Digital Manner Research Articles

Implementation of YOLOv8-seg on store products to speed up the scanning process at point of sales

<p>You only look once v8 (YOLOv8)-seg and its variants are implemented to accelerate the collection of goods for a store for selling activity in Indonesia. The method used here is object detection and segmentation of these objects, a combination of detection and segmentation called instance segmentation. The novelty lies in the customization and optimization of YOLOv8-seg for detecting and segmenting 30 specific Indonesian products. The use of augmented data (125 images augmented into 1,250 images) enhances the model's ability to generalize and perform well in various scenarios. The small number of data points and the small number of epochs have proven reliable algorithms to implement on store products instead of using QR codes in a digital manner. Five models are examined, i.e., YOLOv8-seg, YOLOv8s-seg, YOLOv8m-seg, YOLOv8l-seg, and YOLOv8x-seg, with a data distribution of 64% for the training dataset, 16% for the validation dataset, and 20% for the testing dataset. The best model, YOLOv8l-seg, was obtained with the highest mean average precision (mAP) box value of 99.372% and a mAPmask value of 99.372% from testing the testing dataset. However, the YOLOv8mseg model can be the best alternative model with a mAPbox value of 99.330% since the number of parameters and the computational speed are the best compared to other models.</p>

Regulating Artificial Intelligence: A Study in the Comparison between South Asia and Other Countries

Any regulation, law, or legal order enforced by the lawful authority of a territory to maintain, control, and regulate the characteristics, development, and public interaction of an artificial entity developed in a digital manner can be called AI legislation. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the regulatory landscape for artificial intelligence in the South Asian countries in relation to other selective countries and organizations globally, in light of the challenges encountered in regulating AI in the region. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that South Asian nations have experienced a significant and persistent legal disparity in comparison to other global regions, which has been both involuntary and inequitable. The paper presents an argument for the regulation of artificial intelligence and offers suggestions for South Asian countries to effectively regulate AI despite challenges related to its design and economic limitations.

Implementing EDRMS in public procurement: a retrofit approach

In public procurement, a multitude of data is used, produced, and exchanged in various ways and formats. Laws and regulations often require that the exchange of information takes place through signed and recorded documents, following specific authorization processes. On the other hand, many modern Project Management techniques rely on accurate knowledge of project data, which requires information flow to occur in a structured and digital manner. The concept of an Electronic Document and Records Management System was created for this purpose, to combine document flow and structured information flow. However, in practice, it is difficult to find ready-to-use commercial solutions, and many administrations choose to use traditional document management systems. This work aims to investigate the two requirements independently and then jointly, proposing a clean and simple approach to align them. The chosen approach envisions a two-tier system with defined functional specifications, where the first tier coincides with an existing document management system. The outcome demonstrates how to implement an Electronic Document and Records Management System by retrofitting a traditional document engine. The described approach will be tested through a case study related to a large public construction contract.

NON-FUNGIBLE TOKENS AN ARGUMENT FOR THE OWNERSHIP OF DIGITAL PROPERTY?

The paper examines the concept of ownership and its potential application to digital assets, particularly Non-Fungible Tokens (“NFTs”). Technological advancements which allow the creation, storage, and sale of unique digital assets in a purely digital manner have raised many questions about the concept of ‘digital ownership’. However, the legal frameworks regulating the ownership, sale, and legal classification of digital assets have not evolved at the same paceas technology. This leads to legal uncertainty in the digital landscape, and weakened protection for the users of this technology, particularly in the European Union (“EU”). Although the concept of digital property has been discussed theoretically, practical recommendations for the implementation of this concept are still scarce. This paper discusses the concept of digital property after providing a contextual understanding of NFTs and the technology behind them. Finally, the author offersrecommendations for a harmonised EU-level framework for the legal classification of NFTs, and for the concept of digital property.

Ultrasensitive, Multiplexed Buoyant Sensor for Monitoring Cytokines in Biofluids.

Multiplexed quantification of low-abundance protein biomarkers in complex biofluids is important for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. However, in situ sampling without perturbing biological systems remains challenging. In this work, we report a buoyant biosensor that enables in situ monitoring of protein analytes at attomolar concentrations with a 15 min temporal resolution. The buoyant biosensor implemented with fluorescent nanolabels enabled the ultrasensitive and multiplexed detection and quantification of cytokines. Implementing the biosensor in a digital manner (i.e., counting the individual nanolabels) further improves the low detection limit. We demonstrate that the biosensor enables the detection and quantification of the time-varying concentrations of cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and TNF-α) in macrophage culture media without perturbing the live cells. The easy-to-apply biosensor with attomolar sensitivity and multiplexing capability can enable an in situ analysis of protein biomarkers in various biofluids and tissues to aid in understanding biological processes and diagnosing and treating diverse diseases.

Single-microbead space-confined digital quantification strategy (SMSDQ) for counting microRNAs at the single-molecule level

Quantification of microRNAs (miRNAs) at the single-molecule level is of great significance for clinical diagnostics and biomedical research. The challenges lie in the limits to transforming single-molecule measurements into quantitative signals. To address these limits, here, we report a new approach called a Single Microbead-based Space-confined Digital Quantification (SMSDQ) to measure individual miRNA molecules by counting gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) light-scattering imaging. One miRNA target hybridizes with the alkynyl-modified capture DNA probe immobilized on a microbead (60 μm) and the azide-modified report DNA probe anchored on AuNP (50 nm), respectively. Through the click reaction between the alkynyl and azide group, a single microbead can covalently link the AuNPs in the confined space within the view of the microscope. By digitally counting the light-scattering spots of AuNPs, we demonstrated the proposed approach with single-molecule detection sensitivity and high specificity of single-base discrimination. Taking the advantages of ultrahigh sensitivity, specificity, and the digital detection manner, the approach is suitable for evaluating cell heterogeneity and small variations of miRNA expression and has been successfully applied to direct quantification of miRNAs in one-tenth single-cell lysates and serum samples without RNA-isolated and nucleic acid amplification steps.

RANCANG BANGUN APLIKASI E-DOCUMENT SEBAGAI MEDIA PENDISTRIBUSIAN PURCHASE ORDER DAN BERBASIS WEB PADA PT. IRC INOACPENYIMPANAN DATA DIGITAL

A Purchase Order is a document ordering goods or services from a buyer to a supplier/supplier, almost all companies have a purchasing or purchasing department where the department will issue a goods ordering document or purchase order, the purpose of this writing is to make it easier for the purchasing or purchasing department team to distribute purchase order documents or purchase orders and store these documents digitally to make it easier to find these documents at a later date. in collecting data the author uses primary data, namely data obtained, collected and processed by the researcher directly from the subject or research object, the data collection method carried out by the researcher is carried out through: observation, interviews and participant observation. The results of the research are in the form of a web-based e-document application and distribution of purchase order documents to suppliers in a digital and structured manner so that it makes it easier for both parties to send information.

Fusion of electromagnetic world and digital world through information metasurface: an interview with Tie Jun Cui.

Metasurfaces consist of subwavelength artificial elements (also called meta-atoms) arranged in a two-dimensional fashion. Through careful design of these elements, the metasurfaces can control the amplitude, phase, frequency, and polarization of electromagnetic (EM) waves. Information metasurfaces extend this concept by characterizing the meta-atoms in a digital manner, integrating functionalities for information processing. The information metasurfaces can simultaneously manipulate the EM waves in reprogrammable ways and modulate the digital information in real time, making the fusion of the EM world and digital world. The information metasurfaces have found diverse applications in wireless communications, intelligent sensing and imaging, intelligent computing, and internet of things (IoT). Prof. Tie Jun Cui is affiliated with Southeast University in Nanjing, China, where he serves as the Director of the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves. He is a prominent researcher in the field of metamaterial, metasurface, and computational electromagnetics. He has proposed the concepts, and made systematic studies, of digital coding metasurfaces and programmable metasurfaces, and established the system of information metasurfaces, building a direct link between the electromagnetic world and digital world. NSR spoke to Professor Cui on the recent advancement and the prospects of information metasurfaces.

Janus coding acoustic metasurface with reflection symmetry breaking

Coding metasurfaces with efficient procedures and simple elements have enabled a large number of novel functions in a digital manner. Designs combining coding and functional integration will undoubtedly enhance the efficiency and space utilization of compact systems. Here, we theoretically propose and numerically and experimentally demonstrate an all-passive reflective Janus coding acoustic metasurface, allowing two-faced direction-dependent coding in a decoupled manner. Exquisitely designed double-layer variable-pitch helical structures with smoothly varying acoustic impedance are used to obtain bianisotropic reflection phase responses, which can also be switched to bi-isotropic responses by changing the boundary conditions. The switchable Janus coding metasurface based on the phase state transitions can be programed to achieve switchable functions on one side without affecting the other side. For instance, the asymmetric and symmetric two-faced focusing and unidirectional switching of functions with coding metasurfaces are numerically and experimentally illustrated. We reveal the inherent essence of the structure-caused asymmetric responses and further pave a flexible way to obtain two-faced, independent wavefront operations and functional switching, which exhibit excellent potential for acoustic applications.

A high-Q acoustic filter based on programable electromechanical Fano resonance

Fano resonance with a sharp and ultra-narrow asymmetrical spectral profile is formed by interfering a background mode by a local mode, which is widely found in numerous physical areas and serves as a bedrock for architecting functional metamaterials and constructing selective filters for physical waves. However, it requires subtle geometries and accurate mechanical properties for generating a local resonance to realize Fano resonance at a desired frequency, which challenges its widely applications. Here, we report an electromechanical Fano resonance delivered by an electromechanical diaphragm shunted by a multiple-branch resonant circuit (SEMD). The local resonance of the SEMD is induced by the electrical circuit, which removes the constraints of subtle geometries and mechanical properties design and allows digitally programing the Fano resonance through coding MOSFET switches to select a preset circuit branch. A Lumped theoretical model is used to analyze circuit effects, with verification by experiments in a one-dimensional waveguide, showing programing of three key parameters, the frequency, Q factor and extinction ratio (ER), of the electromechanical Fano resonance. The frequency of perfect sound absorption (null reflection) digitally assigned in a frequency range of [158.5 Hz 1486.75 Hz] is experimentally demonstrated, equivalent to a wavelength-to-thickness ratio range of [31.6 0.30], regarding the equivalent thickness of the SEMD. The Q factor of the SEMD, indexing the selectivity, can be tuned up to 145 in experiments and over 6000 theoretically, giving the half-bandwidth less than 0.2 Hz. The extinction ratio (ER) reaches 30 dB in experiments whereas 60 dB in predictions which means the circuit can totally change the acoustic response of the mechanical diaphragm. Due to features of real-time programmability, broadband tunability and mechanical properties and geometries independence, the SEMD with an electromechanical Fano resonance would be a superior platform to fulfill the envisaged manipulation of acoustics waves in a digital manner.

Digital Therapies (DTx) as New Tools within Physicians' Therapeutic Arsenal: Key Observations to Support their Effective and Responsible Development and Use.

In recent years, there has been a swift rise in the development of digital therapies (DTx). As a result of various technological advances and accessibility to patients, it is now possible to develop and offer therapeutic interventions in a digital manner. These take the form of an evidence-based intervention that is administered in digital form to prevent, manage, or treat a medical condition. What makes DTx significantly different from other types of digital applications or services (e.g., wellness applications) is that they are interventions authorised by regulatory agencies for the treatment, like a drug, of a health condition. Yielding actual therapeutic benefits and being at the crossroads of health and digital means that DTx are subject to both the upsides and downsides of both sectors. Thus, it is of particular interest to look at the facilitators and barriers to be foreseen in the development, assessment, and implementation of DTx. In this article, we will present key observations and outline the main challenges that may be faced in the development and integration of DTx into practice. It is certain that DTx can represent an interesting avenue for physicians to bring their prescribing role into the 21st century. We conclude with broad lessons that the emerging field of DTx can learn from decades of drug industry practice to avoid history repeating itself and to fast-track the development and ethical and optimal use of DTx.

Joint time-frequency analysis on space-time-coding digital metasurfaces

Space-time and time-varying metastructures have attracted a lot of research interest in recent years. On the other hand, digital programmable metasurfaces have also gained great attention owing to their powerful capabilities in controlling electromagnetic (EM) fields and waves in real time, which is very suitable for implementing spatiotemporal modulations in a digital manner. Accordingly, space-time-coding (STC) digital metasurfaces have recently been proposed to realize advanced manipulations of EM wavefronts and digital information, allowing simultaneous control of propagation directions in the space domain and harmonic distributions in the frequency domain. However, their instantaneous responses and the connection between the time- and frequency-domain characteristics have not yet been fully revealed. Here, we present a joint time-frequency analysis method to revisit STC digital metasurfaces, in which the time-domain instantaneous scattering patterns and frequency-domain equivalent excitations are investigated to analyze the spatial-spectral distributions of the modulated waves. This joint time-frequency analysis method helps to better explain the basic working principle of STC digital metasurfaces and is expected to facilitate more applications in wireless communications, radar, imaging, and beamforming.

Hardware-Friendly Delayed-Feedback Reservoir for Multivariate Time-Series Classification

Reservoir computing (RC) is attracting attention as a machine-learning technique for edge computing. In time-series classification tasks, the number of features obtained using a reservoir depends on the length of the input series. Therefore, the features must be converted to a constant-length intermediate representation (IR), such that they can be processed by an output layer. Existing conversion methods involve computationally expensive matrix inversion that significantly increases the circuit size and requires processing power when implemented in hardware. In this article, we propose a simple but effective IR, namely, dot-product-based reservoir representation (DPRR), for RC based on the dot product of data features. Additionally, we propose a hardware-friendly delayed-feedback reservoir (DFR) consisting of a nonlinear element and delayed feedback loop with DPRR. The proposed DFR successfully classified multivariate time series data that has been considered particularly difficult to implement efficiently in hardware. In contrast to conventional DFR models that require analog circuits, the proposed model can be implemented in a fully digital manner suitable for high-level syntheses. A comparison with existing machine-learning methods via field-programmable gate array implementation using 12 multivariate time-series classification tasks confirmed the superior accuracy and small circuit size of the proposed method.

Radiation‐Type Programmable Metasurface for Direct Manipulation of Electromagnetic Emission

AbstractProgrammable metasurfaces enable fine‐grained real‐time modulation over electromagnetic (EM) waves in a digital manner, which have gained remarkable attention in antenna engineering and wireless communications. However, either a reflective or transmissive programmable metasurface requires an external feed source with significant distance to the metasurface, making the whole programmable device a relatively high profile as well as low efficiency as a result of the feed spillover losses. In this paper, an innovative design of radiation‐type programmable metasurface for dynamic modulation of radiant EM wave is presented, which perfectly combines the functions of 1‐bit phase shifter and efficient power radiator in the single unit framework. By employing the integrated series‐parallel hybrid microstrip network to stimulate the topside metasurface units, versatile capacities, including dynamic beam scanning and multimode vortex beam generation, are verified both numerically and experimentally. Due to the direct‐radiation characteristic of the metasurface design, the programmable metasurface possesses the aperture efficiency over 30% and a low profile reduced by almost two orders of magnitude, when comparing with the conventional reflective or transmissive programmable metasurfaces illuminated by the external feeds. The proposed design can offer a novel approach of programmable metasurface framework in dynamic radiant EM modulation for low‐profile conformal applications.

Application of visualization technology of multimode data fusion in occlusal rehabilitation.

This study aimed to present a method for multi-modal medical data fusion that could be used for increased vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) and occlusal rehabilitation in a digital manner, thus facilitating the process of clinical diagnosis and restoration. With the aid of a computer software, a visual and operable four-dimensional virtual dental patient was created by data fusion of intraoral scan, extra-oral face scan, cone-beam computed tomography, and dynamic occlusal movement trace to conduct a systematical review of the occlusion and temporomandibular joint of the virtual patient. This approach could be used for increased VDO on the basis of the aesthetics of anterior teeth and the restoration space of posterior teeth. It allowed jaw reconstruction and occlusal rehabilitation with fixed prosthesis by using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) devices. A visual and operable four-dimensional virtual dental patient was created by integrating the method for multimodal medical data fusion with CAD/CAM devices, thus making the process of occlusal rehabilitation with fixed prosthesis safer and more convenient than before. With the method for multimodal medical data fusion, the presented application enables the fusion of different data sources of the patient at the same time and space by creating a virtual patient. It is useful for showing the function and anatomical structure of the patient's oral and maxillofacial system in a visual and convenient manner, thus providing a powerful tool in the process of clinical diagnosis and restoration.

One-step detection of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity based on single particle-confined enzyme reaction and digital particle counting

T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) is a pivotal enzyme for DNA replication, recombination, and DNA damage repair. Herein, a robust single particle counting-based assay has been developed for the high-sensitive determination of T4 PNK activity through only a simple one-step reaction. Taking benefit of the exceptional space-confined enzymatic property of T4 PNK towards DNA substrates on a single nanoparticle, the T4 PNK activity can be precisely determined by counting the fluorescence-positive nanoparticles in a digital manner with a total internal reflection fluorescent microscope (TIRFM). Due to the featured spatial-confined enzymatic property of T4 PNK and the single particle counting-based signal readout, T4 PNK can be effectively differentiated from other interfering enzymes. This facile strategy has been also successfully applied to screen T4 PNK inhibitor and accurately determine T4 PNK activity in complex biological samples, paving a potential avenue for the digital analysis of biomarkers.

Observer-based synchronisation control for discrete-time delayed switched complex networks with coding–decoding approach

ABSTRACT In this paper, we investigate the synchronisation control problem for a class of discrete-time switched complex networks with time-varying delays via a coding–decoding-based approach. An observer-based control scheme is proposed for each node by utilising the outputs of complex networks. The data are transmitted in a digital manner and only the sequence of finite coded signals is sent from the observer to the controller. We design a proper coding–decoding procedure for each node to ensure that the closed-loop networks achieve the expected synchronisation performance. By applying the average dwell-time switching strategy and a uniform quantisation approach, some criteria are firstly presented to ensure the detectability of the complex networks. Then sufficient conditions are provided for the existence of desired observer-based controller, guaranteeing the synchronisation of complex networks. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained theoretical results.

Light-controllable time-domain digital coding metasurfaces

Programmable metasurfaces enable real-time control of electromagnetic waves in a digital coding manner, which are suitable for implementing time-domain metasurfaces with strong harmonic manipulation capabilities. However, the time-domain metasurfaces are usually realized by adopting the wired electrical control method, which is effective and robust, but there are still some limitations. Here, we propose a light-controllable time-domain digital coding metasurface consisting of a full-polarization dynamic metasurface and a high-speed photoelectric detection circuit, from which the microwave reflection spectra are manipulated by time-varying light signals with periodic phase modulations. As demonstrated, the light-controllable time-domain digital coding metasurface is illuminated by the light signals with two designed time-coding sequences. The measured results show that the metasurface can well generate symmetrical harmonics and white-noise-like spectra, respectively, under such cases in the reflected wave. The proposed light-controllable time-varying metasurface offers a planar interface to tailor and link microwaves with lights in the time domain, which could promote the development of photoelectric hybrid metasurfaces and related multiphysics applications.

A Novel Wideband and High-Efficiency Electronically Scanning Transmitarray Using Transmission Metasurface Polarizer

Inspired by the recent progress of metasurfaces, a novel wideband and high-efficiency electronically reconfigurable transmitarray (TA) is presented that can enable two-dimensional (2-D) beam steering and multiple beam mode switching in a digital manner. The proposed unit cell consists of a reconfigurable anisotropic metallic resonator, which locates between a pair of orthogonally oriented subwavelength metal gratings. One-bit phase quantization is obtained by controlling the ON or OFF state of two positive-intrinsic-negative (p-i-n) diodes integrated on the anisotropic metallic resonator layer. To choke the radio frequency (RF) signal effectively, a bias layer is connected by the metallic via hole to the center of the resonator, where the electric field is minimal. The simulated results show that the proposed unit cell can achieve a low insertion loss of 1 dB from 9.3 to 10.9 GHz for two phase states. Then, the radiation performance of a 10 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times\,\,10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> element array fed by a pyramidal horn antenna is theoretically calculated, simulated, and measured. The measured maximum gain is 19.1 dBi at 10.0 GHz with an aperture efficiency of 25.8% and a 3 dB gain bandwidth of 15.9%. The measured results demonstrate the 2-D beam scanning capability within the 50° range.

Memikirkan Kembali Kurikulum Literasi Media di Sekolah Dasar

The emergence of information and technologies massively brings about changes in society. The later implicate to the increasing use and ownership of the digital media. These changes entangled educational concerns in which elementary age students have been active users of digital media and have more times interact in a connected internet digital manner without cultivated with literacy media curriculum at school in which consequently bearing literacy media divide. Reflected from the phenomenon, it is urged for government to rethinking media literacy curriculum for elementary school. This article intended to overview potentially educational policies of integration literacy media into curriculum. This article used qualitative research with library research approach. The references derive from books, scientific journals, government documents, and research reports. All the data analyzed through processes of data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion. The results showed that it is urges to integrate literacy media into elementary school curriculum in order to prevent the media literacy divide among students.