Security Of Digital Images Research Articles

Digital Image Security Implementation With Uses Super Encryption Algorithm Myszkowski And The Algorithm Paillier Cryptosystem

This study aims to implement digital image security by applying two encryption algorithms, namely the Myszkowski algorithm and the Paillier Cryptosystem algorithm. Digital images are a very important form of data and are used frequently in a variety of applications, so protecting their security is a major concern. The encryption method proposed in this study uses a combination of the Myszkowski algorithm to randomize image pixels and the Paillier Cryptosystem algorithm to perform symmetric key encryption. At the experimental stage, qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out on the performance of the encryption implemented on digital images. Testing is carried out by comparing the level of security and encryption speed of the two algorithms used. In addition, size analysis of encrypted images was also performed to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed system. The results of the study show that the use of a combination of the Myszkowski algorithm and the Paillier Cryptosystem algorithm provides a high level of security for digital images. In addition, the efficiency of this system has also been proven in producing efficient encryption image sizes, so that it can be implemented in image-based applications that require a higher level of security.

Modifikasi Pembangkit Kunci Algoritma Vigenere Cipher Berdasarkan Pembangkit Bilangan Acak CSPRNG Untuk Mengamankan Citra Digital

The distribution of digital images in the current digital era is very rapid. The distribution of digital images has become a habit for every person every day, some are for public consumption and some are confidential. We can see the distribution of digital images in the use of social media, online shops, offices and government. Of course, everyone who distributes digital images does not want to lose the meaning of the digital image because people do bad work, or the digital image is misused by parties who do not have authority over the image, so it needs to be secured. Security issues have been an issue that has been discussed endlessly since the past until now. Information that is confidential, sensitive or of high value is kept secure so that it cannot be accessed by people who do not have authority over the information. Likewise with digital images, they must be safe from people who do not have authority over the image. Digital images can be secured using cryptographic algorithms. This research discusses how to modify the Vigenere cipher with a CSPRNG key generator based on the RSA algorithm. The Vigenere cipher is a classic cryptographic algorithm that utilizes key length as a strength to secure data and information. The longer the key applied, the more secure the encryption, and long keys must be random and unique. In this research, the key that will be used is a CSPRNG random number generator based on the RSA algorithm. The random numbers generated by this algorithm are believed to be very difficult for attackers to compute. By applying this algorithm to encrypt digital images, it is believed to be able to secure digital images, the pixel pattern in the image will be as random as possible. The transmitted digital image will be distributed in a random pixel pattern and will appear useless to attackers. The application of this algorithm is believed to be able to maintain digital image security.

Hybrid optimization for secure and robust digital image watermarking with DWT, DCT and SPIHT

Hybrid optimization for secure and robust digital image watermarking with DWT, DCT and SPIHT

A time-efficient and noise-resistant cryptosystem based on discrete wavelet transform and chaos theory: An application in image encryption

Due to the exponential rise of multimedia technologies, digital information privacy is now more crucial than ever. The process of transmitting data across a channel such as the internet has become a challenging task. In recent years, a variety of techniques for encrypting digital data have been proposed. However, due to shortcomings such as a high computational cost and weak security, it is important to build an encryption scheme that can provide a suitable level of security while also being time-effective. This research introduces a Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), chaotic map, and substitution box-based encryption scheme that is both time efficient and provides high levels of security for digital images. DWT is utilized to reduce the computation complexity of the encryption scheme proposed in this research. This is done by transforming the input image into its four frequency sub-bands (ΓΓ, Γħ, ħΓ, and ħħ) and selecting only the low-frequency sub-band (ΓΓ) for encryption, while the substitution boxes (S-boxes) and a chaotic map are used to increase the level of security. Using chaotic maps, random sequences are also generated to introduce confusion and diffusion. The final encrypted image is created by combining all of the non-modified and encrypted frequency bands. Finally, the results show that proposed encryption system nears the optimum values with a key-space of 2265 to avoid a brute-force attack.

Analysis of Parameters Influencing the Performance of Digital Image Encryption using ECC

Abstract: Digital images are widely used in various domains, including social media, military, and healthcare. However, the security of digital images is threatened by cyber-attacks and privacy concerns. Cryptography plays a crucial role in ensuring the privacy and integrity of data, including digital images. Encryption methods are employed to protect digital images from unauthorized access. Among these methods, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is particularly effective, offering robust security with shorter key lengths. This research paper analysis ECC-based encryption methods for digital image encryption, considering parameters that impact their performance.

Comparative Analysis of Techniques Used to Detect Copy-Move Tampering for Real-World Electronic Images

Evolution of high computational powerful computers, easy availability of several innovative editing software package and high-definition quality-based image capturing tools follows to effortless result in producing image forgery. Though, threats for security and misinterpretation of digital images and scenes have been observed to be happened since a long period and also a lot of research has been established in developing diverse techniques to authenticate the digital images. On the contrary, the research in this region is not limited to checking the validity of digital photos but also to exploring the specific signs of distortion or forgery. This analysis would not require additional prior information of intrinsic content of corresponding digital image or prior embedding of watermarks. In this paper, recent growth in the area of copy-move tampering identification have been discussed along with benchmarking study. In this study, three combination of methods like discrete cosine transform with Fast K-Means, discrete wavelet transform with Fast K-Means and discrete cosine transform with Fuzzy-C means can efficiently locate duplicated regions with quantitative parameter i.e. 92%, 83% and 92% respectively. With variety of methodologies and concepts, different applications of forgery detection have been discussed with corresponding outcomes especially using machine and deep learning methods in order to develop efficient automated forgery detection system. The future applications and development of advanced soft-computing based techniques in digital image forgery tampering has been discussed.

Enabling secure image transmission in unmanned aerial vehicle using digital image watermarking with H-Grey optimization

Drone technology, also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), has advanced rapidly in the last decade owing to the huge number of users. This approach has an immense opportunity in areas like healthcare, agriculture, and forestry. However, the transmission of digital images via drone technology is associated with vulnerabilities and risks, due to a lack of efficient security solutions. Digital Image Watermarking (DIW) has emerged as a viable solution for digital image transmission in UAV applications. However, achieving robustness, security, and imperceptibility in a watermarking system at the same time is a difficult task. To address the aforementioned concerns, this paper proposes a secure digital image watermarking scheme in the hybrid DWT-SVD domain. The scaling factor is chosen adaptively from the hybrid Harmony-Grey Wolf (H-Grey) optimization algorithm to maintain a balance between imperceptibility and robustness. In addition, a novel symmetric cryptographic-based four-level encryption approach PSMD (Partitioning, Substituting, Merging, Division) is proposed to address UAV image security concerns by using Fibonacci and prime number series to generate two random keys. The proposed encryption scheme provides high security at low computational cost. The experimental results show that the visual quality and robustness are both high (Avg. PSNR = 41.27 dB and Avg. SSIM = 0.99, NC = 0.99, and BER = 0.0008 calculated for 100 images). The subjective and objective experimental analysis indicates that the proposed encryption scheme is highly secure and the computational cost is also low. The average embedding and extraction time is 0.25 s and 0.09 s It is resistant to various image processing attacks. A comparison with some of the most recent popular schemes confirms the scheme’s effectiveness. The presented DIW can be used for copyright protection, UAV image transmission applications, military applications, and other purposes.

Medical Image Encryption: A Comprehensive Review

In medical information systems, image data can be considered crucial information. As imaging technology and methods for analyzing medical images advance, there will be a greater wealth of data available for study. Hence, protecting those images is essential. Image encryption methods are crucial in multimedia applications for ensuring the security and authenticity of digital images. Recently, the encryption of medical images has garnered significant attention from academics due to concerns about the safety of medical communication. Advanced approaches, such as e-health, smart health, and telemedicine applications, are employed in the medical profession. This has highlighted the issue that medical images are often produced and shared online, necessitating protection against unauthorized use.

Dynamic DNA cryptography-based image encryption scheme using multiple chaotic maps and SHA-256 hash function

In today's world, a substantial number of digital images are conserved and transmitted through diverse online platforms on a daily basis. Preserving the confidentiality of images is a paramount issue in the current digital environment. To safeguard the privacy of digital images on internet platforms, a robust, effective, and reliable encryption technique is required. This paper proposes a robust and efficient image encryption scheme based on a dynamic DNA encoding and DNA operations associated with chaotic maps with simple structures and highly chaotic behavior, such as the Logistic map, the Henon map, and the Lorenz system, to provide substantial security for digital images. Furthermore, the SHA-256 hash technique and zigzag traversal are used in the algorithm to reinforce the system. This paper defines an improved DNA encoding scheme that can encode four bits at once instead of two bits. Besides, unique and randomized keys are generated for each encryption and decryption session. The proposed scheme exhibits several admirable characteristics, including low processing cost, high randomness, large key space, flexible parameter space, high sensitivity to both keys and plaintext, and fast execution speed. As a result, the proposed scheme effectively safeguards sensitive digital images from a broad range of cryptographic attacks. Numerous evaluation results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm is more secure and efficient than state-of-the-art methods against a huge assortment of cryptographic attacks.

Perbandingan algoritma kriptografi simon dan vigenere dalam mengamankan citra digital

Digital image files or images are sometimes a valuable asset. Digital images that are private and confidential are very vulnerable to interception by other parties, especially if the image is distributed via the internet. To increase the security of digital images so that their confidentiality can be maintained, a special technique is needed to protect digital image messages, namely with cryptographic techniques. This study aims to determine the performance of the SIMON algorithm for digital image security. SIMON algorithm performance results are compared with the vigenere cipher algorithm in terms of time and image file size produced. In this study used base64 encode for the encryption process and base64 decode for the decryption process. The performance of the SIMON algorithm in securing digital images results in an average encryption time of 969 ms and an average decryption time of 1537 ms. The SIMON algorithm requires a longer time for the encryption and decryption process when compared to the Vigenere algorithm. The cipher image encrypted by the SIMON algorithm has a size larger than the original file by 36%. However, when compared to the cipher image encrypted by the Vigenere algorithm, there is no significant difference. The UACI value obtained from the SIMON algorithm cipher image obtained an average yield of 18.94%. Based on the theory of differential analysis, it can be said that this value is still vulnerable to differential attack. This is based on the UACI value which has not met the minimum threshold value of 33%.

Triple Encryption of Images based on RC4, Zigzag, and Elliptic Curve Algorithms for Enhanced Security

The security of digital images is of paramount importance in today's digital world. Encryption is a technique used to secure digital images from unauthorized access. The encryption technique transforms the original image into a scrambled form, which is unreadable to anyone without the proper decryption key. Several encryption techniques have been proposed to secure digital images, including DES, AES, RSA, and ECC. These methods, however, are susceptible to side-channel and brute-force attacks. Hence, new encryption methods that offer more security are required. The new multi-encryption algorithm for secure digital image encryption is presented in this research. The suggested approach combines the RC4, Zigzag transformation, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithms to increase the security of picture encryption. Data is encrypted using the RC4 stream cipher, image data is scrambled using the Zigzag method, and the key used in the transformation is encrypted using the ECC technique. The proposed algorithm was tested using several standard metrics, and the results show that it outperforms existing encryption techniques in terms of security.

EiMOL: A Secure Medical Image Encryption Algorithm based on Optimization and the Lorenz System

Nowadays, the demand for digital images from different intelligent devices and sensors has dramatically increased in smart healthcare. Due to advanced low-cost and easily available tools and software, manipulation of these images is an easy task. Thus, the security of digital images is a serious challenge for the content owners, healthcare communities, and researchers against illegal access and fraudulent usage. In this article, a secure medical image encryption algorithm, EiMOL , based on optimization and the Lorenz system, is proposed for smart healthcare applications. In the first stage, an optimized random sequence (ORS) is generated through directed weighted complex network particle swarm optimization using the genetic algorithm (GDWCN-PSO). This random number matrix and the Lorenz system are adopted to encrypt plain medical images, obtaining the cipher messages with a relationship to the plain images. According to our obtained results, the proposed EiMOL encryption algorithm is effective and resistant to the many attacks on benchmark Kaggle and Open-i datasets. Further, extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.

Implementation of Affine Group Algebra on Digital Image Security

The concept of group theory has been applied to digital image security using the DES algorithm and wavelet transform. Affine Cipher algorithm was a symmetric cryptographic algorithm. This was initiated for studying further the implementation of the Affine group on the Affine transformation. More over, digital image used the Affine algorithm in security. The purpose of this paper was described the implementation of the existence of an Affine Group in the Affine transformation carried out in digital image cryptography. The concept of maintaining geometric shapes in Affinetransformations and bijective nature of each Affine transformation could be formed an Affine group.

Color image encryption algorithm based on bidirectional spiral transformation and DNA coding

The security of digital images has become increasingly important as information technology has advanced considerably. To ensure image security and improve the efficiency of image encryption, a novel color image encryption algorithm is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a novel three-dimensional chaotic system with extreme multistability is proposed and employed to generate the chaotic sequences to be used in the permutation and diffusion processes. Secondly, the proposed bidirectional spiral transformation is used to permute the R, G and B components extracted from the color plain image. Thirdly, the permuted pixel sequence is dynamically encoded into a DNA sequence. To further increase the permutation effect, the DNA sequence is permuted again using the index sequence. Finally, the dynamical DNA operations are performed to diffuse the permuted DNA sequence, and the designed look-up table method is used to quickly obtain the DNA operation results. The key space of the proposed algorithm is 10266, which is large enough to resist the brute-force attacks. The average entropy value of the cipher image of Peppers is 7.9971, which is much closer to the theoretical entropy value 8. The dynamic DNA operations process only takes up 0.032349s, which shows the advantage of the proposed look-up table method. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can be applied to the application that require high confidentiality and real-time.

A novel image encryption scheme based on elliptic curves and coupled map lattices

The security of digital images has become the main concern due to the rapid rise in the sharing of data over the Internet and open networks. Recently many image cryptosystems are introduced to secretly share data but have some efficiency issues and drawbacks. Couple map lattices (CMLs) chaotic-systems and elliptic curves (ECs) are widely used in cryptography due to their long period and random behavior. A novel and secure image encryption algorithm based on ECs and CMLs is proposed for the real-time transmission of images with the aim to overcome the shortcomings of traditional encryption algorithms. The encryption procedure is mainly divided into two steps. In the first step, EC-based pseudo-random-numbers are used to create diffusion in the plain-image. In the second step, a substitution-box generator based on ECs and CMLs is designed to create confusion in the diffused image. The proposed encryption scheme has a large keyspace and is robust against the brute-force attacks. The use of a CMLs chaotic-system makes the encryption algorithm secure against the known-plaintext attack. The computation time of the newly constructed scheme is very low as it takes only 0.641 s to encrypt an image of size 256×256. The outcome of the experimental and statistical analysis shows that the proposed encryption algorithm is highly secure and can outperform some state-of-the-art schemes.

A Color Image Encryption Scheme Based on Singular Values and Chaos

The security of digital images transmitted via the Internet or other public media is of the utmost importance. Image encryption is a method of keeping an image secure while it travels across a non-secure communication medium where it could be intercepted by unauthorized entities. This study provides an approach to color image encryption that could find practical use in various contexts. The proposed method, which combines four chaotic systems, employs singular value decomposition and a chaotic sequence, making it both secure and compression-friendly. The unified average change intensity, the number of pixels’ change rate, information entropy analysis, correlation coefficient analysis, compression friendliness, and security against brute force, statistical analysis and differential attacks are all used to evaluate the algorithm’s performance. Following a thorough investigation of the experimental data, it is concluded that the proposed image encryption approach is secure against a wide range of attacks and provides superior compression friendliness when compared to chaos-based alternatives.

A robust detection and localization technique for copy-move forgery in digital images

Image forensic analysis becomes a major role in the field of digital image security due to tampering and forgery. The image forgery violates the authenticity and ownership of digital images. Copy-move forgery considers a significant kind of image forensic analysis algorithm. In this kind, the forger copies a part of an original image and then pastes it into the selected position from the same image. The purpose of forgery is to hide or highlight a specific region of the original image. To detect copy-move forgery, there are two traditional techniques: block-based and keypoint-based. The main drawback of the keypoint-based technique is the insufficient features for the small and flat regions, which causes undetected forgery. In contrast, the block-based technique has intensive processing. Therefore, this paper proposes a robust scheme that overcomes the drawbacks of the above techniques and maintains their advantages. This scheme adopts three connected stages, the first detects the initial duplicated regions using the SURF-HOG detector and descriptor. Subsequently, the second stage localizes the primary matched regions by SLIC segmentation and then selects the suspicious neighbor regions to be combined with primary regions to obtain the active regions. In the third stage, the block-based technique adopts overlapping Zernike moments to extract sufficient key points from the produced active regions. In the final stage, the duplicated regions are classified into authentic or forged regions. The proposed scheme provides not only forgery detection but also localization and recognition for the duplicated regions. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is fast and has high accuracy for forgery detection and localization, at least 93.75, and 7.25 in terms of True Positive and False Positive Rates. Moreover, the scheme has high robustness under various conditions and attacks such as geometric transformation attacks and compound photometric attacks. The proposed scheme can be used in sensitive applications such as cybercrime detection and adopted as evidence in the courts.

Robust and secured watermarking using Ja-Fi optimization for digital image transmission in social media

Widespread transmission of digital image in social media has come up with security, confidentiality and authentication issues. Ensuring copyright protection of digital images shared through social media has become inevitable. To address these issues, a robust and secure digital image watermarking scheme using Redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) - Singular value decomposition (SVD) hybrid transform is proposed in this paper. In the proposed scheme, digital image is divided into 4 × 4 non-overlapping blocks, and low information blocks are selected for embedding to ensure higher imperceptibility. For watermark embedding 1-level RDWT is applied on the selected blocks followed by SVD decomposition to make the proposed scheme highly robust against common attacks. One watermark bit is embedded in each left and right singular SVD matrices by adjusting the coefficients. This makes the proposed scheme free from false positive error and achieve high embedding capacity. Before embedding, watermark encryption is done by using a pseudo random key. The pseudo random key is generated adaptively from the cover image by using discrete wavelet transform saliency map, block mean approach and cosine functions. High imperceptibility and robustness is indispensable for the digital images shared through social media. But, these watermarking characteristics are in trade-off. In the proposed scheme, the trade-off is balanced by using optimized scaling factor (embedding strength). Scaling factor is optimized by using the proposed JAYA-Firefly (Ja-Fi) optimization. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides high imperceptibility, robustness, embedding capacity and security. Furthermore, performance comparison with the recent state-of-the-art schemes affirms that the proposed scheme has superior performance.

An Efficient Lightweight Image Encryption Scheme Using Multichaos

With an immense increase in Internet multimedia applications over the past few years, digital content such as digital images are stored and shared over global networks, the probability for information leakage and illegal modifications to the digital content is at high risk. These digital images are transferred using the network bandwidth; therefore, secure encryption schemes facilitate both information security and bandwidth issues. Hence, a state-of-the-art lightweight information security methodology is required to address this challenge. The main objective of this work is to develop a lightweight nonlinear mechanism for digital image security using chaos theory. The proposed scheme starts by changing a plain image into an encrypted image to improve its security. A block cipher, using lightweight chaos, has been added to achieve this objective for digital image security. We utilized multiple chaotic maps to generate random keys for each channel. Also, Arnold cat map and chaotic gingerbread map are used to add confusion and diffusion. During the permutation stage, image pixels are permuted, while in diffusion stage, pixels are distorted utilizing gingerbread map to add more security. The proposed scheme has been validated using different security parameter tests such as correlation coefficient tests (CC), whose results have been observed closer to zero and information entropy (IE) value is 7.99, respectively, which is almost equal to the ideal value of 8. Moreover, number of pixels changing rate (NPCR) obtained value is higher than 99.50%, while the unified average changing intensity (UACI) is 33.33. Other parameters such as mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), lower value of peak to signal noise ratio (PSNR), structural content (SC), maximum difference (MD), average difference (AD), normalized cross-correlation (NCC), and histogram analysis (HA) is tested. The computed values of the proposed scheme are better. The achieved results after comparison with existing schemes highlight that the proposed scheme is highly secure, lightweight, and feasible for real-time communications.

A highly robust and secure digital image watermarking using modified optimal foraging algorithm - based SVM classifier and hyperchaotic Fibonacci Q-matrix

Transmission media is at rise over the internet, due to which the copyright risk is alarming. In such situation, enhanced security is the main concern. Digital image watermarking is the technique that ensures the copyright protection, security, and authenticity of the digital image. This research work recommends a highly secured and robust digital image watermarking system. In this method, the cover image is confused by arbitrarily generated numbers by a six-dimensional hyperchaotic technique, then this permuted image is scattered by applying the Fibonacci Q matrix to generate a scattered host image. This scattered image is decomposed up to 3 levels through DWT and the low pass sub-band caused by DWT are further decomposed by SVD. Singular values generated by SVD are used for watermark embedding as a slight change in the value does not affect the image quality. SVM classifier is used to classify the appropriate location to insert the scattered binary watermark. In this method SVM parameters are optimized by a modified optimal foraging algorithm, so that classification error can be reduced. Pixel rearrangement of the watermark image and host image makes the proposed method more secure, and it is highly robust as SVM is trained to classify locations that are less distorted by noise. Experimental outcomes depicts that the proposed method is accurate and better to the current cutting-edge methods in terms of security and robustness of digital image watermarking, as PSNR is approx. 72db and NC values are 1 after applying all the possible attacks.