Digital Input Output Research Articles

Development of embedded fuzzy control using reconfigurable FPGA technology

The purpose of this work is to investigate the construction of fuzzy embedded control systems combining fast execution and parallel processing capabilities provided by Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Reconfigurable Inputs/Outputs (RIO) chips. A fixed-point fuzzy controller is developed and implemented on a fast mechatronic system with high-speed control and high channel count on an FPGA target. This paper provides a brief introduction to deploying Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) methods using RIO-FPGA technology. It suggests a technique for implementing the three stages that constitute the FLC and the PD-like FLC and PID-like FLC structures into practice. Controllers with 1 and 2 degrees of freedom are developed and tested experimentally. Parallel loops, key challenging advantage of LabVIEW programming, are utilized for decoding feedback signals, generating pulse trains for actuator's drivers and for calculation of control gains. An NI-SbRIO board that combines deployable devices with a real-time processor, a re-configurable FPGA, and analogue and digital input–output ports is used. The experimental work demonstrates the significant enhancement of implementing reconfigurable embedded fuzzy control upon such mechatronic systems.

Relay Driver Based on Arduino UNO to Bridge the Gap of The Digital Output Voltage of The Node MCU ESP32

The IoT could control the devices that need a high current voltage to operate. The voltage control here means that the IoT could give the command to turn on and turn off the electric current by using a relay module. One of the devices that are most frequently used in many research projects is Node MCU ESP8266 and Node MCU ESP32. Those microcontrollers work with the maximum supply is 3.3-volt direct current (DC). On the other hand, the relay module commonly needs a voltage supply of 5-volt DC and the relay needs to be controlled by a single transistor to make a trig on. The relay will be active when the transistor’s basis pin is grounded into the ground, so the relay will get the current flow. However, the relay module which is controlled using Node MCU could not work properly, caused Node MCU only provides the digital out is 3-volt maximum from its digital Input Output pins (I/O). Meanwhile, the driver relay based on a single transistor needs a bias input amount of 5 volts to make the relay module active well. If the bias voltage doesn't reach 5 volts or just 3.3 volts will make the relay can't switch on properly which can result in bad contact. To overcome that problem this research proposed the driver relay based on Arduino UNO. The novel of this research is adding the Arduino UNO module between Node MCU and the relay module which has task to bridge the voltage difference between the output digital output ESP that only maximum 3.3 volt converted by Arduino to be digital output which can reach the voltage of 5 volt. The Arduino JSON library was also involved to wrap the commands that produced by Node MCU then deserialized on Arduino to parse and convert to be digital output to control the relay module.

A Robust 8-Bit Non-Volatile Computing-in-Memory Core for Low-Power Parallel MAC Operations

The Artificial Intelligence (AI) in edge computing is requesting new processing units with a much higher computing-power ratio. The emerging resistive Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) with the in-memory computing capability may greatly advance the AI hardware technologies. In this paper, we propose the use of binary resistive memory to form an 8-bit fixed-point data/weight for AI computing. A robust Computing-In-Memory (CIM) core with digital input and analog output Multiplication-and-Accumulation (MAC) circuit is proposed. The corresponding integration scheme and Successive Approximation Register Analog-to-Digital Converter (SAR ADC) based data conversion scheme are also presented. The simulation results show that the proposed CIM core achieves 7.26 bit of Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) with 0.78mW (256*1) power consumption and 1.85M/s computing speed. Compared with previously reported CIM implementations and Deep Learning Accelerators (DLAs) (without CIM ability), our design achieves 2.23– $7.26\times $ better energy efficiency in 8-bit input 8-bit weight pattern, and achieves relatively high accuracy with LeNet and AlexNet.

Wireless Controlled Smart Home System

In recent years popularity of smart Home has been increasing due to low price and simplicity through tablet and Smartphone connectivity. It is an automation of house or home activity. Raspberry Pi3 is a small computer with digital input output capability and it was introduced in 2016; input/output ability besides the availability of all computer features make this system very suitable to be central unit can for smart home. Smart Home may contain centralize controller which control heating, lightning, ventilation in the home, HAVC( Heating, Ventilation and air conditioning), Safety locks of gates, doors and other system to provide improve comfort, better energy efficiency and security. The aim of this Paper is to develop a smart home application using RPi3, wemose-d1 and GSM. Programming has been developed in C++ in wemose-d1 and Python environment for RPi3 operation. The MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol) technologic used to connect between raspberry pi3 and nodes.

Focus on test, measurement, and materials

Focus on test, measurement, and materials

Armor Tile Protection System of Neutral Beam Injector

In the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) experiment, part of beam energy passes through the plasma and deposits in the interior wall of EAST. In order to protect the interior wall of EAST and obtain the temperature of it. A set of armor tile protection system (ATPS) based on PCI extensions for instrumentation was established. The function of ATPS is: (1) data acquisition; (2) anti false triggering; (3) output Digital Input Output alarm signal; The system is important to neutral beam injector even to whole EAST experiment. Experiments show that: the protection system fully meet the experimental requirements.

Wireless CNC Motion Controller Designed with PSoC

Numerical control (NC) technology is a kind of technology combined with electronics, machinery manufacturing, and other interdisciplinary combination of technologies. It is an important part of modern manufacturing. Currently, NC technology is developing towards the open CNC system with extensibility and interchangeability, while the modern electronic technology is developing towards the programmable technology and SoC (System-on-Chip) technology. However, current CNC controller designed with SoC is still in the research stage and not practical yet. In this paper, a practical CNC motion controller is built with modern PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip) with wireless Ethernet interface. This controller has a high-performance microprocessor, numbers of free configurable analog and digital devices and IO (input/output) interfaces, and many kinds of communication interfaces. Therefore, it has good real-time control functions and communication functions. Experiments for controlling a three joint-axis engraving machine show that the controller can achieve high performance of parallel control of the three joint-axis linear interpolation and two joint-axis circular interpolation, and high performance of the trapezoidal and S-shape speed control. In addition, in order to reduce the impact to the motor and increase the system efficiency, a kind of look-ahead algorithm for velocity control with low time cost is used.

Focus on software and semiconductors

Focus on software and semiconductors

Development of a pulse programmer for magnetic resonance imaging using a personal computer and a high-speed digital input–output board

We have developed a pulse programmer for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a personal computer and a commercially available high-speed digital input-output board. The software for the pulse programmer was developed using C∕C++ and .NET Framework 2.0 running under the Windows 7 operating system. The pulse programmer was connected to a digital MRI transceiver using a 32-bit parallel interface, and 128-bit data (16 bits × 8 words) for the pulse sequence and the digitally detected MRI signal were transferred bi-directionally every 1 μs. The performance of the pulse programmer was evaluated using a 1.0 T permanent magnet MRI system. The acquired MR images demonstrated the usefulness of the pulse programmer. Although our pulse programmer was developed for a specially designed digital MRI transceiver, our approach can be used for any MRI system if the interface for the transceiver is properly designed. Therefore, we have concluded that our approach is promising for MRI pulse programmers.

Computability of Digital Input Output Models

Using Church's thesis on recursiveness of m-ary relations of integer numbers and methods for existence of solutions for Diophantine equations, the conditions on the computability of some important digital input output models are demonstrated.

Automated Flow-Injection Instrument for Chemiluminescence Detection Using a Low-Cost Photodiode Detector: An Interdisciplinary Project in Chemical Instrumentation, Graphical Programming, Computer Interfacing, and Analytical Chemistry

This work is concerned with the design, construction, automatic control, and optimization of a flow injection analysis (FIA) instrument with chemiluminescence (CL) detection. The project proceeds in three stages: the construction of the detector, the construction and control of the flow system, and the chemical measurements. The light detector is based on a low-cost commercially available photodiode. Control of the flow system and data acquisition is performed through an interface card controlled by the LabVIEW software tool. In developing the detector and the flow system, students were acquainted with different aspects of instrument design and control, such as light detectors, operational amplifiers, analog and digital filtering, computer interfacing (digital-to-analog converters, analog-to-digital converters, digital input–output), and graphical programming. The apparatus developed was used to optimize the chemical and instrumental variables of a FIA–CL method for the quantitative determination of Co(II).

Open-loop and closed-loop experimental on-line identification of a three-mass electromechanical system

System identification has long been of prime interest in industrial applications. The purpose of the current contribution is to present experimental on-line identification of a three-mass electromechanical system in digital input–output model. Studies are carried out by formulating the mathematical model of the plant using differential equations, and discrete-time identification using on-line plant input–output data. The theory and computer-based parameter identification method is described. Steady-state and transient behaviour of the system is investigated to define characteristics of the system. Recursive least squares method is used to estimate the unknown parameters of the system that match input–output behaviour of the real electromechanical system. Discrete-time data for parameter identification are obtained experimentally carrying out on a PM-DC motor set-up. Direct identification method is used in closed-loop identification. Root-mean-square error criterion is used for model validation. Results obtained in open-loop and closed-loop identification are presented which show variations in the system parameters.

A three-layer 3D silicon system using through-Si vertical optical interconnections and Si CMOS hybrid building blocks

We present for the first time a three-dimensional (3D) Si CMOS interconnection system consisting of three layers of optically interconnected hybrid integrated Si CMOS transceivers. The transceivers were fabricated using 0.8-/spl mu/m digital Si CMOS foundry circuits and were integrated with long wavelength InP-based emitters and detectors for through-Si vertical optical interconnections. The optical transmitter operated with a digital input and optical output with operation speeds up to 155 Mb/s. The optical receiver operated with an external optical input and a digital output up to 155 Mb/s. The transceivers were stacked to form 3D through-Si vertical optical interconnections and a fabricated three layer stack demonstrated optical interconnections between the three layers with operational speed of 1 Mb/s and bit-error rate of 10/sup -9/.

Real-time digital simulator for power system analysis on a hypercube computer

A digital simulator based on a hypercube-type massively parallel computer, the NCube2, has been developed. The simulator features: real-time simulation of a large power system which covers transient stability through long-term behavior with constant accuracy level in root mean square values; user-friendly man-machine interfaces which mimic the actual operating environment including interactive setting of several system parameters and real-time data presentation on a CRT; and high-speed A/D (analog to digital) converters, D/A (digital to analog) converters, and D/IO (digital input and digital output) interfaces are used to connect the digital simulator (power system dynamic model) to actual equipment. The authors describe the basic characteristics of the digital simulator and present results obtained in real-time simulations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Interface to synchronize a pulsed molecular beam source to a fast scanning Nicolet FTIR spectrometer

An interface was designed to synchronize a pulsed molecular beam source to a free-running, fast scanning, Nicolet 60SXB FTIR Spectrometer used in time-resolved studies of surfaces. Input and output lines along with their associated software drivers were developed. One of the RS-232 channels available on the Nicolet 1280 computer was used to provide digital input and digital output signals. A Convert signal was made available to allow external counting of data taking cycles. Communication was established, using another RS-232 channel, between the Nicolet 1280 computer and an AT&amp;T 6300 computer that runs other aspects of the experiment. This interface could be applied to any time-dependent process run by any computer with a spare RS-232 channel and a TTL Convert signal indicating the start of each data taking period.

A unique monitoring and control system for laboratory fermenters

An interfacing network utilizing RS-232, analog, and digital input-output was designed for laboratory fermenters. It is unique due to its ability to communicate with more than two RS-232 devices, and can be expanded by the addition of other devices utilizing any communication protocol.

Mass flow anesthesia delivery system and its application

Microcomputer-based anesthesia delivery system using mass flow control devices has been developed. System is superior in computer control to conventional anesthesia machine because there is no mechanical setting. System consists of three thermal mass flow controllers (TMFC), one vapor source controller (VSC), personal computer system, and air circuits. Personal computer system has facilities of digital output, analogue input and analogue output interfaces. TMFCs and VSC are devices which operational principle is based on the thermal conductance and they are controlled by electrical signals from computer in the system. TMFCs control the mass flow of nitrous oxide, oxygen and carbon oxide according to each input voltage signal. VSC regulates mass vapor of halothane in order to keep set value up by means of alteration of oxygen carrier gas flow. Computer always monitors the gas flow of the TMFCs and VSC so that computer compensates the change of the carrier gas flow of VSC by regulating the TMFC for oxygen. Mixed gas from TMFCs and VSC is supplied through the air circuit to subject. Characteristics of the system was measured by mass spectrometer and flowmeter. Stability was 0.05% change after 30 minutes at the initial set of 3%. Experiment on animals using mongrel dogs has been performed to verify the system functions.

Software control of sensing and stimulation for cardiac electrophysiological study

A software-controlled cardiac stimulator for clinical investigations is described. The stimulator is programmed by the user at a keyboard, while current status and values of parameters are presented on a visual display screen. A menu of predefined cardiac electrophysiological tests is available for user selection. Validity checks on data keyed in by the user and internal checks on safe pacing limits are incorporated in case of malfunction or user error. The system consists of a separate relatively simple isolated sensing and stimulation unit which communicates, via a standard digital input output interface, with a controlling microcomputer. All timing and control functions are performed in software by the computer. The use of high-level FORTRAN as the main programming language provides the system with a high degree of adaptability.

General purpose talking laboratory instrument for the visually handicapped

The instrument described here was designed as a laboratory aid for the visually handicapped. It is basically a 3 1/2-digit multimeter with speech output; however, it has added functions which extend its usefulness beyond the ability to measure the usual ranges of ac and dc voltage and current. The device can function as a thermometer, a pH meter, a 6-digit timer, and an events counter. Two voltage-to-frequency (V/F) converters make it useful as an audible comparator and peak detector. An integrator is realized by using the counter to count the pulse train from a V/F converter which monitors the input signal. A low-level differential channel is provided for interfacing to instruments with recorder outputs, such as gas chromatographs. Spoken values of measured quantities are accompanied by sign, decimal point, and units. The instrument can also interface with other digital devices through 42 lines of parallel digital input–output. It can convert seven parallel BCD digits into speech or it can output BCD data from its counter or converter to a microcomputer.