The modeling of thermal residual stresses generated in TaC/stellite and TiC/stellite composite surface layers produced by the oscillating electron beam remelting on low alloys steel is presented. The homogenization method is applied to analyze the real composite microstructures by utilizing the digital image-based (DIB) geometric modeling technique. Two scales of elastic stress analysis are studied: macroscopic one referring to the global structure of composite layer produced over the substrate of low alloy steel and microscopic, comprising the selected unit cell of composite microstructure.