the war on terrorism escalates, police agencies are using technologies that electronically scan individuals, structures, and vehicles to identify things hidden from public scrutiny. These machines create new socio‐technical systems for police and citizens. Public policy gaps evolve when new systems give police sensory capabilities that fall outside existing procedural standards such as probable cause and reasonable suspicion. Mobile digital terminals are now common, but are also abused by police officers who run queries on vehicles without articulate suspicions. New technologies such as passive millimeter imaging that permit “X‐ray”‐like examination of individuals and structures create more potential for abuse. As these new technologies diffuse among police agencies, policies should be guided by questions about whether technologies work as designed, whether they are effective, and whether they accomplish anti‐terrorist and crime control objectives. Traditional rules for wiretapping can offer models for operating policies for the new scanning and imaging technologies.