Data Communication Networks Research Articles

Distributed Filtering Under Constrained Bit Rate Over Wireless Sensor Networks: Dealing With Bit Rate Allocation Protocol

This article is concerned with the distributed filtering issue for linear discrete-time systems under bounded noises and constrained bit rate over wireless sensor networks. The communication between different sensor nodes is implemented via a wireless digital communication network with limited bandwidth. A bit rate constraint, which is subject to the so-called bandwidth allocation strategy, is placed to quantify the effect of the network bandwidth on the distributed filtering performance. An improved coding–decoding procedure is proposed to enable each node to decode messages from its neighbor nodes. Based on this procedure, a decoded-innovation-based distributed filtering scheme is put forward and a sufficient condition is established to ensure that the filtering error dynamics is ultimately bounded. Subsequently, a relationship between the bit rate and certain specific filtering performance is discovered. The desired parameters of the distributed filter are determined via solving two optimization problems whose objectives are actually the filtering performance indices including the smallest ultimate bound and the fastest decay rate. Furthermore, the codesign issue of the bit rate allocation protocol and the filter gain is converted into the mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, which is solved by means of the particle swarm optimization algorithm and the linear matrix inequality technique. Finally, numerical simulations on three scenarios are provided to verify the validity of the proposed distributed filtering approach.

Strengths and weaknesses of client-server and peer-to-peer network models in construction projects

While client-server and peer-to-peer network models have both been explored as a means of transferring data, the literature is yet to thoroughly document their respective strengths and weaknesses, particularly in project settings. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by conducting a semi-hypothetical experiment to examine the strengths and weaknesses of both models, further laying the groundwork for project managers to strategize which model to use for different project scenarios. Both network models are used to facilitate the inspection data communication of a construction project. A questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews are then conducted with participants to solicit their evaluations of each network’s strengths and weaknesses. We find that the client-server network outperforms the peer-to-peer network in some endogenous features such as response time, cost, and scalability, but the latter is superior in terms of security, traceability, and privacy. When it comes to exogenous factors, the client-server network is superior in ease of understanding, policy and industry support, skillset readiness, and economy of scale. However, the peer-to-peer network better fosters a collaborative culture. This research provides decision-making information for project managers involved in the selection of data communication networks.

Using the theories of fuzzy sets for researching the processes of diagnostics of data communication networks

Using the theories of fuzzy sets for researching the processes of diagnostics of data communication networks

False data injection attack in smart grid cyber physical system: Issues, challenges, and future direction

Smart grid integrates the physical power system infrastructure with internet-of-things-based digital communication networks that work together for grid stability, sustainability, and reliability. A significant number of smart devices converge in cyber-physical systems to make the smart grid more competitive and efficient in addressing the energy challenges and vulnerabilities in power system confidentiality, integrity, and availability in smart grid cyber-physical security systems. False data injection attacks are the most malicious threats in the smart grid paradigm and have been widely applied recently. Last few years, several detection algorithms for identifying the false data injection attack have been developed. Addressing these issues, this paper reports a false data injection attack and threat mathematical model, impacting the on-grid system, economy, and society. The classification of false data injection attack detection algorithms and mathematical models are mainly presented. Finally, issues and challenges are identified from existing research and recommended for future research direction.

A zero trust and blockchain-based defense model for smart electric vehicle chargers

Electric vehicles (EVs) have rapidly developed over the last decade due to their environmental benefits. As a key component of EVs, electric vehicle chargers are becoming increasingly digital and intelligent. However, due to the vast attack surface and the lack of systematic study, EV chargers and charging management cloud platforms are facing cyber security problems. These problems include weak cryptographic mechanisms, insecure data communication, and malicious firmware attacks. Through specific vulnerabilities, attackers can tamper with the data communication or replay network requests between EV chargers and cloud platforms. It will cause threats such as user-level privacy leakage, power fluctuations in the smart grid, and damage to Electric vehicles, damaging public life and property safety. Given the above, this paper proposes a security protection scheme incorporating blockchain, zero trust, and ShangMi cryptographic (SM) algorithms. The scheme uses Hyperledger Fabric for key management and trust evaluation event storage to guarantee the authenticity, non-repudiation, and tamper-proof of keys and events. In addition, zero trust is applied to secure valuable resources and enforce identity and access management (IAM) for accessing entities. We adopt the dynamic trust evaluation method to assess the trustworthiness of accessing entities in real time to implement dynamic authorization. Furthermore, the SM algorithms SM2, SM3, and SM4 are used to protect data confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity. Experimental results demonstrate that our scheme can effectively resist replay and tampering attacks, securing data communication between EV chargers and cloud platforms. And the performance of the cryptographic algorithm, blockchain system, and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) meets Chinese national and industry standards.

Development and prospect of downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection

This article outlines the development of downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection in China. According to the development stages, the principles, operation processes, adaptability and application status of traditional downhole data acquisition method, cable communications and testing technology, cable-controlled downhole parameter real-time monitoring communication method and downhole wireless communication technology are introduced in detail. Problems and challenges of existing technologies in downhole monitoring and data transmission technology are pointed out. According to the production requirement, the future development direction of the downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection is proposed. For the large number of wells adopting cable measuring and adjustment technology, the key is to realize the digitalization of downhole plug. For the key monitoring wells, cable-controlled communication technology needs to be improved, and downhole monitoring and data transmission technology based on composite coiled tubing needs to be developed to make the operation more convenient and reliable. For large-scale application in oil fields, downhole wireless communication technology should be developed to realize automation of measurement and adjustment. In line with ground mobile communication network, a digital communication network covering the control center, water distribution station and oil reservoir should be built quickly to provide technical support for the digitization of reservoir development.

Implementation of Link Failover on Metronet Network PT. Telkom Indonesia (Persero) Based on Ipv4 and OSPF

Metro ethernet is a data communication network owned by PT. Telkom Indonesia (Persero) through distribution channels, one of which is Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). As technology develops, IPv4 is used as the core addressing protocol for every communicating network device and has the responsibility of finding the route taken by packets to reach their destination. The problem that occurs in the data communication network is the absence of stable connectivity when there are links between cities experiencing downtime, resulting in several link congestion on the data packet path. To overcome the above problems, this study analyzed IPv4-based metro ethernet networks through the OSPF routing protocol using Graphical Network Simulator-3 (GNS-3). This study implements a failover system as a backup link in the event of a Jakarta-Bogor downlink. Based on the simulation and test results, the failover link shows a success status and functions to minimize network connection breakdowns. This is because the use of OSPF routing isOSPF routing canen the main link is down, so the path will be diverted via the backup link. QoS measurements using a single link obtained an average throughput of 195 Kbps, while dual links obtained an average throughput of 258 Kbps. This is because the distance from the source to the destination router is passed by more single links than dual links. Overall, the measurement shows that having a backup link can increase the stability of the data communication network connection when it is down and tested according to ETSI standards

Distributed estimation for multi‐agent systems with relative measurements and quantized communication: A feedback quadratic framework

SummaryIn this paper, the feedback quadratic distributed state estimation problem is investigated for a class of linear discrete time‐varying multi‐agent systems subject to non‐Gaussian noises. For the multi‐agent systems, each agent has access to not only the local measurements but the relative states to its adjacent agents as well. Due to the bandwidth constraints of the digital communication networks, the signals are quantized and then exchanged between two adjacent agents, where the probabilistic uniform quantizations are taken into account. The purpose of the addressed problem is to design a novel quadratic distributed estimator for each agent based on the local information and the predictions received from the neighbors. In particular, an output injection term is introduced to handle the unstable systems. By means of the state/measurement augmentation approach, the underlying system is transformed into an augmented one, which aggregates the original vector and its second‐order Kronecker power. Accordingly, a distributed estimator is constructed such that an upper bound is ensured for the estimation error covariance and the suboptimal estimator parameters, which minimize such an upper bound, are subsequently calculated in terms of the solutions to certain matrix difference equations. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed quadratic estimation scheme.

Event-triggered sliding mode control for networked linear systems

This paper investigates the control-based event-triggered sliding mode control for a networked linear system whose feedback information is transmitted over a digital communication network. In this paper, a novel event-triggered mechanism based on control value is proposed. Different from traditional event-triggered mechanisms that are normally based on states, our mechanism pays more attention to the desired control input value of the system. When the deviation between the current control input and the control input being calculated on the basis of the previous system state exceeds a given threshold, an event is triggered. For the sake of reducing the information to be transmitted, a quantization policy is executed and only a few bits are needed to transmit the feedback symbol of each sample. The combination of the control-based event-triggered mechanism and the quantization policy can significantly reduce both the transmission frequency and the number of bits of each feedback packet. For the concerned system, sliding mode control is implemented. The reachability of the sliding mode surface and the robust stability of the system are analyzed by fully taking quantization effects into account. Moreover, the effects of transmission delay of feedback packets on the event-triggering mechanism are considered. Under the proposed mechanism, the lower bound of event intervals is proven to be non-zero, i.e., the Zeno behavior is excluded. Simulations of a mechanical system are done to further verify the superiority of the proposed mechanism.

Governance Through Electronic-based Information System by Papua Provincial Government

This research is about regional development efforts through governance with electronic-based information systems in Papua Province, namely Papua One Data Integration (PAITUA), Papua Spatial Management Information System (SIMTARU), Information System for Official Travel Orders (SPPD) Papua Provincial Government and Presence Information System and TPP. Papua Innovation One Data Integration (PAITUA) is a systematic and structured regional governance policy to produce data that is accurate, up-to-date, integrated, accountable, easy to access, can be shared between regional apparatuses, central agencies and other agencies through compliance with data standards , metadata, data interoperability and use of reference code and master data. Papua Spatial Management Information System Innovation (SIMTARU) is an open source application that is part of the Spatial-Based Information Management System (SMIS). The combination of modern cartographic technology with participatory methods in the form of data layers and permits or maps in several categories is used to monitor all activities related to spatial planning in Papua Province. Innovation of Information System for Service Travel Orders (SPPD) for the Government of Papua Province is a web-based information system that is equipped with a set of computers that can be accessed into a data communication network where the server is located at the Papua Communication and Informatics Office and can be accessed online.This study uses a qualitative approach research method. As for data collection with literature review techniques. Literature review or literature review is a systematic examination of critical scientific literature in analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing research findings, theory, and practice.Literature reviewprovide an overview of the development of a particular topic.The result of the Papua One Data Integration (PAITUA) innovation is that data and information are available that are complete, accurate, up-to-date, integrated, accountable and easily accessible and shared between Regional Work Units and Central Agencies as a basis for planning, implementing, evaluating and controlling development area. The innovation of the Papua Spatial Management Information System (SIMTARU) is the availability of a Web-GIS-based spatial information system that provides information data and produces a decision support system in implementing spatial planning. The result of the innovation of the Official Travel Order Information System (SPPD) for the Provincial Government of Papua is the availability of a Web-based Electronic Business Travel Order Information System (e-SPPD) which is equipped with a set of computers that can be accessed into a data communication network with servers at the Papua Kominfo Service and can be accessed by online. The result of the innovation of the Presence Information System and TPP is that digital attendance is available which is connected to the Additional Employee Income (TPP) application. The aim is to make TPP payments more focused and refer to employee attendance and apply discipline to entering and leaving the office on time for the state civil apparatus (ASN). The result of the innovation of the Presence Information System and TPP is that digital attendance is available which is connected to the Additional Employee Income (TPP) application. The aim is to make TPP payments more focused and refer to employee attendance and apply discipline to entering and leaving the office on time for the state civil apparatus (ASN). The result of the innovation of the Presence Information System and TPP is that digital attendance is available which is connected to the Additional Employee Income (TPP) application. The aim is to make TPP payments more focused and refer to employee attendance and apply discipline to entering and leaving the office on time for the state civil apparatus (ASN).

An optimized dynamic state estimation method for voltage source converter under cyber-attacks

The measured data of the power system with voltage source converter (VSC) depending on data communication network, are monitored and analyzed by Dynamic state estimation (DSE), which can provide predictive data to control system. However, information communication technology may contain unknown risks and be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, resulting in inaccurate predictions of DSE. For example, the communication network of wide area measurement system (WAMS) will provide wrong data to DSE after being attacked. Thus, in this paper, an optimized dynamic state estimation method for voltage source converter considering cyber-attack is proposed. First, in order to consider more dynamic characteristics of VSC and provide a more complete model for DSE, the dynamic model of VSC which is affected by cyber-attacks is derived. Then, base on the model which is linearized around an equilibrium point, the Kalman filter considering anomalous events caused by false data injection attack (FDIA) is improved to obtain the optimal state estimated value. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method and the accuracy of prediction values, a simulation has been carried out on a single-VSC infinite-bus power system. The simulation results show that the proposed method can predict dynamic state values effectively and the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) is around 4.6×10−5 in the power system with VSC considering cyber-attack.

Medical Data Security in IOT Using DNA Cryptography and Insertion Method

The Internet of Things (IOT) system is a network system that communicates with other devices and systems via the web by using any one of the sensors, devices, applications, and other tools. To prevent unauthorized data transmission access, these systems and networks should include a suitable cryptography mechanism. The security of the shared resources on the data communication network is regarded as one of the key challenges. In this paper, the proposed scheme consists of two parts: (i) generating a key using an array of prime numbers based on the RSA algorithm, and (ii) devising a secure communication scheme based on DNA cryptography and Insertion Method. DNA cryptography is a cryptographic technique that uses DNA sequences to encode and decode source data using biological processes. It is an innovative way to protect data from hackers using DNA. The proposed scheme's security analysis shows that it is secure against the relevant threat models and provides a higher level of protection than previous related studies in the literature.

Latency-Aware Scheduling Scheme for Deterministic Signaling in F5G

At present, the development of optical transport and access network has entered the fifth-generation fixed network (F5G) era. Services carried by optical transport network of F5G have stringent requirements for network performance. Optical transport networks can provide services with deterministic bandwidth and delay after lightpaths are established. The time to establish a lightpath may determine whether the service can be successfully transmitted. Lightpath establishment delay includes signaling delay and device configuration delay. Signaling delay is not deterministic as signaling is implemented based on non-deterministic packet switching in data communication network (DCN). Thus, realizing the deterministic signaling is a key research problem. Deterministic signaling means to complete signaling transmission at a given time, which can be divided into hard real-time signaling and soft real-time signaling. In this paper, we propose a latency-aware scheduling scheme for deterministic signaling in F5G. Simulative results show that i) for hard real-time signaling scheduling, the proposed latency-aware scheduling ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LAS</i> ) scheme reduces scheduling failure rate by 11.25%, improves resource utilization rate by 3.56%; ii) for hard real-time signaling and soft real-time signaling scheduling, the proposed scheme reduces scheduling failure rate by 6.57%, improves resource utilization rate by 3.34% and reduces end-to-end latency by 1.01s.

Distributed Timestamp Mechanism Based on Verifiable Delay Functions

In the data communication system, the real-time information interaction of communication device increases the risk of privacy sensitive data being tampered with. Therefore, maintaining data security is one of the most important issues in network data communication. Because the timestamp is the most important way to authenticate data in information interaction, it is very necessary to provide timestamp service in the data communication system. However, the existing centralized timestamp mechanism is difficult to provide credible timestamp service, and users can conspire with timestamping servers to forge timestamps. Therefore, this paper designs a distributed timestamp mechanism based on continuous verifiable delay functions. It utilizes multiple independent timestamp servers to provide timestamp services in a distributed model and appends the timestamp to the data once the data is generated. Thus, it can prove that the data already exists at a certain time and ensure the accuracy of the timestamp. Moreover, a digital blind signature based on elliptic curve cryptography is utilized to solve the problem of timestamp forgery in timestamp service. Finally, the security analysis of the scheme ensures the data security of data communication system and the concurrency rate of timestamp. The experimental results also show that the scheme greatly improves the efficiency of digital signatures.

Analysis of Different Types of Antenna for Television Network and Extracting C Band Channels

Television network is a system of transmitting and receiving television signals over a large area. Antenna is a device that converts electromagnetic waves into electric currents or vice versa. Antenna plays a crucial role in the performance and quality of television network. In this paper, we will analyze different types of antenna for television network, such as dipole antenna, yagi antenna, parabolic antenna and fractal antenna. We will compare their advantages and disadvantages, and suggest some criteria for choosing the best antenna for different scenarios. Dipole antenna is the simplest and most common type of antenna for television network. It consists of two metal rods or wires of equal length that are connected to a transmitter or receiver. Dipole antenna can receive signals from any direction in a horizontal plane, but has a low gain and a narrow bandwidth. Dipole antenna is suitable for local television stations or indoor applications. Yagi antenna is a directional antenna that consists of a dipole antenna and several parasitic elements, such as reflectors and directors. Yagi antenna can focus the signals in one direction and reject the signals from other directions, thus increasing the gain and reducing the interference. Yagi antenna has a moderate bandwidth and can be easily adjusted to different frequencies. Yagi antenna is suitable for long-distance television network or outdoor applications. Parabolic antenna is another directional antenna that consists of a parabolic reflector and a feed horn. Parabolic antenna can concentrate the signals into a narrow beam and achieve a high gain and a wide bandwidth. Parabolic antenna can also receive signals from satellites or other high-altitude sources. Parabolic antenna is suitable for satellite television network or high-definition television network. Fractal antenna is a novel type of antenna that uses fractal geometry to design its shape and structure. Fractal antenna can have multiple resonant frequencies and a large effective area, thus increasing the bandwidth and the efficiency. Fractal antenna can also have self-similarity and scalability, which means it can be miniaturized or enlarged without affecting its performance. Fractal antenna is suitable for digital television network or wireless communication network. In conclusion, different types of antenna have different characteristics and applications for television network. Depending on the factors such as distance, frequency, direction, interference, quality and cost, one can choose the best antenna for their specific needs

The capability of Distributed Generation in Digital Twin platform

The digital Twin of distributed electricity generation is the concept of a smart grid. A smart grid uses advanced digital technologies, including sensors, communication networks, and analytics software, to optimize the distribution and consumption of energy in real time. The future of distributed generation is promising. As more people adopt renewable energy systems like rooftop solar panels, the demand for traditional centralized power grids will decrease. This creates opportunities for smaller, community-based microgrids that can generate and distribute energy locally. By leveraging digital technologies like Digital Twin, the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and artificial intelligence, these microgrids would improve energy efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance reliability. Overall, the combination of distributed energy generation and digital technologies has the potential to revolutionize the energy industry, making it more sustainable, resilient, and equitable. In this paper, the effective factors in the development of distributed production in the digital hybrid platform were identified and it is investigated with the cause and effect loops of the system dynamics.

T-HGSP: Hypergraph Signal Processing Using t-Product Tensor Decompositions

Graph signal processing (GSP) techniques are powerful tools that model complex relationships within large datasets, being now used in a myriad of applications in different areas including data science, communication networks, epidemiology, and sociology. Simple graphs can only model pairwise relationships among data which prevents their application in modeling networks with higher-order relationships. For this reason, some efforts have been made to generalize well-known graph signal processing techniques to more complex graphs such as hypergraphs, which allow capturing higher-order relationships among data. In this paper, we provide a new hypergraph signal processing framework (t-HGSP) based on a novel tensor-tensor product algebra that has emerged as a powerful tool for preserving the intrinsic structures of tensors. The proposed framework allows the generalization of traditional GSP techniques while keeping the dimensionality characteristic of the complex systems represented by hypergraphs. To this end, the core elements of the t-HGSP framework are introduced, including the shifting operators and the hypergraph signal. The hypergraph Fourier space is also defined, followed by the concept of bandlimited signals and sampling. In our experiments, we demonstrate the benefits of our approach in applications such as clustering and denoising.

Параметры модуляции современных систем связи

The work consists in describing the types of modulation and their parameters for the selection and construction of modern digital communication networks with multiple subscriber access to network resources and high-speed interconnection. The goal is to systematize communication systems and provide multiple access of network subscribers to resources and high-speed data exchange. Solution method. The article discusses the technologies and standards of modern communication systems in terms of the structure of the construction of receiving and transmitting devices from the conversion of an analog signal into a digital form to the flow of symbolic solutions from the output of the demodulator. The classification of types of wired/wireless communication, communication standards, types of modulation on an analog carrier is carried out. The features of the hardware implementation of receiving and transmitting devices, transmission speeds and operating conditions of communication channels were taken into account. The largest manufacturers of the element base and specialized digital signal processing chips are presented, on which the interfaces of the physical layer of most receiving and transmitting devices of communication systems are implemented. As a result of the analysis, a set of modulation types that are currently used in most communication channels was determined, as well as the main parameters of their operation.

Internet of Things Impact on Supply Chain Management

Traditional supply chains deal with uncertainty, cost, complexity, and vulnerability problems. In order to overcome these problems, supply chain operations need to be innovative in business process management. Establishing a large-scale smart infrastructure to merge data, information, products, physical objects, and all supply chain processes needs to automate intelligently in supply chain management (SCM) through building secure operational decision support systems. Information technology (IT) and information and communication technology (ICT) are essential in business process automation. In recent decades, Internet of things (IoT) applications have played an essential role in automating supply chain management's regular business processes and their operations-related decisions. The vast adoption of wireless sensor networks (WANs) with IoT technology provides access to sensor nodes and sensing ability in Internet-connected devices. This way, the IoT provides access to a vast amount of data gathering by the WSNs, over the wide-area data communication networks. For example, sensing enterprise (SE) is an attribute of an enterprise or a network that allows it to react to business stimuli originating on the IoT-based infrastructure. This paper reviews some of the essential characteristics of IoT technology for designing SEs in supply chain management.

Improving QoS Using Mobility-Based Optimized Multipath Routing Protocol in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) connect numerous nodes to communicate data from the sender node to the target node. Due to the lack of an infrastructure network, mobile nodes communicate through wireless without an access point. MANET does not have a centralized controller and has a dynamic network topology, which increases link failure and energy consumption resulting in excessive path delay, loss of Quality of service (QoS), and reduced throughput during data communication. Congestion is a significant problem when the QoS of the link carrying the data is degraded. Routing is one of the vital challenges of MANET due to the very dynamic and distributed nature of MANET. This article introduces a Mobility-Based Optimized Multipath Routing Protocol (MBOMRP) and an Efficient Reliable Link-State Transmission (ERLST) algorithm to overcome these problems. The proposed Mobility-Based Optimized Multipath Routing Protocol (MBOMRP) is utilized for route discovery and maintenance to efficiently avoid traffic and sleeping nodes. ERLST algorithm is used for efficient data transmission to increase QoS measurement parameters like throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and minimize the latency performance. The proposed MBOMRP-ERLST algorithm improves data communication network lifetime, avoids link failures, and provides efficient results compared with previous algorithms.