IIR Digital Filters Research Articles

Design Polynomial IIR Digital Filters of the Integer Parameters Space Use to Compress Image Data

Polynomial IIR digital filters play a crucial role in the process of image data compression. The main purpose of designing polynomial IIR digital filters of the integer parameters space and introduce efficient filters to compress image data using a singular value decomposition algorithm. The proposed work is designed to break down the complex topic into bite-sized pieces of image data compression through the lens of compression image data using Infinite Impulse Response Filters. The frequency response of the filters is measured using a real signal with an automated panoramic measuring system developed in the virtual instrument environment. The analysis of the output signal showed that there are no limit cycles with a maximum radius of poles of 0.96 in the polynomial bandpass filters. Thus, all the functional requirements for the Integer Parameters Space of the proposed polynomial IIR digital filters were met. The results showed that the data compression and size reducing of an image file is processed without significantly impacting of visual quality. This is achieved by removing redundant or unnecessary information from the image while preserving the important details which removes unnecessary data to make the file smaller and more manageable.

Serial digital QAM-modem based on complex band-pass IIR filters with LF-prototypes of Bessel

The article is devoted to the development and implementation of algorithms for the single-channel sequential quadrature amplitude modulation and demodulation based on digital complex band-pass IIR filters with LF-prototypes of Bessel. The use of complex IIR filters of Bessel allows to obtain orthogonal carrier signals which are close in shape to symmetric signals with practical non-overlapping spectra. The procedure for calculating the 4th-order digital low-pass Bessel filter using the generalized bilinear transformation method, which is used in the theory of digital signal processing to convert a continuous-time system into a discrete-time system, is considered. The variants of implementing the digital complex bandpass filters with a sequential structure using the complex delay method are considered, which allows to obtain the block diagrams of complex bandpass filters without additional calculations and to realize the restructuring of the central frequency without changing the frequency response shape by changing only two coefficients in complex delays. The procedure for obtaining of the expression of the impulse response of digital complex band-pass IIR filters of Bessel is considered. With the help of circuit modeling, the amplitude-frequency response and impulse response of such filter are determined. If the IIR filters are used in the modulator, the pulse characteristics of which are infinite and asymmetric, then it is necessary to use digital complex FIR filters consistent with the truncated pulse characteristic in the demodulator. But as an exception, the Bessel digital IIR filter has a phase-frequency response similar in shape closely to the linear one and, accordingly, a pulse response close to the symmetric one. In this case, the same recursive complex Bessel filters, similar to the filter in the modulator, can be used as matched filters in the demodulator. Therefore, the serial block diagram of the modem contains the same complex band-pass IIR filters with LF-prototypes of Bessel. The choice of the central frequency of the channel digital complex bandpass IIR filter is carried out by setting two coefficients. The results of circuit modeling of the data transmission system with the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM-16) in the Microcap environment are presented, confirming the operability of the proposed option.

A Nonlinear Optimization Design Algorithm for Nearly Linear-Phase 2D IIR Digital Filters

In this paper, a new optimization method for the design of nearly linear-phase two-dimensional infinite impulse (2D IIR) digital filters with a separable denominator is proposed. A design framework for 2D IIR digital filters is formulated as a nonlinear constrained optimization problem where the group delay deviation in the passband is minimized under prescribed soft magnitude constraints and hard stability requirements. To achieve this goal, sub-level sets of the group delay deviations are utilized to generate a sequence of filters, from which the one with the best performance is selected. The quality of the obtained filter is evaluated using three quality factors, namely, the passband magnitude quality factor Qh and the group delay deviation quality factor Qτ, while the third one is a new quality factor Qs that assesses the performance in the stopband relative to the minimum filter gain in the passband. The proposed framework is implemented using the interior-point (IP) method in a MATLAB environment, and the experimental results show that filters designed using the proposed method have good magnitude response and low group delay deviation. The performance of the resulting filters is compared with the results of other methods.

Designing of optimal digital IIR filter in the multi-objective framework using an evolutionary algorithm

In this work, an optimization technique i.e. diversity-driven multi-parent evolutionary algorithm with adaptive non-uniform mutation (DDMPEA-ANUM) has been used to design a digital IIR filter considering the magnitude response error of pass-band and stop-band and linear phase response error as fitness functions. The proposed algorithm utilizes population space aggregation and fitness variance concepts to guide the solution so that it will not stuck in local optima. The efficacy of the developed method is tested on twenty-three benchmark functions and compared with other state of art algorithms in terms of best, worst, average and standard deviation. The statistical analysis of the developed algorithm has also been carried out through Wilcoxon’s rank-sum to confirm its effectiveness. The developed algorithm while designing the IIR filter design problem obtained the least values for magnitude response error of pass-band and stop-band and linear phase response when compared to other state of art algorithms. For instance, the developed algorithm obtained magnitude response error for pass band and stop band and linear phase response error of 0.0101, 0.727 and 3.3903 ×10−06 for LP, 0.0073, 0.003 and 2.3933 ×10−06 for HP, 0.0018, 0.0260 and 4.4429 ×10−06 for bandpass filter and 0.0445, 0.0209 and 1.3081 ×10−06 for band stop filter.

The Application of LQG Balanced Truncation Algorithm to the Digital Filter Design Problem

This paper presents a method for using a model reduction algorithm to design low-order digital filters. Designing an IIR digital filter that meets the specifications often leads to a high-order digital filter. To reduce the computation time and increase the response rate of the filter, we need to reduce the order of the high-order digital filter. Applying the LQG balanced truncation algorithm to reduce the demand for high-order digital filters shows that low-order filters can completely replace high-order digital filters. The simulation results show that the use of the LQG balanced truncation algorithm in order to reduce the filter order is correct and efficient.

Mathematical Modeling Method of the Improved Genetic Algorithm for Random Power Fluctuation

In order to solve the problem that the traditional genetic algorithm has a slow search speed and is easy to fall into the local optimal solution, a mathematical modeling method of an improved genetic algorithm in random power fluctuation is proposed. Drawing on the idea of a genetic algorithm (GA) and using the randomness and stability trend of cloud droplets of the normal cloud model, the author proposes a new genetic algorithm, cloud genetic algorithm (CGA). CGA is implemented by the Y-condition cloud generator of the normal cloud model to realize the cross operation, and the basic cloud generator realizes the mutation operation. Finally, the power function optimization experiment and the IIR digital filter optimization design are carried out, and the standard GA, NQGA, CAGA, and LARES algorithms are carried out compared. The experimental results show that the IIR digital filter designed by CGA has the smallest maximum ripple (Ap) in the passband, which is 0.342, and the largest minimum attenuation (As) in the stopband, which is 34.27. It can be observed that the overall performance is better. The validity of the algorithm is proved, and it has a certain reference and application value.

OPTIMIZATION OF CHARGE / DISCHARGE TIME OF ACTIVE FILTER CAPACITORS DURING VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

A voltage regulator on capacitors has been developed for the control circuit of a parallel active filter based on dq-theory with a block of sliding averaging current in the current control circuit i_d. It contains a delay unit, a digital low-pass filter of the first order FIR or IIR (depending on the variant of the considered scheme) and the unit “sgn”, which stabilizes the output signal. The voltage control circuit on the capacitor can be implemented entirely in digital signal processing and used instead of the analog PID controller, which is much more effective if you need to adapt the circuit to the load mode. Most analog filters suffer from phase distortion when signals at different frequencies are delayed by different amounts. Although it is still present in digital IIR filters. FIR filters are usually designed as a “linear phase”, which means that the filter has no phase distortion. Phase distortions occur due to the fact that signals of different frequencies are delayed differently when crossing the filter. For IIR filters, it is necessary to enter an additional factor that will regulate the group delay, during which the filter will delay the signal of a certain frequency. If you do the same for the FIR filter, you will see a straight horizontal line, which means that all signals are delayed by the same amount, which is good and will provide better signal quality. The unit “sgn” does not affect the process of maintaining the voltage on the capacitors and the speed of transients, its role is to enhance the compensatory capacity of the voltage regulator by filtering the digital signal. The selected filter, by automatically stabilizing the voltage on the capacitor provides a stable charge / discharge process of the capacitor and a high level of compensation of higher harmonics without significant additional generation of active power in the network. When used in the context of real-time analog systems, the digital filter sometimes has a problematic delay (input-output time difference) due to analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion and smoothing. It is shown that by optimizing the charge / discharge time of the capacitor of the power active filter it is possible to achieve the minimum duration of the transient process with the minimum values of harmonic distortions.

Image encryption algorithm based on digital filters controlled by 2D robust chaotic map

This paper introduces a new cryptosystem algorithm based on digital filters; as an encryption operation, second-order and third-order IIR digital filters are used, and as a decryption operation, second-order and third-order FIR digital filters are used: Chaos in digital filters is caused by the overflow non-linearity function. Both IIR and FIR digital filters are controlled by the first random sequence of zeros and ones produced by the 2D robust chaotic map, while the filters coefficients are generated by the second sequence, so that each pixel is encrypted and decrypted with different coefficients. Fisher-Yates shuffle has been used to obtain a random permutation of the position of the pixels of the original image, so that, the rows are shuffled first, then the columns, based on random numbers obtained by a hyperchaotic map 2D-LICM and 2D-SLIM respectively. Another algorithm based only on a single digital IIR/FIR filter is also presented in this work to allow us to demonstrate the development and high security of the proposed approach. Simulation and experimental results with performance analysis are carried out to demonstrate that our algorithm has high security and can resist various attacks such as differential attacks and statistical attacks.

OPTIMIZATION OF CHARGE / DISCHARGE TIME OF ACTIVE FILTER CAPACITORS DURING VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS

A voltage regulator on capacitors has been developed for the control circuit of a parallel active filter based on dq-theory with a block of sliding averaging current in the current control circuit i_d. It contains a delay unit, a digital low-pass filter of the first order FIR or IIR (depending on the variant of the considered scheme) and the unit “sgn”, which stabilizes the output signal. The voltage control circuit on the capacitor can be implemented entirely in digital signal processing and used instead of the analog PID controller, which is much more effective if you need to adapt the circuit to the load mode. Most analog filters suffer from phase distortion when signals at different frequencies are delayed by different amounts. Although it is still present in digital IIR filters. FIR filters are usually designed as a “linear phase”, which means that the filter has no phase distortion. Phase distortions occur due to the fact that signals of different frequencies are delayed differently when crossing the filter. For IIR filters, it is necessary to enter an additional factor that will regulate the group delay, during which the filter will delay the signal of a certain frequency. If you do the same for the FIR filter, you will see a straight horizontal line, which means that all signals are delayed by the same amount, which is good and will provide better signal quality. The unit “sgn” does not affect the process of maintaining the voltage on the capacitors and the speed of transients, its role is to enhance the compensatory capacity of the voltage regulator by filtering the digital signal. The selected filter, by automatically stabilizing the voltage on the capacitor provides a stable charge / discharge process of the capacitor and a high level of compensation of higher harmonics without significant additional generation of active power in the network. When used in the context of real-time analog systems, the digital filter sometimes has a problematic delay (input-output time difference) due to analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion and smoothing. It is shown that by optimizing the charge / discharge time of the capacitor of the power active filter it is possible to achieve the minimum duration of the transient process with the minimum values of harmonic distortions.

The topography of zeros and poles of a third order IIR digital filter with finite word length in the z-plane

Earlier it was found that the zeros and poles of IIR digital filters with finite word length are elements of the set of algebraic numbers. Therefore, not every point of the unit circle of the z-plane can be a zero and / or a pole of such digital filters. The position of admissible positions for zeros and poles depends on the degree of algebraic numbers and the length of the fractional part of the coefficients of the equivalent canonical structure of the corresponding order. The formation of the corresponding configurations is considered as a z-plane discretization due to the quantization of the filter coefficients. The z-plane discretization for second-order filters has been well studied. The geometric locus of the corresponding algebraic numbers is a system of concentric circles, that is, plane algebraic curves of the second degree. This paper presents the results of studying the geometrical place of the third order IIR filter zeros and poles.

Inclined planes system optimization: Theory, literature review, and state-of-the-art versions for IIR system identification

The Inclined Planes System Optimization (IPO) algorithm is recent algorithm that uses Newton’s second law to perform optimization. After conducting a thorough literature review, this paper proposes an improved version of IPO called IIPO. This improvement is achieved by changing exploratory and exploitative behavior of the standard IPO proportional to the progress of optimization (iteration). The IIPO is employed for optimizing IIR digital filter design, which is a challenging engineering problem. Adaptive IIR modeling as a multimodal optimization problem is designed and developed under system identification structure with an appropriate single-objective function in the frequency domain. Implementations are performed in both modeling cases with same and reduced orders, and under two identification forms with and without environmental additive noise. The results are reported along with various analyzes compared to a wide range of IPO variants. The statistical results on 100 independent trials show a success of more than 90% of cases, the proposed IIPO algorithm substantially outperforms other comparative algorithms in terms of accuracy of estimated coefficients, convergence, fitness, output responses, noise analysis, stability, and reliability.11All source codes are fully and publicly available at https://github.com/ali-ece.

Design of Efficient Low Pass Infinite Impulse Response Filter Using Dynamic Regional Harmony Search Algorithm with Opposition and Local Learning and Comparison with Harmony Search Algorithm

Aim: The study aims to design an optimal digital IIR filter for the minimization of ripples in the frequency response of Low pass IIR filterMethods & Materials: Dynamic Regional Harmony Search Algorithm with opposition & local learning DRHS-OLL method is used for the optimal design of efficient infinite impulse response [IIR] due to presence of the premature convergence in Harmony Search algorithm.Results: DRHS-OLL algorithm has reduced the ripples in both passband & stop band regions of low pass IIR filter. The frequency response of the low pass filter also reached the ideal state when compared to the Harmony Search Algorithm. There is statistical significance difference between DRHS-OLL & HS algorithms where p<0.05 (Independent sample test). The mean gain of DRHS-OLL is 13.5873+/-1dB which is better than the mean gain of HS i.e., 5.7433+/-1dB.Conclusion: The performances conclude that the DRHS-OLL algorithm has better gain & reduced ripples when compared to HS algorithm.

Improved Design Method for Nearly Linear-Phase IIR Filters Using Constrained Optimization

In this paper, the design of nearly linear-phase recursive digital filters using a constrained optimization method is investigated. The method is based on existing constrained optimization techniques for nearly linear-phase IIR digital filters, and it is expected to be useful in applications where both magnitude and phase response specifications are required to be satisfied. Starting from an initial filter, the proposed method minimizes the group delay deviation under a set of linear constraints in terms of the magnitude response and filter stability. Improved sampling functions are introduced to the optimization problem, which are used to control the sampling points that are used for approximating the group delay and the rest of the constraints in various frequency bands. By using the proposed sampling functions we get an improved IIR filter response.

Development of a Low-Cost and Effisient ECG devices with IIR Digital Filter Design


 
 
 
 Measurement of biosignals such as electrocardiograph has the interpretation of noise from other signals. The noise can interfere with the measurement of the heart signal and make the measurement inaccurate, so the purpose of this study is to make a 6-Lead Electrocardiogram module with an Arduino-Based Digital Filter. By using a digital filter. The contribution of this research is the use of digital filters to eliminate noise in electrocardiograph signals. This research uses Infinite Impulse Filter digital filters such as Butterworth, Chebyshev I, Chebyshev II, and Elliptic in order 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. The study was conducted by providing input from the Function Generator on Arduino which has been applied digital filters with Frequency with 0.5Hz – 100Hz cut-off. The instrument is compared with a factory electrocardiograph. Filter measurements using 460 input data. Butterworth filter with the greatest emphasis on order 8 frequency 0.5Hz produces an emphasis of -5.74298158 dB and a frequency of 100Hz produces an emphasis of -5.93529424 dB. The Chebyshev I filter has the greatest emphasis on order 6 frequency 0.5Hz producing an emphasis of -3.27104076 dB and on order 8 frequency 100Hz producing an emphasis of -5.08730424 dB. Chebyshev II filter the biggest emphasis on the order of frequency 0.5Hz produces a suppression of -44,66011104 dB and 80Hz frequency produces a suppression of -37,3653957 dB. Elliptic filters the greatest emphasis on order 6 frequency 0.5Hz produces an emphasis on -1.55429354 dB and 100Hz frequency on order 8 produces an emphasis on -2.2849115 dB. The results showed that what was appropriate with the cut-off frequency was the Butterworth order 8 filter which was suitable for the application of the Electrocardiograph signal filter because it had bandwidth that suppressed the signal outside the cut-off frequency. The results of this study can be implemented on a 6-Lead ECG module to eliminate noise or interference when tapping ECG signals.
 
 
 

An Augmented Bio-Inspired Algorithm (JA-ABC5a) to Design Optimal Digital IIR Filter

Among swarm-intelligence based (SI) algorithms, artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm that is inspired by the intelligent behavior of honeybees has recently captured much interest from optimization researchers. They have come out with the proposal of ABC variants with the aims to cater the limitations’ of ABC; slow convergence speed on unimodal functions and premature convergence tendency on multimodal functions. This research has recently become the main topic among optimization researchers. Nonetheless, the variants also have their limitations as they cannot solve the problem simultaneously. With the motivation from those inefficiencies, this work presents a new modified ABC variant, referred to as JA-ABC5a as a problem solver. JA-ABC5a is simulated on 27 commonly used benchmark functions prior to evaluating its optimization performance. Upon justifying its robustness, it is being applied to design an optimal digital IIR filter.

Implementation of digital IIR filter design based on field programmable gate array

Abstract Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) software is widely used in digital signal processing (DSP), and DSP algorithms are used in many fields, such as voice signal processing, audio signal processing, picture processing, information systems, system control, etc. Using digital filters as an example, this article uses these three methods to apply filter algorithms and detail the design steps and final validation of the simulation. Based on the recently published low-level parallel filter FIR structure, this document proposes a new design to reduce device complexity. A large number of devices can be stored with the new system. For example, for FIR 576 click filters, when the level of parallelism changes from 12 to 72, the new system can double from 1755 to 3375 at the cost of 21 to 4658 additions and delay elements 1516 to 4749, respectively. This algorithm not only reduces the complexity of computing, but also partially maintains the multiplier aggregation structure, which leads to efficient implementation. This article presents hybrid programming methods that use VB and Matlab to design digital filters.

Hybrid Approach to Design of Two Dimensional Stable IIR Digital Filter

In this paper, the magnitude optimization for the design of two dimensional digital filter is attempted and new design method for a two-dimensional (2-D) recursive digital filter is proposed via appropriate genetical swarm optimization with the introduction of the desired stability constraints. The method is tested on a numerical example and the obtained results are presented with previously published methods.

Low latency IIR digital filter design by using metaheuristic optimization algorithms

Low latency IIR digital filter design by using metaheuristic optimization algorithms

Design and implementation of cost-effective IIR filter for EEG signal on FPGA

ABSTRACT Filter is unfathomably used to identify diverse human flag in genuine time. In this paper, a digital IIR filter is proposed for the fast detection of EEG signal to smooth and compress the signal. This paper intends to design a digital IIR filter based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) to get faster biomedical signals specially EEG signals. For this purpose, a high order IIR filter is introduced to make EEG signal noise free, less costly and simple. For hardware usage, FPGA load up is utilised which is a mix of various logic gates which offers economical and enduring administrations.

Low-cost sensor node based on electrochemical sensor module for wireless sensor network

The low-cost sensor is now widely used in various applications ranging from the environment to daily live application. On the other hand, the low-cost sensor signal is dealing with noises due to external disturbances, quality of sensor material, or electronic circuits. The raw data provided by the low-cost sensor is also still in digital n-bit data and needs to convert. This research investigated the low-cost sensor node as part of the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for carbon monoxide (CO) measurement based on the electrochemical sensor module. Although the measurement signal consists of noise, a digital IIR filter attenuated this noise. By applying the Response Surface Method (RSM), the 10-bit data of the sensor has been calibrated to the commercially CO detector and resulted in the square transfer function equation. The sensor node measurement performance has a strong correlation (R2=0.98) with the performance of the sensor module in the wireless sensor node system. The data has been transmitted well to a gateway with needed settling time about 5 minutes for getting stable measurement conditions. The results show that various applications can use this low-cost sensor.