Digital Multimedia Applications Research Articles

Static Approximate Modified Mirror—Full Adder for High Speed and Low Power Operations Using 32 nm CNTFET Technology

ABSTRACTThe error tolerance nature of the digital multimedia applications enables the implementation of approximate digital circuits to achieve the benefits of high speed of operation and low power consumption. This paper proposes a static approximate modified mirror full adder (SAMM‐FA) circuit designed using logic level approximation to reduce the number of transistors in the circuit. Owing to the balanced electrical characteristics, better stability and higher on‐current to off‐current ratio (Ion/Ioff), 32 nm carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) technology has been used for implementing the proposed circuit in the Cadence Virtuoso tool. Featuring only 10 transistors and operating at a supply voltage of 0.5 V, the proposed SAMM‐FA has a low power dissipation of just 4.14 nW, and propagation delay of just 3.82 ps. The power delay product and energy delay product figure of merits of the proposed circuit are found to be excellent when compared with the contemporary designs.

Storytelling in heritage tourism: an exploration of co-creative experiences from a tourist perspective

ABSTRACT Storytelling has been posited as a co-creative tool to increase visitor engagement and experience memorability. However, a lack of knowledge exists regarding its role, implementation and impact in museum and heritage tourism settings. This exploratory work investigates how it applies in these settings. A storytelling tour was implemented at the Islamic Museum of Tavira, Portugal. Methodologically, this study adopted a qualitative approach, using the focus groups method. Three groups of participants were invited to participate and then data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results show the impact of storytelling on visitors’ emotional engagement, imagination and memorability. From this study’s findings, a conceptual model of the heritage experience integrating storytelling is proposed to support the design of heritage experiences at museums. Moreover, future research is recommended on digital technology and multi-media application in the heritage experience, and also on causal relationships between storytelling and other elements of heritage experiences.

Development of Interactive Digital Learning Multimedia Applications as Independent Learning Module in 2-Dimensional Game Programming Courses

Learning activities at the Creative Media State Polytechnic after the pandemic period, especially in the design department of the game technology study program, were held in blended learning. Blended learning is the right choice of learning because it needs adaptation from lecturers and students, where previously learning was held fully online, now it is held online and offline. Blended learning activities can be very effective and efficient in their implementation if the learning process is well prepared. One of the learning activities carried out is independent learning activities. Therefore, this study aims to produce a learning application that can be used as an independent learning module so that students can learn without being assisted by anyone just by using this independent learning module. The approach taken is the ADDIE development method. The ADDIE development model consists of five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Expert response to this learning application is a crucial thing to do. This application is evaluated by an expert with a background in graphic design, learning media, and communication. The independent learning module application was successfully developed and implemented in semester 3 of the 2-dimensional game programming course.

A Review on Audio Encryption Algorithms Using Chaos Maps-Based Techniques

Due to the quick improvement in digital communications and multimedia applications during recent periods up to the current time, data protection of digital data such as image, audio and video becomes a significant challenge. The security of audio data that transfer through different networks was rated as a preferred research field in the preceding years. This review covers the recent contribution for audio encryption and gives the most evaluations for audio encryption algorithm involving security analysis, computational complexity and quality analysis and their requirements. This paper fundamentally concentrates on displaying the different types of audio encryption and decryption techniques based on chaotic maps. Digital and analog audio algorithms were displayed, discussed and compared with the illustration of the important features and drawbacks. Various digital and audio proposed projects for audio encryption using chaotic maps have been covered, which they showed extreme sensitivity to initial conditions, unpredictability and conducting in a quasi-random manner. A comparison among the proposed algorithms in the key space, chaotic maps sensitivity and statistical analysis were provided.

Code-size-aware Scheduling of Synchronous Dataflow Graphs on Multicore Systems

Synchronous dataflow graphs are widely used to model digital signal processing and multimedia applications. Self-timed execution is an efficient methodology for the analysis and scheduling of synchronous dataflow graphs. In this article, we propose a communication-aware self-timed execution approach to solve the problem of scheduling synchronous dataflow graphs on multicore systems with communication delays. Based on this communication-aware self-timed execution approach, four communication-aware scheduling algorithms are proposed using different allocation rules. Furthermore, a code-size-aware mapping heuristic is proposed and jointly used with a proposed scheduling algorithm to reduce the code size of SDFGs on multicore systems. The proposed scheduling algorithms are experimentally evaluated and found to perform better than existing algorithms in terms of throughput and runtime for several applications. The experiments also show that the proposed code-size-aware mapping approach can achieve significant code size reduction with limited throughput degradation in most cases.

Embedded System Intelligent Platform Design Based on Digital Multimedia Artistic Design

With the ever‐changing times, technological progress, media transformation, and innovation, the soil for the growth of digital media art has been cultivated. The rapid development of the mobile Internet combines multimedia communications such as pictures, text, audio, video, and data, which greatly enriches people’s life experience. Embedded systems have strong processing capabilities, small size, and convenient use. In recent years, they have become the mainstream of multimedia research. Therefore, this paper proposes a research on the design of an embedded system intelligent platform based on digital multimedia artistic design. This paper adopts the literature research method to study the development and evolution of digital multimedia and the characteristics and applications of embedded systems and other related theoretical research and design an embedded system intelligent platform based on the artistic design of digital multimedia, from software and hardware design and application The platform design research is carried out in three aspects of the program, and the effect comparison of system’s scheduling test, real‐time test, peak signal‐to‐noise ratio test, and digital multimedia art design is analyzed. The experimental results show that when the pixel values are the same (both are 6), the signal‐to‐noise ratio of this method reaches 48.5, which is higher than the output value of other method platforms, and the system setting performance is better.

Efficient HEVC Integrity Verification Scheme for Multimedia Cybersecurity Applications

Multimedia cybersecurity is a prevalent research topic in the digital world due to the rapid progress of digital multimedia and Internet applications. Watermarking, encryption, and steganography schemes are employed to attain multimedia data confidentiality and robustness. However, these schemes are externally applied on trusted computers, and there has been a lack of similar schemes that can be effectively and efficiently enabled through an untrusted transmission medium. In this work, a self-embedding-based High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) transmission and integrity verification framework is presented. This framework is robust and reliable for verifying the integrity of HEVC frames transmitted through insecure communication channels. Firstly, the transmitted HEVC frames are divided into a number of blocks with a certain block size. After that, a discrete transform is used for self-embedding of watermarks from each block into another one depending on a predefined mechanism. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) are tested for this task. The watermarked HEVC frames are transmitted through a wireless communication channel, and hence they become subject to different attacks and corruptions. At the receiver side, the secret watermarks in each block are sensed with a correlation-based method to discover dubious counterfeit operations. To verify the reliability of the suggested transmission framework and its ability to achieve high protection and robust content verification of the transmitted HEVC frames over insecure communication channels, different HEVC analyses and comparisons are performed. Simulation results demonstrate the suitability of the suggested transmission framework for different multimedia cybersecurity applications. Furthermore, the comparative analysis shows that the DFT is an efficient discrete transform that can be employed with the proposed transmission framework to guarantee a higher HEVC frame integrity. It allows higher sensitivity to simple modifications in the transmitted watermarked HEVC frames. This makes the suggested cybersecurity framework applicable, secure, and appropriate for multimedia integrity verification purposes.

A high-speed fixed width floating-point multiplier using residue logarithmic number system algorithm

The Residue Logarithmic Number System (RLNS) in digital mathematics allows multiplication and division to be performed considerably quickly and more precisely than the extensively used Floating-Point number setups. RLNS in the pitch of large scale integrated circuits, digital signal processing, multimedia, scientific computing and artificial neural network applications have Fixed Width property which has equal number of in and out bit width; hence, these applications need a Fixed Width multiplier. In this paper, a Fixed Width-Floating-Point multiplier based on RLNS was proposed to increase the processing speed. The truncation errors were reduced by using Taylor series. RLNS is the combination of both the residue number system and the logarithmic number system, and uses a table lookup including all bits for expansion. The proposed scheme is effective with regard to speed, area and power utilization in contrast to the design of conservative Floating-Point mathematics designs. Synthesis results were obtained using a Xilinx 14.7 ISE simulator. The area is 16,668 µm2, power is 37 mW, delay is 6.160 ns and truncation error can be lessened by 89% as compared with the direct-truncated multiplier. The proposed Fixed Width RLNS multiplier performs with lesser compensation error and with minimal hardware complexity, particularly as multiplier input bits increment.

Using Encryption Square Keywith One-Dimensional Matrix for Enhancing RGB Color Image Encryption-Decryption

<p class="Affiliation">Recently, the security of digital images becomes an important issue with the rapid growth of digital communication and multimedia application. Recent cryptography algorithms are providing essential techniques to protect information and multimedia data. However, those algorithms are usually suffering from the problem of time-consuming. Encryption algorithms have been growth quickly and many image encryption methods have been used to protect information and multimedia data from unauthorized access. This research presents effective technique for image encryption which employs Red, Green and Blue (RGB) components of the RGB color image. The proposed technique utilizes matrix multiplication and inverse matrices for encryption-decryption purpose. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed encryption-decryption techniques lay on minimizing the encryption-decryption time and the square error between the original and the decrypted image. The evaluations of the proposed technique were done using many images with different sizes, while the ex perimental results show that the improved encryption technique time are greatly reduced compared with “RGB Color Image Encryption-Decryption Using Gray Image” method. The proposed technique has a high confidentiality level through using confusion diffusion sequentially with a square matrix key and two vectors keys. However, those keys are generated randomly and make the process of hacking the image very difficult.</p>

Efficient Execution of Stream Graphs on Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architectures

Coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs) can provide extremely energy-efficient acceleration for applications that are rich in arithmetic operations such as digital signal processing and multimedia applications. Since those applications are often naturally represented by stream graphs, it is very compelling to develop optimization strategies for stream graphs on CGRAs. One unique property of stream graphs is that they contain many kernels or loops, which creates both advantages and challenges when it comes to mapping them to CGRAs. This paper addresses two main problems with it, namely, many-buffer problem and control overhead problem, and presents our results of optimizing the execution of stream graphs for CGRAs including our low-cost architecture extensions. Our evaluation results demonstrate that our software and hardware optimizations can help generate highly efficient mapping of stream applications to CGRAs, with $3.4\boldsymbol {\times }$ speedup on average at the application level over CPU-only execution, which is significant.

Energy efficient IEEE 754 floating point multiplier using dual spacer delay insensitive logic

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a single-precision floating-point multiplier where a low-power operation is attained through the reduction of switching activity. A floating-point multiplier is the basic building block for many applications such as digital signal processing (DSP) processors and multimedia applications involving a large dynamic range.Design/methodology/approachA floating-point multiplier was implemented in asynchronous logic such as multi-threshold null conventional logic and the proposed multi-threshold dual spacer dual rail delay insensitive logic (MTD3L). The proposed logic deals with high performance and energy efficiency.FindingsThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE) has provided a standard to define the floating-point representation, which is known as the IEEE 754 standard. Rounding has not been implemented because it is not suitable for high-precision applications.Originality/valueThe performance aspects of the proposed asynchronous MTD3L floating-point multiplier are obtained using a Mentor Graphics tool and are compared with those of the existing asynchronous logic.

A Forensic Mobile Application Designed for both Steganalysis and Steganography in Digital Images

With the rapid development of mobile devices and multimedia processing technologies, digital multimedia applications has become increasingly more popular in our daily life. Due to the nature of digital media, digital images can be easily modified without leaving obvious traces. Digital image forensics is an emerging research field which aims to address the major problems as forgery detection, source identification, image recovery and detecting the existence of hidden information, which is also referred as steganalysis. Steganography is the science of covert communication which aims to conceal the existence of the secret information hidden in the communication. Steganalysis is the study of detecting hidden information, which is embedded by using steganography techniques. In this paper we present a forensic mobile application developed on iOS platform. This application is designed to perform both steganalysis and steganorgraphy tasks in digital images; that is to conduct information analysis of given images and determine if there is any secret information hidden in the given images, and also fulfill the task of hiding information invisibly into digital images. There have been a number of well-established techniques in digital image steganalysis and steganography fields during recent years. However, there are very few mobile forensic tools that have been developed to comprehensively adopt these methods. Our forensic mobile application aims to systematically include significant methods both in steganography and steganalysis fields, so that people can use it as a forensic tool to determine if an image contains a hidden message, as well as use it as a security tool to perform covert communication by hiding information in an image.

Gradient-based no-reference image blur assessment using extreme learning machine

The increasing number of demanding consumer digital multimedia applications has boosted interest in no-reference (NR) image quality assessment (IQA). In this paper, we propose a perceptual NR blur evaluation method using a new machine learning technique, i.e., extreme learning machine (ELM). The proposed metric, Blind Image Blur quality Evaluator (BIBE), exploits scene statistics of gradient magnitudes to model the properties of blurred images, and then the underlying blur features are derived by fitting gradient magnitudes distribution. The resultant feature is finally mapped into an associated quality score using ELM. As subjective evaluation scores by human beings are integrated into training, machine learning techniques can predict image quality more accurately than those traditional methods. Compared with other learning techniques such as support vector machine (SVM), ELM has better learning performance and faster learning speed. Experimental results on public databases show that the proposed BIBE correlates well with human perceived blurriness, and outperforms the state-of-the-art specific NR blur evaluation metrics as well as generic NR IQA methods. Moreover, the application of automatic focusing system for digital cameras further confirms the capability of BIBE.

A Review on Multiple Chaotic Maps for Image Encryption with Cryptographic Technique

In the present time, Due to the rapid growth of digital communication and multimedia application, security becomes an important issue of communication, storage and transmission of digital data such as image, audio and video. Chaotic map based encryption is one of the ways to ensure high security of the image data. Encryption technique are used in many fields such as medical science, military, geographic satellite images. Thus due to this protecting the image data confidentiality, integrity, security, privacy as well as the authenticity has become an important issue for communication and storage of images via insecure channel like internet. Modern cryptography technique provides essential techniques for securing information and protecting multimedia data. In recent years, many encryption technology have been proposed. In this paper, first a general introduction given for cryptography and images encryption and followed by discussion of different type of chaotic based image encryption techniques and reviewed the related works for each technique. , At last, The main purpose of this paper is to help in design of new chaotic based image encryption techniques in future by studying the behavior of several existing chaotic based image encryption algorithms.

Performance Analysis of Image EncryptionUsing Block Based Technique

In digital communication and multimedia application, security is must for communication and storage of images. Image Encryption is one of the best methods to ensure high security images which are generally used in medical science, military applications. In this paper, an efficient technique is proposed with the help of cipher block chaining (CBC) operation, which is used for image encryption. We test our proposed technique using MATLAB R2013a, it can achieve various image quality parameters such as the mean square error(MSE), peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and the overall time taken by the algorithm to perform the process is also computed.

Reversible video data hiding using neighbouring similarity

Recently, digital multimedia has become widely distributed in computer and network technology. For digital multimedia distribution applications, issues surrounding information security have received significant attention. Data hiding has been one of most researched issues in information security. In this paper, reversible video data hiding based on neighbouring similarity is proposed. Prediction encoding was used to compute the prediction errors. All prediction errors were explored to develop a histogram-based reversible video data hiding algorithm. The results show that the proposed approach has a higher capacity and similar embedding distortion compared with other related schemes. Also, the original video frame could be recovered after the hidden information was extracted.

Stego-audio Using Genetic Algorithm Approach

With the rapid development of digital multimedia applications, the secure data transmission becomes the main issue in data communication system. So the multimedia data hiding techniques have been developed to ensure the secured data transfer. Steganography is an art of hiding a secret message within an image/audio/video file in such a way that the secret message cannot be perceived by hacker/intruder. In this study, we use RSA encryption algorithm to encrypt the message and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to encode the message in the audio file. This study presents a method to access the negative audio bytes and includes the negative audio bytes in the message encoding and position embedding process. This increases the capacity of encoding message in the audio file. The use of GA operators in Genetic Algorithm reduces the noise distortions.

Image Encryption Techniques:A Selected Review

Due to the rapid growth of digital communication and multimedia application, security becomes an important issue of communication and storage of images. Encryption is one of the ways to ensure high security images are used in many fields such as medical science, military.Modern cryptography provides essential techniques for securing information and protecting multimedia data. In recent years, encryption technology has been developed quickly and many image encryption methods have been used to protect confidential image data from unauthorized access .In this paper survey of different image encryption techniques have been discussed from which researchers can get an idea for efficient techniques to be used.

Reliability and Validity of Dental Measurements Made on Digital and Stone Orthodontic Models

Introduction: A study model is a precise three dimensional replica of patient's dentition and plays an important role in treatment planning. Many digital multi-media applications have become available to the clinician and his or her staff to facilitate standard procedures in practice and management. The aim of this study is to evaluate reliability and validity of dental measurement made on digital and stone orthodontic models.

Image and video quality improvement techniques for emerging applications

Nowadays, new “digital” areas have brought in many new image and video applications and new technologies in different fields, such as biology, medicine, engineering, and entertainment. The images and videos are compressed, transmitted, captured, and stored in various digital forms, with different types and amounts of impaired artifacts. While in bio-medical applications, speckle noise and coding artifacts are most common, in the entertainment and engineering applications, the digital coding and transmission artifacts are considered as dominant. Furthermore, each of the emerging applications and technologies has introduced different kinds of specific, correlated/structured distortions. The removal of such distortions, i.e., denoising, has not sufficiently been investigated and needs to be further explored. This is especially true having in mind consistent growth of new emerging digital multimedia applications and services. This Special Issue is dedicated to novel image and video quality assessment and improvement techniques and systems which are aimed for currently challenging applications in which the visual quality is critical. Thirteen outstanding research articles, regarding this topic, are published in this issue and cover four important topics: