Digital High-definition Television Research Articles

Passive Optical Network: A Fibre to the ‘X’ Approach

With the rapid increasing bandwidth demand mainly driven by the development of advanced broadband multimedia application, such as video-on-demand (VoD), interactive high-definition digital television (HDTV) and video conference, new access network solutions that provide high capacity are highly needed to satisfy these emerging services. In a largely populated and technologically exposed institution such the University of Port Harcourt, this demand is truly great. The Passive Optical Network (PON), which utilizes the Fibre Optic Technology, is a suitable solution to this problem. Hence this is geared towards the design and simulation of a Passive Optical Network for the University’s campus district. This Campus based Local Area Network consists of the Various Faculty buildings, the Senate building which is the central administrative building, and was centralized at the Information and Communication Technology Center (ICTC), which served as the Central Office of the network. The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technique was utilized because of its dedicated bandwidth for each subscriber and more flexible bandwidth management. The validation was carried out on a virtual computation environment called OptiSystem©.

Passive Optical Network: A Fibre to the ‘X’ Approach

With the rapid increasing bandwidth demand mainly driven by the development of advanced broadband multimedia application, such as video-on-demand (VoD), interactive high-definition digital television (HDTV) and video conference, new access network solutions that provide high capacity are highly needed to satisfy these emerging services. In a largely populated and technologically exposed institution such the University of Port Harcourt, this demand is truly great. The Passive Optical Network (PON), which utilizes the Fibre Optic Technology, is a suitable solution to this problem. Hence this is geared towards the design and simulation of a Passive Optical Network for the University’s campus district. This Campus based Local Area Network consists of the Various Faculty buildings, the Senate building which is the central administrative building, and was centralized at the Information and Communication Technology Center (ICTC), which served as the Central Office of the network. The Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technique was utilized because of its dedicated bandwidth for each subscriber and more flexible bandwidth management. The validation was carried out on a virtual computation environment called OptiSystem©.

Locomotor activity in Branchipus schaefferi (Fischer, 1834) (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) under thermal variation

The behavioral responses of Branchipus schaefferi Fisher, 1834 males and females to short-term thermal stress in six different rearing conditions are studied. The swimming performance was tested in pure tap water and water collected from both male and female culture mediums. The animal's behavior was recorded using a high-definition digital video camera mounted approximately 30 cm above the experimental containers. The swimming track and the thoracopod beating rates were recorded manually for each animal at different temperatures. The results indicate that in most cases, a significant increase in active swimming and limb beating rate occurred with increasing temperature. However, the animals tested in the different male and female culture medium were significantly less active compared to those in tap water, under similar thermal stress. Animals seem to produce substances in the culture media that influence their locomotor behavior under thermal stress.

Development of dumbbell-shaped La2Si2O7:Eu3+ nanocrystalline phosphors for solid-state lighting applications

There are ongoing efforts to develop novel phosphors with the properties required to make an object look as natural as it does under sunlight. It has been proven that particle morphology influences the luminescent properties of a phosphor. The rare-earth pyrosilicates, such as La2Si2O7 (LSO) are currently regarded as novel promising scintillators and protective pigments because of their good chemical and thermal stabilities. However, to date, there have been no reports available on the definite morphology of the LSO matrix and the precise luminescent properties of the trivalent europium (Eu3+)-doped LSO phosphor. Herein, we report the development of Eu3+-activated dumbbell-shaped LSO nanocrystalline phosphors using a two-step solvothermal and hydrothermal approach. After regrowth, the amorphous natured LSO:Eu3+ precursor was transformed into well-defined LSO:Eu3+ dumbbell-shaped nanocrystalline phosphors (LSO-R:Eu3+) with a pure monoclinic phase. The phase purity was verified by Rietveld refinement analysis. The formation mechanism of the dumbbell-shaped particles was evaluated using surface morphological studies, and the involvement of the crystal splitting mechanism was established. The luminescence spectra revealed robust red emission at 614 nm under ultraviolet (UV) and near-UV excitations. The dipole-dipole interactions between the neighboring Eu3+ ions induced the concentration quenching in LSO host matrix. Chromaticity coordinates (0.645, 0.342) emerged in the reddish-orange region and were comparable to the standard-definition and high-definition digital television coordinates (0.640, 0.330). Therefore, these results indicate that the synthesized LSO-R:Eu3+ dumbbell-shaped nanocrystalline phosphor is a promising auxiliary red component for assembling desired white light-emitting diodes for indoor illuminations.

Integrated Antenna for the Digital Audio Broadcasting and Digital Video Broadcasting by Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) system is one of the high - definition radio with the ability to provide high audio quality and data - based services for stationary and mobile receivers. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is the popular broadcasting standards that enable handheld receivers to receive high definition digital television transmissions. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system is a digital multi – carrier modulation technique intend offers high spectral efficiency. The main aim set is to arrive as an efficient unified system for multipurpose wireless system that would cater to all existing standards. This paper presents the unified approach for designing an integrated antenna for DAB and DVB using OFDM system. In this paper DAB and DVB using OFDM system is designed individually and their performance is measured by Bit Error Rate (BER). Integrated antenna for DAB and DVB using OFDM system is designed and simulated radiation patterns are presented. The proposed unified approach produces the better BER performance and better gain as compared to individual standard design.

Robust Blind Detection of Integer Carrier Frequency Offset for Terrestrial Broadcasting Systems Using Band Segmented Transmission

In the integrated services digital broadcasting-terrestrial (ISDB-T) system, the combination of digital terrestrial transmission and MPEG-4 advanced video coding (MPEG-4 AVC) has offered ways to provide a variety of digital high-definition television (HDTV) programs. Using band segmented transmission orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (BST-OFDM), the delivery of innovative video-on-demand and HDTV services is supported. To take full advantage of the attractive benefits of BST-OFDM, it is important to estimate integer frequency offset (IFO) without a priori knowledge on the segment type that is transmitted over transmission and the multiplexing configuration control (TMCC) signal. To address this issue, an efficient IFO detection method is proposed for the ISDB-T system employing BST-OFDM. To enable IFO detection independent of the segment type, information-bearing TMCC signals that are asymmetrically distributed in the frequency domain are used as pilot symbols. Numerical analysis is performed to present the relationship between error probability and design parameter. We show via the numerical results that the multiple transmitted TMCC information is efficiently used for blind estimation of the IFO, achieving robust estimation in the presence of the fractional frequency offset.

Design of Electric Patrol UAVs Based on a Dual Antenna System

China completed the construction of more than 1.15 million kilometers of transmission lines with conventional voltage levels spanning its vast territory in 2014. This large and complicated power grid structure relies mainly on manual operation and maintenance of lines. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with high-definition digital video cameras and cameras and GPS positioning systems can conduct autonomous patrols along the grid. However, the presence of electromagnetic fields around high-voltage transmission lines can affect the UAV’s magnetometer, resulting in a wrong heading and thus unsafe flight. In this paper, the traditional method of UAV heading calculation using a magnetometer was analyzed, and a novel method for calculating UAV heading based on dual antennas was proposed. Experimental data showed that the proposed method improves the anti-magnetic interference characteristics of UAVs and increases UAV security and stability for power inspection applications.

INTRODUCTION OF DIGITAL TELEVISION OF DVB-T2 ON THE 9 CHANNEL IN THE DNIPRO CITY

Context. The problem of the regional television channel transition from analogue broadcasting to digital broadcasting has been solved.Objective is to identify and overcome the difficulties of the local transition to digital television standard DVB-T2 on the example of theusual regional television company.Method. A two-level transition of the regional TV channel from analog to digital broadcasting is proposed. The first level includes theelection of the best video format for broadcasting in the DVB-T2 standard and HDTV, as well as two options for replacing the televisionequipment that can provide digital terrestrial second generation digital terrestrial television and high definition television. The two options forreplacing equipment are due to the limited funds that can allocate TV company for a short time interval on the technical re-equipment. At thesecond level, the city level to calculate the real range of coverage of digital broadcasting and the proposed methods of achieving it.Results. In this example, the technique of the transition from analogue to digital broadcasting for usual regional television companies isshown. Calculations carried out on the example of TV Private TV Dnipro – «Channel 9», the city Dnipro showed that the existing analoguesystem fixing, processing and transportation of the video on the regional TV channel will require the complete replacement of the equipment. Depending on the volume of finances allocated for modernization, two ways of replacing equipment are suggested. Calculations showed that minimally satisfactory coverage of digital TV in the city Dnipro provided at a distance of about 65 km. However, the quality of digital television on the verge of coverage is not provided in full by poor field strength at the point of maximum distance from the TV center.Conclusions. The method of transition of the regional TV channel from analogue broadcasting to digital broadcasting has been developed. It can be recommended for use in practice, considering local conditions in other regional channels in Ukraine.

Potential Utility of a 4K Consumer Camera for Surgical Education in Ophthalmology.

Purpose. We evaluated the potential utility of a cost-effective 4K consumer video system for surgical education in ophthalmology. Setting. Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Design. Experimental study. Methods. The eyes that underwent cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, vitreoretinal surgery, or oculoplastic surgery between February 2016 and April 2016 were recorded with 17.2 million pixels using a high-definition digital video camera (LUMIX DMC-GH4, Panasonic, Japan) and with 0.41 million pixels using a conventional analog video camera (MKC-501, Ikegami, Japan). Motion pictures of two cases for each surgery type were evaluated and classified as having poor, normal, or excellent visibility. Results. The 4K video system was easily installed by reading the instructions without technical expertise. The details of the surgical picture in the 4K system were highly improved over those of the conventional pictures, and the visual effects for surgical education were significantly improved. Motion pictures were stored for approximately 11 h with 512 GB SD memory. The total price of this system was USD 8000, which is a very low price compared with a commercial system. Conclusion. This 4K consumer camera was able to record and play back with high-definition surgical field visibility on the 4K monitor and is a low-cost, high-performing alternative for surgical facilities.

Performance Review of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Systems

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has great demand in wideband digital communication. It encodes the data on multiple carrier frequencies. Its application areas are digital audio broadcasting and high definition television, wireless network, 4G mobile communications. Due to its great advantages like it provides high spectral efficiency, remove inter symbol interference, reduced nonlinear distortion it is widely used for communication purpose. Major problem of this scheme is high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). To overcome this problem i.e. PAPR, here in this paper we figure out different reduction techniques, there pros and cons and also find Selective Mapping (SLM) is better technique due to its several advantages with reduced PAPR and better Bit Error Rate (BER) which is discussed further in this paper.

Are EVs the Digital Equivalent of HDTV?

ABSTRACTAre electric vehicles (EVs) a digital disruptive technology that will replace analog internal combustion engines (ICE) parallel to how digital high definition television (HDTV) supplanted analog cathode ray tube (CRT) TV? Or perhaps EV is merely a sustaining innovation and ICE will rule forever. The digital revolution from analog, mechanical, and electronic has shattered technology forever in HDTV, LED, telecommunications, fiber optics, printing, solar panels, computers, cell phones, and nanotechnology. The authors are now asking the question “Does EV technology embody sufficient digital advantage to supersede ICE?” The answer requires creativity in quantifying the digital advantage in technology, economics, energy and pollution.The authors further propose that “The digital revolution is primarily driven by the energy efficiency of minimizing losses in energy input and signal storage and transmission. The byproduct of energy in-efficiency (signal corruption) is harmful local pollution and rapid de...

Unfolding Perception: Materiality and Time in the Work of Tara Merenda Nelson and Andy Warhol

The first time I visited New York City in 2012, I was anxious to see the Empire State Building. I walked along Fifth Avenue from Central Park and passed by without noticing it. When I realized that I was at Thirty-first Street, I turned around, and there it was. After paying my ticket and queuing, I went to the observatory on the top floor. Images of the building began to unfold and overlay my direct experience, and my perceptual relationship with it began to change. Before, the Empire State was an idea constructed from pop culture. It was King Kong (1933, directed by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack), Empire (1964, by Andy Warhol), and many others. But, now the Empire State has a spatial reference for me. It has become part of my perceptual archive of images; my mind reconstructs it through the recollection of direct experience. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] The process of perceiving and giving meaning to images is a puzzling psychological exercise that enlarges with perceptual experience. Linking meaning with perception is a process of accumulation that expands and regenerates every time we encounter an image. We see images and we try to make sense of them. We seek recognition and attempt to fit them into our categories of long-term memory while dealing with our short-term memory experience of them. The mechanics of human perception combine the empirical process of experiencing the world and the mental process of assimilating what is seen. Tara Merenda Nelson's multimedia installation End of Empire (2014) enlivened my curiosity about not only the image per se, but the processes of perception as well. When I first saw the piece created in collaboration with Gordon Nelson at Visual Studies Workshop, I was struck by its particular combination of elements. The installation, the first piece of the artist's ongoing FourMats series (2014-present) is a multiformat vertical puzzle of the Kodak tower in downtown Rochester. Nelson divided the building into four parts that were each filmed simultaneously in four different formats. The first three parts of the tower are analog--shot on discontinued Ektachrome color-reversal stocks of 16mm, Super 8, and slide film--while the base of the tower is a high-definition digital video. Each portion of the tower operates as a separate entity, with different aspect ratio and physical qualities native to its format. The illusion of die tower as a single image is formed with the magnified scale and the line created between the top and bottom right corners, which connects the four distinct formats. It is undeniably the Kodak tower that the viewer confronts. The building is a core element of Rochester's skyline, a landmark of its bright economic past and prosperous industry. Outside Rochester, even when the building is unknown to the viewer, its crowing Kodak sign makes its identity clear. Kodak means film, and its tower still represents the epicenter of film production. End of Empire challenged me with moving images of the Kodak tower for the first time. My knowledge of the object resided in memory, while the installation was an immediate viewing experience. When I asked Nelson about her experiences showing the piece in other locations, she said that it was like bringing Kodak and the history of film to different spaces. Although audiences did not always know the building itself, they were always able to engage with the materiality of the piece and its symbolic references. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] End of Empire stands as a reflexive requiem to film and its industry as well as an homage to Warhol's Empire, filmed fifty years previously. Although a single piece, its structure is a result of contrast and opposition. By juxtaposing four different formats, Nelson unfolds their perceptual and material differences. The top of the building is constructed with the three obsolete film stocks, which exhibit the fading and scratches of celluloid's inevitable degradation with each successive screening. …

Laser ablation of monocrystalline silicon under pulsed-frequency fiber laser

Subject of research. The paper deals with research of the surface ablation for single-crystal silicon wafers and properties of materials obtained in response to silicon ablation while scanning beam radiation of pulse fiber ytterbium laser with a wavelenght λ = 1062 nm in view of variation of radiation power and scanning modes. Method. Wafers of commercial p-type conductivity silicon doped with boron (111), n-type conductivity silicon doped with phosphorus (100) have been under research with a layer of intrinsical silicon oxide having the thickness equal to several 10 s of nanometers and SiO2 layer thickness from 120 to 300 nm grown by thermal oxidation method. The learning system comprises pulse fiber ytterbium laser with a wavelenght λ = 1062 nm. The laser rated-power output is equal to 20 W, pulse length is 100 ns. Pulses frequency is in the range from 20 kHz to 100 kHz. Rated energy in the pulse is equal to 1.0 mJ. Scanning has been carried out by means of two axial scanning device driven by VM2500+ and controlled by personal computer with «SinMarkТМ» software package. Scanning velocity is in the range from 10 mm/s to 4000 mm/s, the covering varies from 100 lines per mm to 3000 lines per mm. Control of samples has been carried out by means of Axio Imager A1m optical microscope Carl Zeiss production with a high definition digital video camera. All experiments have been carried out in the mode of focused laser beam with a radiation spot diameter at the substrate equal to 50 μm. The change of temperature and its distribution along the surface have been evaluated by FLIR IR imager of SC7000 series. Main results. It is shown that ablation occurs without silicon melting and with plasma torch origination. The particles of ejected silicon take part in formation of silicon ions plasma and atmosphere gases supporting the plasmo-chemical growth of SiO2. The range of beam scanning modes is determined where the growth of SiO2 layer is observed. Beginning with scanning velocity equal to 2000 mm/s, the torch existence is not fixed visually; silicon oxide origination is stopped, and silicon particles with nanometer sizes are formed as a result of silicon destruction. The process of silicon destruction is followed by sounds of different frequency depending on scanning velocity. Practical significance. The surface ablation for single-crystal silicon has been shown for the first time ever to be influenced significally by such features of laser radiation as laser beam scanning velocity and the covering of scanning lines. Laser beam scanning modes of pulse fiber ytterbium laser with a wavelenght λ = 1062 nm have been found out providing the synthesis of nanostructured silicon dioxide particles or silicon nanoparticles.

An Easy and Applicable Method for Capturing High-Quality Rhinoplasty Videos

Sir: Intraoperative digital video recording is necessary for presenting your work, teaching, research, auditing, and patient education.1 However, capturing high-quality video during rhinoplasty is challenging.2 We describe an effective and practical recording method based on the use of a camcorder attached to a surgical light handle. For recordings, we used a commercially available high-definition digital video camcorder (Sony HDR-CX115E HD Handycam Camcorder). First, the camera was put into a sterile plastic bag and the adjustable video screen was turned toward the surgeon. Then, the part of the bag covering the lens was cut with scissors. The covered camera was attached to the operating light handle using a sterile drape. The sterile light handle was then attached to the surgical light. This sterile and mobile camera system allows either an assistant or a gloved surgeon to adjust the camera’s field of view without contamination (Fig. 1).Fig. 1: Preparation of the camcorder platform in a sterile bag.Cameras that are integrated with operating light handles, head-mounted cameras, ceiling-mounted cameras,tabletop cameras, and tripod-, gorillapod-, or special tool–supported cameras are the tools currently available for capturing videos of surgical procedures.1–5 Poor video quality due to unsophisticated optics, high cost, the feeling of constriction around the forehead, the need for frequent adjustments, shaking, and light pathway obstructions are the disadvantages of these tools.1–5 Considering our needs, we thought that an ideal video recording system would have to be simple, inexpensive, and user-friendly, and should capture the procedure from an angle similar to the surgeon’s point of view.3 In our method, any type of handy camcorder can be used and mounted easily onto the handle of the operating light. It is also an inexpensive and easily applicable method. The camera can move with the operating light. Attaching the camcorder to the operating light provides a stable platform that allows a clear recording without shaking (seeVideo, Supplemental Digital Content 1, in which the camcorder captures the surgeon’s view of the procedure, https://links.lww.com/PRS/A924). During the surgical procedure, the center of the lamp will point directly to the center of the operating field, so that videos will be taken from the point of view of the surgeon. The camera is located at the center of the operating light, so it does not obstruct the light pathway and the angle of the light provides a better view. As in all recording methods, the surgeon’s head may obscure filming of the procedure, but as the video screen is turned to the operating field, the surgeon can self-check his body for a clean capture.Video: Supplemental Digital Content 1 shows the camcorder capturing the view of the surgeon, https://links.lww.com/PRS/A924. The surgeon can change the position and focus of the handle-banded camcorder without being contaminated.In conclusion, attaching a handy camcorder to the operating light with sterile nylon bags and surgical drapes is an easy and inexpensive way of recording high-quality rhinoplasty videos. DISCLOSURE None of the authors has a financial interest in any of the products or devices mentioned in this article. Ismail Kucuker, M.D. Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine Samsun, Turkey Musa Kemal Keles, M.D. Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery Konya Numune Hospital Konya, Turkey Ilhami Oğuzhan Aydoğdu, M.D. Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgery Ondokuz Mayis University Faculty of Medicine Samsun, Turkey

Modeling Dynamics of Dilemma Zones by Formulating Dynamical Contributing Factors with Video-observed Trajectory Data

The dynamics of the dilemma zone (DZ) have been realized since the concept of the dilemma zone was proposed in 1960. The dynamics are a reflection of the dynamical characteristics of the driver-vehicle complex, and can be characterized by the dynamical features of the dilemma zone contributing factors which include the minimum perception-reaction time (PRT) and the maximum deceleration and acceleration rates. To date, the dynamics of these contributing factors have not yet been well modeled and quantified despite being continuously explored by researchers over decades. In the absence of the quantitative knowledge about these contributing factors, the dilemma zone with assumed constant parameter values, and the Type II dilemma zone defined from a probabilistic perspective (i.e. a zone in which at the onset of yellow interval more than 10% and less than 90% drivers would choose to stop) were widely used in practice as alternatives in estimating the dilemma zone. However, both alternatives are compromised in ways, being still incapable of reflecting the dilemma zone dynamics. In fact, the incapacity of modeling and quantifying the dilemma zone dynamics was due to the lack of reliable and robust vehicular trajectory data during the yellow intervals. The availability of video-capture based software VEVID enabled the collection of high-frequency time-based trajectory data from high-definition digital video and hence offered technical preparedness for modeling the dilemma zone dynamics. The most significant innovation of this paper lies in the proposal of the dynamical dilemma zone model by incorporating the quantitative dynamics into the traditional dilemma zone model. The dynamical contributing factors were identified, quantified, and eventually formulated. Particularly, the models for the contributing factors were developed and validated using separate datasets. The validation results indicated that the models for the dynamical contributing factors are effective in predicting the minimum PRT and the maximum acceleration and deceleration rates under various speed conditions. Specifically, the minimum PRT is a function of individual vehicle's speed; and the maximum deceleration and acceleration rates are functions of both the individual vehicle's speed and the intersection approach's 85th percentile speed. The final evaluation compared the dynamical dilemma zone with the traditional dilemma zone model, and the Type II dilemma zone model calibrated based on the same trajectory data used for developing the dynamical dilemma zone model. As expected, the evaluation results indicated that the dynamical dilemma zone model estimated the dilemma zone more accurately than the traditional dilemma zone model and the Type II dilemma zone model. This innovation brings advancement in empirical understanding and theoretical modeling of the dynamics of DZ and hence provides theoretical support for developing more efficient and effective dilemma zone protection strategies in the future.

Creating Video Vignettes to Enhance Urban Design Learning

Most classroom instruction related to urban geography and design relies heavily on static photographic images that highlight form, but don’t necessarily engage the idea of function. Because of the relative ease of digital video editing and the portability of high-definition digital video cameras, using instructor-collected video in the classroom is less-demanding than in the past. This paper highlights how short video vignettes can better elucidate urban concepts and explains best practices in crafting educational objectives and professional video products.

Design and Implementation of the HD Video Signal Converter Based on FPGA

In this paper, based on the FPGA and with a video dedicated A / D converter chip, LVDS coding chip, the design and implementation of a SD(standard-definition) analog video signals to HD(high-definition) digital video signal converter. First, input SD analog video into digital video signals meet the ITU-BT656 standard. Then use the FPGA with the video processing chip and DDR do some corresponding processing to achieve high-definition digital video output. After the actual test, the converter output signal of the image quality is well, meets the design requirements, and to verify the effectiveness of the program.

Scintillator–CCD camera system light output response to dosimetry parameters for proton beam range measurement

The purpose of this study is to investigate the luminescence light output response in a plastic scintillator irradiated by a 67.5MeV proton beam using various dosimetry parameters. The relationship of the visible scintillator light with the beam current or dose rate, aperture size and the thickness of water in the water-column was studied. The images captured on a CCD camera system were used to determine optimal dosimetry parameters for measuring the range of a clinical proton beam. The method was developed as a simple quality assurance tool to measure the range of the proton beam and compare it to (a) measurements using two segmented ionization chambers and water column between them, and (b) with an ionization chamber (IC-18) measurements in water.We used a block of plastic scintillator that measured 5×5×5cm3 to record visible light generated by a 67.5MeV proton beam. A high-definition digital video camera Moticam 2300 connected to a PC via USB 2.0 communication channel was used to record images of scintillation luminescence. The brightness of the visible light was measured while changing beam current and aperture size. The results were analyzed to obtain the range and were compared with the Bragg peak measurements with an ionization chamber. The luminescence light from the scintillator increased linearly with the increase of proton beam current. The light output also increased linearly with aperture size. The relationship between the proton range in the scintillator and the thickness of the water column showed good linearity with a precision of 0.33mm (SD) in proton range measurement. For the 67.5MeV proton beam utilized, the optimal parameters for scintillator light output response were found to be 15nA (16Gy/min) and an aperture size of 15mm with image integration time of 100ms. The Bragg peak depth brightness distribution was compared with the depth dose distribution from ionization chamber measurements and good agreement was observed. The peak/plateau ratio observed for the scintillator was found to be 2.21 as compared to the ionization chamber measurements of 3.01. The response of a scintillator block–CCD camera in 67.5MeV proton beam was investigated. A linear response was seen between light output and beam current as well as aperture size. The relation between the thickness of water in the water column and the measured range also showed linearity. The results from the scintillator response was used to develop a simple approach to measuring the range and the Bragg peak of a proton beam by recording the visible light from a scintillator block with an accuracy of less than 0.33mm. Optimal dosimetry parameters for our proton beam were evaluated. It is observed that this method can be used to confirm the range of a proton beam during daily treatment and will be useful as daily QA measurement for proton beam therapy.

Effect Analysis on Basketball Practice of Using the High Definition Digital Television

Effect Analysis on Basketball Practice of Using the High Definition Digital Television

A Real-Time File System for Constrained Quality of Service Applications

The prevalence of multi-tuners, high-definition digital video recorder systems and home networking is increasing the number of simultaneous streams that must be processed by recorder storage devices. Whereas recent hard-disk drives provide enough performance to theoretically handle such workloads, general purpose file systems and I/O schedulers used by operating systems such as Linux do not satisfy the quality of service (QoS) requirements necessary for efficient processing of real-time video streams. In this paper, we introduce the Audio/Video File System (AVFS) composed of a file system and a disk I/O scheduler optimized for handling simultaneous high bit-rate real-time streams. Using a precise QoS measurement method, evaluation results of a Linux implementation of AVFS show that, compared to traditional file systems such as ext3 and JFS, AVFS provides QoS guarantees for real-time streams and more stable performance.