Distribution Of Digital Media Research Articles

Cryptography and DRM: A study of digital copyright protection in the gaming industry

This paper explores the role of cryptography and encryption technology in developing digital rights management (DRM) in the gaming industry. DRM aims to protect the rights of creators by preventing unauthorized copying and distribution of digital media. Cryptography plays a crucial role in DRM, ensuring the privacy, authenticity, and integrity of data. The early stages of game DRM involved physical disc methods, such as unique disc characteristics and online activation. However, these methods faced challenges such as compatibility issues and unauthorized copying. Modern DRM technologies combine advanced encryption techniques with account-binding mechanisms, requiring users to activate and access game content on specific accounts. Cryptography plays a key role in DRM by encrypting game data into unreadable formats, ensuring that only users with valid decryption keys can access the content, and ensuring secure distribution and consumption of digital content. The paper also discusses third-party DRM technologies, such as Denuvo, which employ strong encryption and obfuscation methods. However, third-party DRM may impact performance, inconvenience users, and lead to compatibility issues. The paper emphasizes the necessity of continually refining DRM technologies to balance copyright protection and consumer rights in the evolving gaming industry.

Vbswp-CeaH: Vigorous Buyer-Seller Watermarking Protocol without Trusted Certificate Authority for Copyright Protection in Cloud Environment through Additive Homomorphism

Cloud-based storage ensures the secure dissemination of media. Authentication and integrity are important aspects in the distribution of digital media. Encryption-based techniques shelter this media between the communicating parties which are involved in a transaction. The challenge is how to restrict the digital media which is illegally redistributed by the authorized users. However, the digital watermarking technique and encryption-based methods are also not sufficient enough to provide copyright protection. The watermarking protocol is used to provide intellectual property for the customer and the service provider. This research paper provides a vigorous buyer-seller watermarking protocol without trusted certificate authority for copyright protection in the cloud environment. This research work uses the cloud environment which enables the cloud as a service infrastructural provider for storing credentials such as public and private secret keys and the digital certificates of interacting parties. The scheme uses additive homomorphism encryption with an effective key exchange algorithm for exchanging digital media. This proposed approach addresses the problems of anonymity and copy deterrence and protects the digital rights of the buyer and seller; these most up-to-date issues are related to information security. Furthermore, the experiment results conclude that the proposed protocol is flexible and secure even in a non-secure communication channel. We have used performance measures such as PSNR, NCC and cost in time methods for checking the integrity of the proposed protocol. The conducted experiments show a stronger robustness and high imperceptibility for the watermark and watermarked images.

Digital media distribution: portals, platforms, pipelines

Digital media distribution: portals, platforms, pipelines

A New High-Capacity Audio Watermarking Based on Wavelet Transform using the Golden Ratio and TLBO Algorithm

Digital watermarking is one of the best solutions for copyright infringement, copying, data verification, and illegal distribution of digital media. Recently, the protection of digital audio signals has received much attention as one of the fascinating topics for researchers and scholars. In this paper, we presented a new high-capacity, clear, and robust audio signaling scheme based on the DWT conversion synergy and golden ratio advantages using the TLBO algorithm. We used the TLBO algorithm to determine the effective frame length and embedded range, and the golden ratio to determine the appropriate embedded locations for each frame. First, the main audio signal was broken down into several sub-bands using a DWT in a specific frequency range. Since the human auditory system is not sensitive to changes in high-frequency bands, to increase the clarity and capacity of these sub-bands to embed bits we used the watermark signal. Moreover, to increase the resistance to common attacks, we framed the high-frequency bandwidth and then used the average of the frames as a key value. Our main idea was to embed an 8-bit signal simultaneously in the host signal. Experimental results showed that the proposed method is free from significant noticeable distortion (SNR about 29.68dB) and increases the resistance to common signal processing attacks such as high pass filter, echo, resampling, MPEG (MP3), etc.

Digital Image Recovery Based on Lifting Wavelet Transform

Recently, with the wide distribution of digital media, the need for authenticating digital images was increased. Therefore, many image tamper detection and recovery algorithms were introduced in literature to detect malicious modifications and retrieve the original images. The process of detection and recovery, however, used to have complex operation which requires long processing time. In this paper, a simplified image recovery algorithm is presented by using lifting wavelet transform. In the proposed method, the approximation band is hidden inside the bits of the original image and to be retrieved without relying on source image. For images with hidden data, the average PSNR and SSIM values were 31.22 and 0.977 respectively, and images were successfully retrieved after block attack.

The streaming network: Conceptualizing distribution economy, technology, and power in streaming media services

Despite there being more than a decade since the introductions of Netflix’ and Spotify’s online services, few attempts have been made to thoroughly examine and conceptualize streaming and streaming services across culture and media industries. The argument proposed here is that streaming constitutes a distinct form of digital media distribution network, what I refer to as the streaming network. The article asks what constitutes the parts or nodes of such a streaming network, and further what the power relationships between the various parts are. The analysis uses Spotify, Apple Music, Netflix, and Kindle Unlimited as examples, building on a wide array of primary and secondary document sources. The analysis contains a stepwise discussion and visualization of how human and nonhuman actors in this streaming network are connected by way of flows of content, data, and money, as well as by relationships of control, access, and exposure. The argument draws on theories of network power, platform power, and algorithmic power. The analysis highlights the asymmetrical relationships between, on the one hand, users and content providers, and on the other, streaming providers and device and software makers. No single actor in the network is able to exercise full control, but users and content originators are seen as particularly vulnerable. Streaming providers and device and software makers are able to maneuver the network to strengthen their relative position.

Audio Watermarking Art of Hiding Copyright Information for Piracy Control

Background & Objective: Revolution in digital multimedia is a boon to music industries, music creators for decades as digital music can be created, stored replicated and transferred easily and efficiently. But digitalization of multimedia becomes a curse when the multimedia content is illegally and freely distributed, shared across the network online or offline. Countering the illegal copying and distribution of digital media is the driving force behind the evolution of copyright protection and digital watermarking techniques. Methods: This paper presents the problem of piracy and the overview of the evolution of different digital audio watermarking techniques in time, transformed and compression domains to counter the problem of music piracy. The limitations of the audio watermarking techniques and the future scope for improvement are also presented. Results & Conclusion: This paper summarizes the evolution of audio watermarking techniques and reviews the existing watermarking techniques applied on audios. The limitations of the audio watermarking techniques and the future scope for improvement are also proposed. Additionally, the preliminaries for audio and brief of the properties which are exploited for watermarking of audio are presented.

A spatiotemporal data compression approach with low transmission cost and high data fidelity for an air quality monitoring system

Lossy compression techniques have been widely used in digital media distribution to reduce both bandwidth and storage consumption. Although lossy compression techniques could generate more compact data, they usually sacrifice more data precision than other compression techniques. In this paper, we develop a systematic framework for a massive deployment of IoT-based PM sensing devices, in which a spatiotemporal compressing approach is proposed to reduce transmission volume and to allow the functionality with a fault tolerant mechanism for the delivered data. In addition, a comparative analysis is provided by using open dataset compared to the real measurement dataset. The experimental results show that the compressed spatiotemporal data could reduce not only the data transmission amounts but also the energy consumption. Hence, the developed system could achieve a higher data saving ratio. Concerning with the data fidelity, our method is superior to the traditional methods under a noisy environment.

MARKETING STRATEGY IN THE DIGITAL SPACE

The aim of the research is to determine the preconditions for integration the Ukrainian digital market into the EU's Digital Single Market. The article is devoted to the definition of preconditions integration of Ukraine into a single digital market EU in accordance with the realities of the domestic market digital integration priorities. The article is identified trends in the development of Ukrainian market of digital technologies, comparison of individual indicators it development of appropriate indicators of the EU countries, revealed the degree of difference between these principles and trends, directions outlined measures to solve the problem "digitalization" Ukraine and creation of favorable conditions for cooperation with the European Union in the field of information and communications technology and future integration into the EU single digital market. It also identified high priority digital media channels and reasonable "gap" priorities of digital media distribution channels, due to the level of ICT use in countries. The paper analyzed Internet Stats and Facebook Usage in Europe and the necessity for priorities of the digital media space, depending on the selected region of the distribution at the stage of development of a marketing strategy. The research employed the following methods: monographic and descriptive, analysis and synthesis, comparative analysis, and statistical analysis.

The Spotification of public service media

This article investigates contemporary cultural policy reforms enabled by paid digital media distribution services, taking the case of the integration of Spotify into the Swedish public media system. Specifically, it reflects on the conflicts arising over the prioritization of digital distribution over cultural preservation, during the gradual substitution of the Spotify digital services for the services provided by the traditional material media archive, the Grammofonarkivet. It considers the factors influencing changes in the Swedish cultural policy environment and the nature of the complaints and human rights claims made by employees of the Grammofonarkivet to UNESCO regarding its structural transformation. It also postulates a “Spotification” model of public service media emerging in Sweden but potentially affecting other countries with public media systems served by traditional media archives.

Aplikasi Otentikasi Citra Digital Dengan Metode Adaptive Data Hiding

Problems that often occur in internet services make data security not guaranteed. To provide content authentication and duplicate protection from digital data, two complementary techniques have been developed, namely encryption and watermarks. Encryption techniques are used to secure digital data during transmission from sender to receiver. Because digital images can be easily reproduced, cryptosystems cannot solve this problem perfectly. The second security measure that completes encryption is to attach a secret signal, a watermark, directly to the original data so that it remains available during use. Watermarking cannot prevent duplication, modification and distribution of digital media by itself, so it must be combined with cryptography. Embedding is done by modifying the average pixel intensity value of each block in the range determined by the contrast value for a particular block. This reduces the effect of modification as felt by the human eye. The extraction procedure calculates and compares the number of pixel values for blocks of the original image and watermark. The results show the robustness of the scheme towards general image processing operations such as cropping, modification, low pass filters, median pass filters, minimized and lossy JPEG compression with various quality index factors. The results also illustrate that the watermark is safe, restored and recognized even after the watermark image has been damaged, forged and modified by a general image processing operation. A comparative study of the scheme proposed with the existing scheme has also been carried out to observe the strength of the scheme.

Digital Empowerment for Digital India: A Tool to Measure

The rapid development and distribution of digital media over the last two decades and access to this media has become crucial of being an active player in our contemporary society. The accessibility of the ICTs must be there because it is digital access which divides the society not the digital technology as technology integrates the society. So an effort is to be made to provide digital technologies to the members of the society. Simply providing access is not the only solution but also making the people empowered to use the digital technologies. Therefore, there is a need to know the digital empowerment status of the individuals by developing a tool. If the tool is not standardized and only applied then result will be questionable. Hence, a scale on digital empowerment has been developed based on summated rating (Likert technique). Digital empowerment is operationally defined as ‘a process through which an individual is making fit to the digital technology and harvesting the maximum potentials of the technology with reference to psychological, economical, legal and technical competency’. The scale consists of 38 items under the subcategory, namely, psychological (5 items), legal (3 items), economical (8 items) and technical competency (22 items) based on the critical ratio technique.

Downloading culture: community building in a decentralized file-sharing collective

ABSTRACTFile-sharing collectives have significantly disrupted models of digital media distribution since their emergence and widespread popularization in the late 1990s. This study investigates how semi-anonymous and decentralized collectives construct their communities of practice. Conducting a case study of a private torrenting community, data were gathered via participant observation, interviews, and online postings (i.e., blogs and forums). Findings challenged dominant notions of opportunism, selfishness and task-oriented individualism advanced by Human–Computer Interaction scholars. Three key constructs were identified in private torrent community building: boundary construction, membership maintenance, and a sense of belonging and solidarity. Findings illustrate how a file-sharing community cultivates the formation of prosocial digital peers, fosters an affective approach to peer-to-peer collectives, and ultimately forges a downloading virtuoso community. This sisyphean, goal-oriented community seeks to create a comprehensive archive of media artifacts independent of and in opposition to dominant corporate platforms. The community demonstrates a downloading culture inspired by technological design, yet driven by trust and solidarity.

FORMATION OF MEDIA SCIENCE INFRASTRUCTURE BIG DATA SCIENCE IN THE AGE OF HIGH ELECTRONICS

Purpose. The article is aimed to analyze the specificity of formation of media infrastructure of science under the influence of digital media distribution technology, the changing nature of scientific activity, implementation of communication researchers using Big Data. Methodology. The implementation of the purpose is seen in the use of scientific and theoretical basis of the philosophy of science, mediaphilosophy, mediaphilosophical approach to understanding society, science and technology, use of publications on selected topics of research. Originality. It was considered the problem of scientific communication change under the influence of Big Data. Forming of media infrastructure of science under the influence of media technology was analyzed. Conclusions. The emergence, formation and development of mediainfrastructure makes the world scientific community see the modernist paradigm of scientific knowledge production, pay attention to the formation of a qualitatively new ways of transmission and reception using scientific evidence and information research. At the same time there is a need for simultaneous and comprehensive study of the potential negative effects of media technologies for researchers and educational activities. Note the complications self-identification individual simulation processes and phenomena that occurs reliance on empirical base. Also there is a problem controllable and selection of information: the huge flow of information of different kinds of content depth and complicate the selection and broadcast meaningful knowledge.

The Press Complaints Commission is Dead; Long Live the IPSO?

Nowadays, digital technology has generated a new dimension to information as it is being turn out to be a prime commodity. In addition, connections of networks have attributed to the fast communication with a ‘real time’ feeling among people across the world. Due to the rapid development and distribution of digital media over the last two decades, access to this media has become crucial to being an active player in our contemporary society. If the gap is to be reduced then accessibility of the ICTs must be there because it is Digital access which divides the society not the Digital technology as technology integrates the society. If anything is not standardized and only applied then result will be questionable. So we are in the process of research with the objective of developing a scale on Digital empowerment. In the present investigation Digital empowerment is operationally defined as “a process through which an individual is making fit to the digital technology and harvesting the maximum potentials of the technology with reference to Psychological, Economical, Legal, and Technical access. Thus, a scale based on summated rating (likert technique) on Digital empowerment will be developed by taking into consideration of these components by following the steps mentioned below:

A blind spatio-temporal data hiding for video ownership verification in frequency domain

By widespread usage of video-based applications, digital watermarking has been recommended as a solution to prevent illegal and malicious copying and distribution of digital media. In this paper, a blind watermarking system for video ownership verification is proposed. Inspired by the used code division multiple access (CDMA) techniques in image watermarking with 2D form, and considering that video is inherently three dimensional, we expand CDMA techniques in 3D form based on discrete wavelet transform for watermarking of video data. First, a 3D-DWT is performed on the video frames. Then, by using CDMA techniques and two different pseudo random number (PRN) sequences, a binary image (as a watermark) is spread into mid and high frequency sub-bands of wavelet. In extraction step, the original video is not needed, namely, blind detection. Eventually, by defining a heuristic algorithm, the watermark is clearly detectable. Unlike other schemes, which are resistant to a limited series of attacks, the proposed method has admirable robustness against a large range of attacks such as frame averaging, frame dropping, frame transposing, median and low-pass filtering, Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise, speckle noise, resizing and a selected group of lossy compressions like MJPEG, MPEG and H.264/AVC. In addition, evaluation of well-known visual quality assessment (VQA) metrics like PSNR, MSE, SSIM, MS-SSIM and MOVIE shows the high transparency of the proposed system for human visual system (HVS).

IJARCCE - Computer and Communication Engineering

4 Abstract: In today's era, internet is the mean of convenience for sharing information over distance. Our day to day transactions completely relies on sharing of information and digital media. The sharing of confidential data can be done by using digital media such as images, audio and video etc. Certain technique has been brought forward to accomplish this sharing scenario. The enormous developments in the field of multimedia and internet technology easily let us do the distribution of digital media and data. Nowadays sharing of confidential data over network is a major issue, as there is a possibility of having threat to the information that we are delivering in terms of privacy and security. Hence it is necessary to find appropriate solution because the information that we are delivering needs to be delivered securely and safely. Considering this aspect, here we have implemented a system that hides the vital data behind an image in encrypted format by using multi-carrier/signature iterative generalized least-squares (MIGLS) algorithm, considering the fact that the quality of the image should not be differed, deflected or reduced.

An Enriched Audio Steganography for Secret Message Communication Using Novel Embedding Technique

In the last few years the infrastructure for distribution of digital media has grown rapidly. The distribution of such digital media provides an excellent opportunity for transmission of hidden information. Recently, digital steganography has received considerable interest and is used to hide information in carriers such as digital audio, images or video so that only the intended recipient is capable of retrieving the hidden information. This paper proposes a Novel Embedding technique Cross Bit Manipulation Algorithm (CBMA) which embeds the encrypted text file into an Audio file. Here the key of secret message is encrypted using Linear Subsequence Algorithm (LSA) and then embeds it to the Audio file using CBMA.

The Temporal Dimensions of E-Learning

Time has been included as a crucial explicative factor in many of the most influential learning theories which have emerged since the last century. Although the idea of time has not always been considered in the same way, almost all the approaches that have dealt with educational phenomena have incorporated time as a key issue. This is true in approaches as different as the behaviourism of Skinner (1968), the genetic epistemology of Piaget (1980), the cultural psychology of Vygotsky (1978), or the didactics of Carroll (1984), just to enumerate some of them. With the emergence and distribution of digital media, and with the introduction of these media in educational contexts, educational scientists face some interesting challenges related to the role of time in educational processes. Thus, the mediation of digital media has transformed the very nature of educational processes (Harasim, 2000) and time is one of the most deeply transformed aspects in learning processes. This important incidence of digital media on time poses several challenges to be addressed by social scientists and educational researchers. In this special issue we focus mainly on two of these important challenges: 1. How digital media challenge the notion of time itself and how time can be understood in this digital era. 2. How the digital affordances of time influence educational dialogue. We are pleased to present in this issue nine articles: four mainly addressing the first challenge, and five mainly addressing the second. The first four articles discuss the meaning and the nature of the notion of time. Thus, the article by Terras and Ramsay, entitled ‘A Psychological Perspective on the Temporal Dimensions of E-learning’, distinguishes between physical time and psychological time. The authors then discuss psychological time in greater depth and, from this discussion, the authors identify several challenges which e-learning poses for learners’ psychological time, as well as a set of skills necessary to address these challenges. The article by Shaw, entitled ‘Heidegger and E-learning: overthrowing the traditions of pedagogy’, examines this same distinction between physical and psychological time through the lens of Heidegger, and proposes the concept of ‘care’ as overcoming this ontological dichotomy. The article by Mathew, ‘E-learning, Time and Unconscious Thinking’, focuses again on psychological time and tries to examine and explain its nature by using some of Freud’s explanatory concepts. The article by Gourlay, entitled ‘Creating Time: students, technologies and temporal practices in higher education’, takes a more empirical approach to the notion of time and tries to describe, based on focus groups and longitudinal multimodal journaling, how e-learners understand and experience time in their digitally mediated practices. The other five articles in the issue address the second challenge mentioned earlier: they examine how time intervenes in online dialogue and interaction. Thus, the article by Oztok, Wilton, Lee, Zingaro, MacKinnon, Makos, Phirangee, Harwood, Brett and Hewitt, named ‘Polysynchronous: dialogic construction of time in online learning’, challenges the traditional timebased distinction in online dialogue between synchrony and asynchrony, and proposes viewing online interaction through the concept of polysynchrony, which overcomes that traditional

MPEG-M: A digital media ecosystem for interoperable applications

MPEG-M is a suite of ISO/IEC standards (ISO/IEC 23006) that has been developed under the auspices of Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). MPEG-M, also known as Multimedia Service Platform Technologies (MSPT), facilitates a collection of multimedia middleware APIs and elementary services as well as service aggregation so that service providers can offer users a plethora of innovative services by extending current IPTV technology toward the seamless integration of personal content creation and distribution, e-commerce, social networks and Internet distribution of digital media.