Number Of Digits Research Articles

First Episode Schizophrenia: Psychiatric and Cognitive Study for the Patients and Their First-degree Relatives

Background: severe and persistent mental condition Adults have a lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia that ranges from 0.4 to 1%. The purpose of this study was to compare the cognitive function of first-episode schizophrenic patients to that of multiple schizophrenic patients, as well as to examine cognitive function in patients with first-episode schizophrenia and the impact of treatment on first-degree relatives of the patient.
 Methods: The 200 participants in this cross-sectional case-control study were of both sexes and ranged in age from 18 to 50. There were five groups created for the subjects: Group I (n=50): Schizophrenia in its initial episode. Group II (n=50): Relatives of schizophrenia patients experiencing their first episode. Group III (n=50): Schizophrenia with multiple episodes. Healthy volunteers make up Group IV (n=50). Group V (n=36): Group I was followed up with one year following therapy.
 Results: Total IQ, attention, executive function, memory function, and social cognition were significantly different between patients and controls. First-degree relatives and the control group showed substantial differences in attention, executive function, and memory function. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) categories that were completed and the number of preservation errors, as well as the Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B, Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Perception and experiencing areas of emotional intelligence (MESCIT), mental control, logical memory, total number of digits, association learning, and visual reproduction are all measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). Other than the perception branch and experiential region (social cognition), there was no statistically significant change in the overall IQ, WCST, Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), or MESCIT.
 Conclusions: In terms of general intelligence, attention, executive function, memory function, and social cognition, first episode patients outperformed many episode patients.

Rasterizing CO2 emissions and characterizing their trends via an enhanced population-light index at multiple scales in China during 2013–2019

Climate change caused by CO2 emissions (CE) has received widespread global concerns. Obtaining precision CE data is necessary for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality. Significant deficiencies of existing CE datasets such as coarse spatial resolution and low precision can hardly meet the actual requirements. An enhanced population-light index (RPNTL) was developed in this study, which integrates the Nighttime Light Digital Number (DN) Value from the National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and population density to improve CE estimation accuracy. The CE from the Carbon Emission Accounts & Datasets (CEADS) was divided into three sectors, namely urban, industrial, and rural, to differentiate the heterogeneity of CE in each sector. The ordinary least square (OLS), geographically weighted regression (GWR), temporally weighted regression (TWR), and geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) models were employed to establish the quantitative relationship between RPNTL and CE for each sector. The optimal model was determined through model comparison and precision evaluation and was utilized to rasterize CE for urban, industrial, and rural areas. Additionally, hot spot analysis, trend analysis, and standard deviation ellipses were introduced to demonstrate the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of CE at multiple scales. The performance of the GTWR outperformed other methods in estimating CE. The enhanced RPNTL demonstrated a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.95) than the NTL (R2 = 0.92) in predicting CE, particularly in rural regions where the R2 value increased from 0.76 to 0.81. From 2013 to 2019, high CE was observed in eastern and northern China, while a decreasing trend was detected in northeastern China and Chengdu-Chongqing. Conversely, the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Fenwei Plain, and Henan Province showed an increasing trend. The center of gravity for industrial and rural CE is shifting towards western regions, whereas that for urban CE is moving northward. This study provides valuable insights for decision-making on CE control.

Prefrontal Cortex Activation during Memory Training by Virtual Drum Beating: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The use of virtual reality (VR) content in neurological disorders with cognitive impairment is increasing. We have developed a device that incorporates virtual drum beating content, designed for digit memorization training. This study aimed to investigate the effects of realistic cognitive training on brain activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Thirty healthy individuals were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups: conventional cognitive exercise (CCE) and a realistic cognitive exergame (RCE). Subjects in the CCE group underwent memory training by memorizing numbers displayed on a computer screen and then writing them on paper. The main outcome measure was the oxyhemoglobin level in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). As a result, the average number of digits was 7.86 ± 0.63 for the CCE and 7.6 ± 0.82 for the RCE. The mean difference in ΔHbO was 1.417 ± 0.616 μm (p = 0.029) in channel 2, located in the right DLPFC. Channel 7 and channel 10, which measured activations in the hypothesized medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), also showed a significant mean difference of ΔHbO. DLPFC and OFC presented higher activation in the RCE group (p < 0.05), attributable to the simultaneous memory training and virtual drum beating, which provided various sensory inputs (visual, auditory, and vibration). Although DLPFC involvement in cognitive processes remains controversial, our findings suggest that realistic memory training using drumming content can lead to safer activation of the DLPFC compared to conventional cognitive training.

UNSUR ETNOMATEMATIKA YANG TERKANDUNG PADA BAHASA SUKU TUBBE SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR BILANGAN SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR

The purpose of this research is to explore ethnomathematical elements contained in the language of the Tubbe tribe which is then associated with the context of learning student numbers in elementary schools. The research method used in this study is qualitative research method with exploratory, descriptive, and ethnographic approaches. The results of this study are in the form of classification of place values and number construction based on the language structure of the Tubbe tribe. In addition, the results of this study are in the form of a set of numbers contained in the Tubbe Tribe language, namely the set of natural, digit, prime, composite, integers, rational, decimal, irrational, and rill numbers. Some mathematical concepts in numbers such as root and negative forms are not found in the Tubbe language. Thus, to relate the language of the Tubbe tribe to the context of number learning in elementary schools must still be linked to mathematical concepts using Indonesian language.

A quantitative evaluation of the 2nd derivative mode in electron energy loss spectroscopy

The second derivative mode of peak analysis in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) has been quantitatively evaluated in terms of the accuracy of the method. This includes a demonstration of the importance of the second derivative peak width, the second order dependency of the accuracy upon that peak width and effect of high frequency noise in the spectra. It is shown that while the second derivative method is an efficacious and powerful mode of analysis, there are limitations in terms of the number of significant digits in both the spectral values and derived electronic quantities. The case of uranium N4,5 spectral peaks and the 5f population is presented as an example, with UO2 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy used as a benchmark.

3D printing of photochromic and thermochromic shape memory polymers for multi-functional applications

The field of 3D printing is growing rapidly and offers a wide range of potential applications, particularly with the use of Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs). However, current studies on SMP-based 3D printing have mainly focused on structural design and deformation behavior. To enhance the practicality of 3D printed structures, the ability to change color is highly desirable, especially for applications such as anti-counterfeiting, encryption, and bioinspired camouflage. This paper presents the fabrication of a UV-curable PUA-based Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) system with thermochromic and photochromic capabilities. The system is acrylate-based, making it highly UV-curable and compatible with high-resolution 3D printing techniques. Thermo/photochromic effects are achieved by adding thermochromic microcapsules to the system, resulting in printed structures that can change color upon heating or UV) exposure. The printed parts with multi-color hidden information, such as QR codes and digital numbers, were successfully demonstrated through the printing of various anti-counterfeiting patterns.And the expriment results show the exceptional multi-functional performance including shape recovery and thermo/photochromic. The development of this UV-curable PUA-based SMP system represents a significant advancement in the application of SMP-based 3D printing for anti-counterfeiting and secure data recording.

Removing temperature drift and temporal variation in thermal infrared images of a UAV uncooled thermal infrared imager

A thermal infrared (TIR) imager mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been widely used to obtain land surface temperature (LST) at very high-spatial resolutions. The TIR images are valuable for various applications, including mapping fine-scale surface evapotranspiration and monitoring crop water stress. However, UAV-borne uncooled TIR imagers generally suffer from temperature drift and temporal variation impact due to a long data acquisition period, significantly decreasing the initially acquired brightness temperature (BT) reliability and hindering subsequent applications. Here, a so-called DRAT (Digital number probability density function fitting and RAdiative Transfer simulation-based) method is proposed for simultaneously removing such temperature drift and temperature variation on the temporal scale. The DRAT is post-processing-based and only needs very few ground BT observations for calibration, thus significantly reducing dependence on auxiliary data. Test results show that the visual effect of the normalized TIR mosaics has been significantly improved, displaying more reasonable temperature distribution and good consistency with the land cover. The corrected BT has a root mean square error of 1.51 K and a mean bias error of 0.19 K by in situ data. The DRAT is valuable for obtaining high-accuracy LST and is feasible for other UAV uncooled TIR imagers with similar sensor structures and working principles. Therefore, it can significantly enhance the applicability of UAV TIR remote sensing.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA DALAM PEMECAHAN SOAL ASESMEN KOMPETENSI MINIMUM NUMERASI BERDASARKAN TEORI POLYA

Qualitative descriptive is the type of research applied to this study, with the aim of describing the types and what causes students to make mistakes in solving AKM numeracy questions. The test is in the form of AKM numeration questions with 6 students as subjects. The results showed that the students' biggest mistakes were made at the stage of implementing the plan with a percentage of 9.96%, the stage of making plans with a percentage of 7.62%, the stage of understanding the questions with a percentage of 7.23%, and 4.88% at the stage of re-examining the results. which is obtained. The cause of the error at the stage of understanding the questions was that students were not used to writing things that were known and asked about the questions, at the planning stage students were not used to writing down the steps for solving them and tended not to understand the questions so that they had difficulty drawing up plans. The cause of the error at the stage of carrying out the plan is the lack of focus on students in counting and writing digit numbers. The cause of the error at the stage of looking back at the results obtained is that students are not used to checking and making conclusions from answers. Keywords: student error, AKM numeration, Polya’s theory

İki Lucas Sayısının Birleşimi Olan Mulatu Sayıları

In this paper, we find that all Mulatu numbers, which are concatenations of two Lucas numbers are 11,17,73,118. Let 〖(M_k)〗_(k≥0) and 〖(L_k)〗_(k≥0) be the Mulatu and Lucas sequences. That is, we solve the Diophantine equation M_k=L_m L_n=10^d L_m+L_n in non-negative integers (k,m,n,d), where d denotes the number of digits of L_n. Solutions of this equation are denoted by (k,m,n,d)=(4,1,1,1),(5,1,4,1),(8,4,2,1),(9,1,6,2). In other words, we have the solutions M_4=L_1 L_1=11, M_5=L_1 L_4=17, M_8=L_4 L_2=73, M_9=L_1 L_6=118. The proof based on Baker’s theory and we used linear forms in logarithms and reduction method to solve of this Diophantine equation.

On the convergence of statistics in simulations of stationary incompressible turbulent flows

When reporting statistics from simulations of statistically stationary chaotic phenomenon, it is important to verify that the simulations are time-converged. This condition is connected with the statistical error or number of digits with which statistics can be reliably reported. In this work we consider numerical experiments of low Reynolds number incompressible homogeneous and isotropic turbulence as a model problem to investigate statistical convergence over finite simulation times. Specifically, we investigate the time integration requirements that allow meaningful reporting of the statistical error associated with finiteness of the temporal domain. We address two key questions: (1) How long should a simulation be performed in terms of large eddy time, and (2) How should the simulation time be divided among temporal windows over which a quantity of interest is estimated so that its statistical error could be reliably reported? We find that reliable reporting of statistical errors requires simulations on the order of 104 large eddy times, which is orders of magnitude longer than typically performed. Additionally, data post-processing should employ windows of at least ten times the large eddy time scale, with the most robust computation of statistical error of the mean requiring window sizes of an additional factor of ten. For practical simulations, we demonstrate that it is possible to estimate the statistical error within a factor of two under a less stringent condition in which a minimum of four windows with size at least ten large eddy times are used. Our observations for homogeneous isotropic turbulence are also shown to hold in turbulent channel flow.

Iterative decoupling procedure for the coupled 1D problems on example of closed cylindrical shell at static loading

The general iterative method of formal decoupling of two coupled 1D problems is suggested. Its essence consists in the alternative consideration of one of two problems as the main one, the aim of which is to produce the eigenfunctions. Then the other problem is considered as an auxiliary one, which is aimed to obtain the particular solution. The latter is presented as a linear combination of already known eigenfunctions, and then is substituted again into the first problem to refine the constants of main governing differential equation and to get the corrected eigenfunctions. The convergent iterative procedure of gradual refinement of the above constants is elaborated. The accuracy and technique of application is considered in details for the closed cylindrical shell problem, which is expanded in Fourier series with respect to circumferential coordinate. This actually leads to coupled 1D problems – one is the plane elasticity problem, and other – the plate problem. The results of calculation show the high accuracy of the method, which allows to get any required number of significant digits in eigenvalues. The comparison with known theoretical and FEM results for radial displacement and axial bending moment distribution at the vicinity of point of concentrated radial force application demonstrates the efficiency and accuracy of the method.

Design and Fabrication of Smart Shelf System

In order to solve an issue that most stores have, this project will use a load cell to measure weight and communicate the weight input to a HX711 converter, which converts the signal to a digital number. The digital value is used to notify the consumer of the stock level. The owner of the shop will receive a notification on their cell phone every time the supply is low telling them to replenish. We have started using PIR sensors to utilize less electricity. Only motion causes a light bulb to turn on. We'll utilize a relay in this case, which uses energy from a power source to turn on or off switch connections. Retailers may employ smart shelves for a variety of purposes, including as better storage, better decision-making, informing the back-end system of the number of products already on the shelf, monitoring product levels, detecting theft, and finding missing items. If necessary, the network of shelves might communicate updated product inventories to shop owners, managers, employees, customers, warehouse personnel, or producers. As a result, there is no need to make an order or conduct a physical inventory count at the warehouse or storeroom.

Improved On-Orbit MTF Measurement Method Based on Point Source Arrays

The modulation transfer function (MTF) is a key characteristic used to assess the performance of optical remote sensing satellite sensors. MTF detection can directly measure a sensor’s two-dimensional (2D) point spread function (PSF); therefore, it has been applied to various high-resolution remote sensing satellites (e.g., Pleiades) using point sources. However, current point source methods mainly use 2D Gaussian functions to fit the discrete digital number (DN) of the point source on the image to extract the center of the point source and fit the PSF after encrypting multiple point sources; thus, noise robustness is poor and measurement accuracy varies widely. In this study, we developed a noise-resistant on-orbit MTF detection method based on the object space constraint among point source arrays. Utilizing object space constraint relationships among points in a point source array, a homography transformation model was established, enabling accurate extraction of sub-pixel coordinates for each point source response. Subsequently, aligning the luminosity distribution of all point sources concerning a reference point source, the encrypted PSF was obtained and then fitted to obtain the MTF. To validate the method, Gaofen-2 (GF-2) satellite images were used to conduct an in-orbit imaging experiment on the point source array of the Chinese Zhongwei remote sensing satellite calibration site. Compared with the Gaussian model methods, the proposed method yielded more accurate peak positions for each point source. Standard deviations of peak position constant ratios in along- and cross-track directions improved by 2.8 and 4.8 times, respectively. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the collinearity test results increased by 92%, and the noise resistance of the MTF curve improved by two times. Dynamic MTF values at the Nyquist frequency for the GF-2 panchromatic band in along- and cross-track directions were 0.0476 and 0.0705, respectively, and MTF values in different directions were well distinguished.

Analytic Solution for Free Vibrations of Folded Plate Structures

In this work, a new high accuracy solution for vibrations of structures made of plate segments is presented. Each plate segment is deforming both in and out of its plane, and the edges common to two plate segments must have compatible displacements, rotations, shear forces, and moments. It is obtained by using carefully chosen series that solve the combined partial differential equations of motion, for in-plane and out-of-plane deformations for all possible combinations of edge conditions. The number of terms in the series is taken such that convergence is ensured to the number of digits as shown. Examples of the new solutions are given and compared with available solutions for the same cases.

Optimized Analytical Computation of Partial Elements Using a Retarded Taylor Series Expansion

The aim of this article is to efficiently and accurately calculate the integrals of the full-wave (FW) partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method. The accuracy of the analytical formulas calculated by the standard precision can be compromised when using nonuniform mesh to properly model the high-frequency effects. The numerical errors can be avoided by using a high-precision arithmetic, i.e., higher number of digits, however, at the expense of significantly higher computation time. This article presents an analytical approach for calculating the FW-PEEC interaction integrals of two elementary volumes/surfaces based on the Taylor expansion, which allows a high computational speed preserving the accuracy with a relative error of less than 0.1%. The proposed solution is verified compared to the high-precision arithmetic and the standard Gaussian integration for two examples of strip lines. Moreover, it is shown that the accuracy of FW-PEEC integrals can affect the convergence of an iterative PEEC matrix solver.

Improving SAR wind retrieval through automatic anomalous pixel detection

Satellite observations are increasingly in demand and valuable for monitoring the ocean and coastal winds in near-real-time and analyzing the data historically. However, soared up human activities, man-made constructions, and marine traffics negatively interfere and affect the reliability of observations and raise concerns about the trustworthiness of using satellite winds for many applications, such as offshore wind energy, even though Sentinel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is freely and easily accessible.In this paper, we presented a novel methodological framework for localization and suppression of anomalous pixels (APs), which deteriorate the confidence and accuracy of the retrieved SAR wind speeds. The backbone of the implementation relied on the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) algorithm, one of the automatic target recognition algorithms. We used a large dataset of SAR subscenes to model different sea clutter conditions after removing the potential targets. We selected the suitable distribution model that maintains a constant probability of false alarm (pfa) for the entire SAR scene. The proper pfa was optimized in various SAR scenes ranging from scenes with a considerable number of APs, such as ships and wind park clusters, to scenes with no visible APs under different wind speed conditions. The pfa optimization process prevented real wind pixels from being misidentified as APs.Applying CFAR to the logarithmic scale of raw digital numbers (log-DNs) domain with a pfa of about 3.17 × 10-5, we extracted SAR wind speeds around each ocean buoy before and after CFAR process, comparing them with their corresponding in situ wind measurements. This led to significant improvement in the quality and accuracy of SAR wind data retrieval, especially in regions with numerous man-made constructions and high marine traffics. We tested and validated our approach in the North Sea and two regions along the eastern coast of the U.S. The enclosed region, serving as a marine route for harbors in Delaware Bay, showed a substantial improvement in RMSE and BIAS after applying our approach, reducing RMSE from 2.4 m/s to 1.6 m/s and the BIAS from −1.5 m/s to −0.3 m/s. The open ocean region demonstrated stable RMSE and BIAS, indicating preservation of real wind data, as only APs affecting SAR wind speed were considered during the process.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA DALAM PEMECAHAN SOAL ASESMEN KOMPETENSI MINIMUM NUMERASI BERDASARKAN TEORI POLYA

Qualitative descriptive is the type of research applied to this study, with the aim of describing the types and what causes students to make mistakes in solving AKM numeracy questions. The test is in the form of AKM numeration questions with 6 students as subjects. The results showed that the students' biggest mistakes were made at the stage of implementing the plan with a percentage of 9.96%, the stage of making plans with a percentage of 7.62%, the stage of understanding the questions with a percentage of 7.23%, and 4.88% at the stage of re-examining the results. which is obtained. The cause of the error at the stage of understanding the questions was that students were not used to writing things that were known and asked about the questions, at the planning stage students were not used to writing down the steps for solving them and tended not to understand the questions so that they had difficulty drawing up plans. The cause of the error at the stage of carrying out the plan is the lack of focus on students in counting and writing digit numbers. The cause of the error at the stage of looking back at the results obtained is that students are not used to checking and making conclusions from answers.Keywords: student error, AKM numeration, Polya’s theory

Identifying the operational status of container terminals from high-resolution nighttime-light satellite image for global supply chain network optimization

Container terminals are cargo gateways in the global maritime supply chain network. Major container terminals generally operate throughout the year, but do not operate at night, when container vessels are not calling at ports, or when there is no need to handle containers. Terminal congestion can delay containers’ shipping schedules, which impacts the supply chain network. To optimize global logistics, it is therefore important to understand fully the daily operational status of container terminals. A vessels’ automatic identification system data are not sufficient to determine whether containers are being handled in container terminals at night. Remote sensing, especially nighttime-light (NTL) imagery, might solve this problem. Recently, high-resolution images for the CE-SAT-IIB satellite with a pixel resolution of 5.1 m became available to observe NTL. This study assessed the operational status of container terminals based on satellite image taken at night. Eight terminals in the Port of Tokyo, Japan, were selected for the study. A Sentinel-2A image recorded during the day on 7 April 2021, and a CE-SAT-IIB image recorded during the night on 6 April 2021, were obtained. The digital numbers (DNs) of each red-, green-, and blue-(RGB) band image were analyzed, revealing that the red, green, and blue bands, in that order, had higher DNs in the Sentinel-2A daytime image and the CE-SAT-IIB NTL image at all terminals. One of the eight terminals had a low DN in the CE-SAT-IIB RGB image because its lights were off at the time the image was taken. The operational status of the terminals could be verified from the CE-SAT-IIB image by setting the DN threshold to the green or red bands. We also found that the CE-SAT-IIB image could distinguish white-light-emitting diode (LED) lamps from high-pressure sodium lamps based on color differences in the DNs of the RGB bands. If high-resolution NTL sensors were placed onboard microsatellites, a high-frequency observation constellation network could be constructed using a combination of NTL data and daytime images. This study showed the benefits and usefulness of NTL images of ports; the results will contribute to the overall optimization of the global maritime supply chain network.

Algebraic tunings

We propose an approach to tuning systems in which octave doubling ratio is replaced by a suitable algebraic unit τ, and note frequencies are proportional to a subset of the ring . Then it is possible for many difference tones between notes in the tuning to also appear in the tuning. After outlining more general principles, we consider in detail some natural examples based on the golden ratio , limited by norm or by the number of digits in the greedy β-expansion. We discuss additive and multiplicative properties, implementation and composition using these tunings. The Online Supplement contains MIDI and websynths files to implement the tuning (based on β-expansions to ) on websynths.com and a composition Three Places.

Predicting Rice Lodging Risk from the Distribution of Available Nitrogen in Soil Using UAS Images in a Paddy Field.

Rice lodging causes a loss of yield and leads to lower-quality rice. In Japan, Koshihikari is the most popular rice variety, and it has been widely cultivated for many years despite its susceptibility to lodging. Reducing basal fertilizer is recommended when the available nitrogen in soil (SAN) exceeds the optimum level (80-200 mg N kg-1). However, many commercial farmers prefer to simultaneously apply one-shot basal fertilizer at transplant time. This study investigated the relationship between the rice lodging and SAN content by assessing their spatial distributions from unmanned aircraft system (UAS) images in a Koshihikari paddy field where one-shot basal fertilizer was applied. We analyzed the severity of lodging using the canopy height model and spatially clarified a heavily lodged area and a non-lodged area. For the SAN assessment, we selected green and red band pixel digital numbers from multispectral images and developed a SAN estimating equation by regression analysis. The estimated SAN values were rasterized and compiled into a 1 m mesh to create a soil fertility map. The heavily lodged area roughly coincided with the higher SAN area. A negative correlation was observed between the rice inclination angle and the estimated SAN, and rice lodging occurred even within the optimum SAN level. These results show that the amount of one-shot basal fertilizer applied to Koshihikari should be reduced when absorbable nitrogen (SAN + fertilizer nitrogen) exceeds 200 mg N kg-1.