Digital Code Research Articles

Photonic Spin‐Hall Logic Devices Based on Programmable Spoof Plasmonic Metamaterial

AbstractThe entanglement of the momentum of light with its spin at interfaces or inside structured media, known as the photonic spin‐Hall effect, holds great promise for various applications, such as beam splitting, focusing, and polarization detection. However, the photonic spin‐Hall effect remains unexplored in the field of logic operation. In this work, the photonic spin‐Hall effect of spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) in programmable metamaterial is demonstrated. Moreover, photonic spin‐Hall logic devices based on programmable spoof plasmonic metamaterial are designed, enabling the control of energy flow through the utilization of both spin and digital coding, with examples including SSPPs logic gates such as the “AND” gate, the “NIMPLY” gate (A AND NOT B), the “OR” gate, and the “NOT” gate. The findings introduce the combination of digital coding metamaterial with the photonic spin Hall effect, which offers a powerful and flexible platform for controlling electromagnetic waves in information processing.

EKONOMI POLITIK PERLINDUNGAN HAK KEKAYAAN INTELEKTUAL: STUDI KASUS KEBIJAKAN PUBLISHER RIGHTS AUSTRALIA TERHADAP GOOGLE DAN FACEBOOK

Australian news media publishers are facing serious challenges as Google and Facebook emerge as digital platforms in the Australian media industry. They have transformed into the main pillars of media industry as they monopolize distribution and monetization of news content as well as the digital advertising market, thus dominate Australia’s digital market share. Their power and dominance in controlling the flow of information and digital advertising have drawn attention of the Australian government. In response, the Australian government enacted the publisher rights policy through adoption of the News Media and Digital Platforms Mandatory Bargaining Code (NMBC). Google and Facebook reacted strongly against the NMBC and threatened to close the services in Australia. This research aims to explain the reasons behind Australia’s enactment of the publisher rights policy against Google and Facebook. Using the analytical descriptive research methods combined with theory of regulatory mercantilism, concept of digital sovereignty, and concept of intellectual property rights, this study argues that enactment of the publisher rights policy is due to the imbalance of bargaining power between the Australian news media publishers and Google and Facebook. In addition, this policy was enacted due to the reduction in traditional revenue received by the traditional news media publishers as a result of declining advertising revenue, content purchases, and subscriptions that pose a threat to sustainability of Australia’s news media industry. Lastly, the adoption of the publisher rights policy is due to the centralized media power of Google and Facebook which endangers diversity of Australian news media.

Ultrafast laser state active controlling based on anisotropic quasi-1D material

Laser state active controlling is challenging under the influence of inherent loss and other nonlinear effects in ultrafast systems. Seeking an extension of degree of freedom in optical devices based on low-dimensional materials may be a way forward. Herein, the anisotropic quasi-one-dimensional layered material Ta2PdS6 was utilized as a saturable absorber to modulate the nonlinear parameters effectively in an ultrafast system by polarization-dependent absorption. The polarization-sensitive nonlinear optical response facilitates the Ta2PdS6-based mode-lock laser to sustain two types of laser states, i.e., conventional soliton and noise-like pulse. The laser state was switchable in the single fiber laser with a mechanism revealed by numerical simulation. Digital coding was further demonstrated in this platform by employing the laser as a codable light source. This work proposed an approach for ultrafast laser state active controlling with low-dimensional material, which offers a new avenue for constructing tunable on-fiber devices.

Digital Ruble: The Problems of Determining the Legal Regime

Introduction: the presented paper deals with the issues of legal assessment of the digital ruble as an object of civil rights. In Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, this means of payment is defined as a type of non-cash funds, which raises a number of doubts, given both its legal regulation and the objectification of the digital ruble in the virtual space. This currency is a unique digital code stored on a platform administered by the Bank of Russia, while non-cash money is an abstract concept that exists solely by virtue of the legal norms. According to the author of the paper, these significant differences require reflection in the legislation, the changes in existing legal norms, and the revision of the legal regime of the digital ruble. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to develop systematic approaches to the regulation of the digital ruble in the Russian legislation. Methods: the methodological framework for the study consists of the dialectical, analytical and comparative law methods. Results: the author’s position reflected in the paper is based on the scientific doctrine and the provisions of the legislation on the legal regime of means of payment in the Russian Federation. Based on the legal analysis of the norms of the current legislation, some proposals have been formulated to improve the statutory regulation of the digital ruble, as well as non-cash funds. Conclusions: based on the results of the study, it is proposed to state Article 128 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in the following wording: “The objects of civil rights are things (including cash money and documentary securities), other property, among them the digital ruble and property rights (including non-cash funds, non-documentary securities, digital rights); the results of work and provision of services; the protected results of intellectual activity and means of individualization equated to them (intellectual property); intangible benefits.” In addition, when regulating non-cash funds, it is proposed to take into account their characteristics such as abstraction and the possibility of issuing by private organizations.

Time Domain and Area Efficient Smart Temperature Sensor Exploiting Channel Length Modulation Coefficient

This work suggests an all-digital temperature sensor with a high sampling rate that is based on a time-to-digital converter (TDC). Two on-chip voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) are used in the design of the sensor core, which senses temperatures between [Formula: see text]C and 200[Formula: see text]C. For digital code conversion, the outputs of the VCO are fed into two asynchronous counters. In both low- and high- resolution modes, the error following two-point calibration is observed between [Formula: see text]C and [Formula: see text]C. The sensor’s ability to function in both high- and low-resolution modes based on conversion time is an important feature. At a sampling frequency of 0.19[Formula: see text]MHz, the maximum resolution achieved is 0.18[Formula: see text]C. Additionally, the sensor has control logic built in to turn off the sensing as soon as the conversion is complete. At 90-nm process, 1.1[Formula: see text]V supply voltage and 27[Formula: see text]C, the proposed sensor occupies [Formula: see text] and consumes [Formula: see text].

Primary school students' perceptions and developed artefacts and language from learning coding and computational thinking using the 3C model

AbstractBackgroundA resurgence in teaching coding in primary school classrooms has led to a pedagogical swing towards using physical computing and coding to develop students' use of algorithms, computational thinking, and problem‐solving skills. Two obstacles impede the optimal development of these objectives: the availability of a suitable pedagogy and an instructional sequencing model for primary school teachers to effectively present coding and computational thinking concepts and skills to students in alignment with their developmental stage.ObjectiveThis study aims to address both obstacles by introducing the 3C Model, a newly developed instructional sequence grounded in established pedagogies and designed to effectively teach coding and computational thinking skills to primary school students based on their developmental stage.MethodsThe qualitative study employed two data sources to triangulate findings, using: (1) semi‐structured interviews and thematic analysis to investigate 11 primary school students' perceptions of their learning experiences with the 3C Model, and (2) researcher observations along with reflections of the students' developed and demonstrated learning through the method of knowing‐in‐action, reflection‐in‐action, and reflection‐on‐action.Results and ConclusionsThe findings of this study fill a gap in the existing literature by demonstrating that the pedagogical and sequential approach embedded in the 3C Model not only enhanced students' engagement levels but also resulted in improved curriculum learning outcomes. The 3C Model provides teachers with a coherent and age‐appropriate instructional structure. It uses physical computing devices and digital coding platforms to introduce coding concepts, furthering the development of computational thinking skills in primary school students beyond mere procedural and rote learning.ImplicationsThe study holds important implications for practical applications, as it addresses an absence in the literature of an established pedagogy and instructional sequencing model for effectively teaching coding and computational thinking concepts and skills to primary school students. Drawing on established pedagogical and developmental learning theories, the 3C Model provides primary school teachers with an engaging, age‐appropriate instructional method that avoids decontextualised teaching and surface‐based learning. Instead, it encourages collaborative student work and contextualised learning, steering away from isolated and generic approaches.

Radar Micro-Doppler Signature Generation Based on Time-Domain Digital Coding Metasurface.

Micro-Doppler effect is a vital feature of a target that reflects its oscillatory motions apart from bulk motion and provides an important evidence for target recognition with radars. However, establishing the micro-Doppler database poses a great challenge, since plenty of experiments are required to get the micro-Doppler signatures of different targets for the purpose of analyses and interpretations with radars, which are dramatically limited by high cost and time-consuming. Aiming to overcome these limits, a low-cost and powerful simulation platform of the micro-Doppler effects is proposed based on time-domain digital coding metasurface (TDCM). Owing to the outstanding capabilities of TDCM in generating and manipulating nonlinear harmonics during wave-matter interactions, it enables to supply rich and high-precision electromagnetic signals with multiple micro-Doppler frequencies to describe the micro-motions of different objects, which are especially favored for the training of artificial intelligence algorithms in automatic target recognition and benefit a host of applications like imaging and biosensing.

A 1.58 nJ/conversion temperature-to-digital converter with low power variations

A 1.58 nJ/conversion temperature-to-digital converter at the supply voltage of 0.7 V was designed and fabricated on the die area of 0.147 mm2 using the 90 nm CMOS technology. The sub-nA constant reference current (I ref) and the sub-nA complementary-to-absolute temperature (CTAT) current (I CTAT) are generated by employing the gate leakage currents of PMOSFETs. The current-to-frequency oscillators using those currents followed by the frequency-to-digital converter are used to produce the digital codes inversely proportional to temperatures. With this approach, the power consumption at high temperatures can be alleviated significantly. Thus, the variation of power consumption is only 70% from −10 °C to 90 °C. The conversion time is 107 ms at the RT and the noise non-limited resolution is 0.052 °C.

THE DIGITAL CODE OF RUSSIA: CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS

The article examines the expediency and timeliness of the creation and adoption of the Digital Code of Russia in the context of the current state of scientific thought and prospects from the point of view of the importance, necessity, need for answers to the questions posed in the article for the development of society, and the need to study some approaches of foreign legal systems to the issue under study and the resolution of controversial legal and ethical questions arising as a result of the development of both new technologies and scientific and technological progress in general. The scientific novelty is due to the subject of the study and a set of legal approaches reflected in already adopted regulations and their projects (for example, the «Digital Administrative Code» of Italy and the Model Information Code for CIS member States and foreign initiatives). Among the conclusions reached by the author, the opinion that, in general, supporting the idea of this codification, we consider it necessary to pay attention to the way of construction of some of its sections and the idea as a whole, and to a number of problems that require urgent solutions.

Pattern-reconfigurable integrated array antenna based on a coding metasurface.

An electrically tunable pattern-reconfigurable integrated array antenna based on a 1-bit digital coding metasurface is proposed in this paper. The array antenna consists of 8 × 8 unit cells which is divided into the radiation antenna and the phase control metasurface. The rectangular microstrip patch antenna is used as the radiation source. The phase control metasurface includes three stacked layers of square slot units loaded with varactor diodes and a biasing circuit layer. The metasurface regulates the transmission phase of the quasi-plane wave generated by the radiation antenna. The pattern reconfigurability is achieved by switching coding sequences of the metasurface which can be regulated by the capacitance of varactor diodes. The measured results show the design has the capability of pencil-beam radiation, beam deflection, and multi-beam radiation at 5 GHz. The proposed array antenna preserves the coding metasurface without requiring the additional horn antenna. This highly integrated design is more concise and reduces the profile height. This article offers what we believe is a new method for the design of high integration, multi-unit, and electrically tunable reconfigurable array antenna.

Multi-color luminescent material with Mn2+/Mn4+ non-stoichiometric ratio doped octahedra and its anti-counterfeiting applications

Mn ions in different valence states can emit light of different colors in an octahedral coordination environment, which is conducive to the development of a single matrix with multi-color luminescence and applications in the field of anti-counterfeiting. The dual mode multi-color luminescent material CaSb2O6: Mn has been successfully synthesized using a single Mn source in the atmosphere. The CaSb2O6 matrix itself can also absorb 285 nm UV light, emit blue light, and show a long afterglow phenomenon. Both Mn4+ and Mn2+ ions will appear in the [SbO6] octahedra, whether the Mn source adopts MnCO3 or MnO2. The Mn4+ ion exhibits red emission upon UV excitation at 347 nm. The Mn2+ ion can emit a bright green light at 285 nm excitation while exhibiting a long afterglow phenomenon. In this study, the Mn2+ doped octahedron showed unique green emission and broadens the range of its photoluminescence (PL) wavelength. The performance of the material's long afterglow properties on the digital codes demonstrates its potential for dynamic anti-counterfeiting.

QR Code-Based Smart Document Implementation Using Distributed Database And Digital Signature

In digitized world, digital documents are essential for information sharing. However, some organizations continue to place their reliance in traditional hard-copy formats concerning about the legitimacy of documents. This study presents an innovative approach to document verification with digital signatures, distributed databases, and QR codes. Using a two-step process for data integrity and document authentication, the study approach entails developing a Smart Document with a QR code and digital signature. For increased security and scalability, the system design distributes hash fragments among several databases using the hash split approach. The system's excellent performance, resistance to sluggish HTTP-based attacks, and effectiveness in document verification are highlighted by the results and debates. The report ends with recommendations for future improvements to strengthen the system's resilience, like implementing more secure database engines and enhancing fault tolerance. In conclusion, this method offers a viable way to verify documents in hardcopy and electronic formats in a secure and scalable manner.

Bridging digital and electromagnetic realms for enhanced wireless communication: current space.

Recently, Tie Jun Cui and team members introduced innovative macroscopic and statistical models for digital coding metasurfaces, bridging the digital and electromagnetic realms and quantifying information loss for enhanced wireless communication system design. This is a highlight of it.

Innovative transformation in finance: global and Turkish perspectives on crowdfunding

Purpose- The purpose of this article is to explore and analyze the transformative impact of crowdfunding, with a specific focus on the reward-based Fongogo crowdfunding platform in Turkey. The study aims to understand how crowdfunding disrupts traditional financing models, fosters collaboration and innovation, and contributes to financial inclusion for small businesses and startups. Additionally, the purpose involves comparing the project results of Fongogo with international examples to provide insights into Turkey's crowdfunding landscape. Methodology- The study employs a case study approach, focusing on the reward-based crowdfunding platform Fongogo. Data is collected and analyzed from the Fongogo platform in Turkey to gain insights into supporter dynamics, project success, and regional influences. Comparative analysis is conducted by comparing Fongogo's results with international crowdfunding examples. Additionally, literature on crowdfunding is reviewed to identify key success factors, such as project presentation, category, funding type, location, and team size Findings- The findings of the study reveal the diverse models and advantages of crowdfunding, emphasizing its transformative potential in the financial sector. Insights from Fongogo data shed light on supporter dynamics, the impact of project location, and the influence of technological literacy on crowdfunding success in Turkey. The comparative analysis with international examples provides a broader perspective on crowdfunding success factors, highlighting areas where Turkey's crowdfunding potential can be enhanced. Conclusion- In conclusion, the study advocates for the strategic positioning of crowdfunding as a vital financial tool in Turkey. The findings underscore the importance of user-friendly platforms, transparent operations, and effective communication by project owners. The impact of the new Crowdfunding Regulation in Turkey is discussed, acknowledging the need for further assessment as its implementation progresses. The study encourages leveraging the lessons learned from successful projects, both locally and internationally, to guide new initiatives and strengthen Turkey's crowdfunding ecosystem. Ultimately, the article aims to contribute insights to researchers, policymakers, and practitioners interested in the dynamic landscape of crowdfunding in Turkey and beyond. Keywords: Financial inclusion, reward-based crowdfunding, financial innovation, digital platforms JEL Codes: G23, L26, M13, O16, O35

Time-varying digital coding of induced-magnetism Huygens’ metasurfaces for flexible and continuous control of harmonics

Abstract Time-varying digital coding metasurfaces have garnered significant attention due to their ability to achieve flexible and continuous control over harmonics through the flexible design of coding sequences. These metasurfaces have important applications in wireless communications, radar detection, and biomonitoring. However, the majority of existing time-varying digital coding metasurfaces are reflective in design, leading to an inevitable masking effect at the location of the feed source. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the design of transmissive time-varying digital coding metasurfaces that enable flexible and continuous control of harmonics. In this study, we propose a transmissive time-varying digital coding metasurface based on the induced-magnetism Huygens’ principle. We conduct a detailed study of the phase modulation theory for flexible and continuous control of harmonics in the time-varying digital coding induced-magnetism Huygens’ metasurface. By precisely modulating the transmission phase difference of this metasurface and introducing time-delay gradients in each column of metasurface units, we achieve flexible and continuous control over harmonics successfully. Our study presents a solution for the design of transmissive time-varying digital coding metasurfaces, enabling flexible and continuous control over harmonics and expanding the application potential of time-varying metasurfaces.

On the issue of codification of information legislation in the context of digital transformation

The article analyzes the state and prospects of codification of legislation on information technologies in the context of digital transformation of the state, society and entrepreneurship. The analysis of the existing experience in the development of concepts and projects of Information and Digital Codes is carried out. A comparative analysis of the state and place of information legislation in the system of legislation of the Russian Federation is given. The problems and prospects of the adoption of the Digital Code of the Russian Federation are analyzed. The article concludes that it is necessary to continue working on the concept and content of the Information Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the priority of developing the General part of the Information Code of the Russian Federation and the corresponding terminological apparatus.

Advancements and Applications of Blockchain Technology: A Comprehensive Analysis

The digital code of blockchain technology has revolutionized every aspect of business, commerce and industry. This new system eliminates the need to store and manage codes by providing timely and immutable data. Unlike the traditional systems, these blocks are not specific to a particular organization but are monitored by a network of nodes or computers. Strong encryption protection and connect all blocks together. Blockchain’s immutability and security have revolutionized fundamental concepts such as trust, ownership, identity, and financial transactions[6]. This technology enables secure, fast, transparent and pseudonymous transactions. A source of in- formation about blockchain, this article provides an in-depth study of blockchain’s history, principles and popularity. Additionally, various consensus algorithms used in the blockchain technology are also carefully examined. Originally conceived as a system for cryptocurrencies, blockchain has evolved into a transformative force across industries. The article discusses the concepts, methods and applications of blockchain technology. Blockchain’s decentralized structure, driven by decentralized ledgers and encrypted confirmation, ensures reliability, and security and transparency of information transactions. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge about blockchain and is useful for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers who want to better understand the technology’s impact and future directions. Additionally, this article will examine various applications and real-life examples of blockchain technology and addresses related issues and problems [2-8]. The presentation of non-current events expands the range of the potential applications. This study provides a better understanding of all aspects of blockchain by providing an overview of the products.

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The legal principles of the implementation of tourist activities in Ukraine are revealed; normative legal acts regarding the legal regulation of tourist activities in the conditions of digitalization of Ukraine were analyzed; the main normative acts regulating the activities of business entities in digital format are highlighted. The legal scope of procedures for state registration of business entities in electronic form and their electronic identification is considered. The issue of regulatory regulation of the processes of digital interaction of representatives of the tourism business with public authorities in terms of obtaining administrative services is analyzed. One of the directions of digitization is characterized – the creation of a platform of registers, the basic registers and others are disclosed. In accordance with the legislation of Ukraine, the following are included in the list of data sets subject to publication: License Register of Tour Operators, Register of Certificates Establishing Hotel Categories, Unified Tourist Register (EUTR). The Procedure for conducting the ETR was analyzed, the normative definition of the register was disclosed, the categories of users of this state electronic information system were listed, where the object is information about subjects of tourist activity and objects of tourist infrastructure. Legislation on information protection and its processing and regulations regulating information interaction in the digital format of the ETR with public electronic registers and other state electronic information resources are highlighted. In Ukraine, there are legal acts for the development of tourism activities in the conditions of the formation of the digital economy. The strengthening of the digital infrastructure of the domestic industry of tourism will be the implementation of the ETR in 2025. However, the specifics of the digitalization of tourism activities should be reflected in industry regulations, including law of Ukraine «About tourism». In addition, the presence of a significant number of regulations on the regulation of digital relations requires the unification of regulations into a single document on digitalization issues – the Digital Code, which will regulate socio-economic relations in the digital economy.

Національний кодекс дизайну України як пріоритетна умова становлення і розвитку системи дизайн-освіти

The article considers the need to develop the National Design Code of Ukraine as a key stage in the formation and development of the national design education and design system. In the opinion of the author, one of the priority directions of this Code is the definition of standards and norms regulating design activities at the national level. He believes that for its development it is possible to take into account the experience of the development of the UK design education system, which is considered one of the best in the world. The researcher proposes at the institutional level to create the State Design Development Agency (DARD), under which to create a National Design Center for the problems of continuous design education in Ukraine and to develop the National Digital Code of Design on its basis: designing an aesthetic, reliable and convenient environment for sustainable development, which will be a systematic collection of principles and standards. For the comprehensive development of the digital code, it is necessary to develop a project of application of the “ten characteristics” of the national design of Ukraine, necessary for creating an environment of sustainable development: context; identity; forming; traffic networks and patterns of people's movement; natural components; public spaces; ease of use; preservation of health, comfort and safety; conservation of resources; quality of life. At the same time, it is necessary to foresee the justification and implementation of the ten principles of Ukrainian national design. The developed National Design Code of Ukraine will act not only as a regulatory document, but also as an important basis for structuring and developing the design education system. It will become the basis for the development of training programs and courses adapted to the requirements of the time and the needs of the market. The implementation of this code is a key stage on the way to the formation of highly qualified and creative specialists in the field of design in Ukraine.

An innovative blockchain-based system for human resources digitalization with traceable relationship management

Small and Midsize Enterprises (SMEs) have faced innovative changes in their organizational structure, especially in human resources (HR) and employee management: these digital structural changes have transformed their business practices and strategies. The employees with new technical skills have also been impactful in this digitalization. The HR departments in SMEs have become increasingly pivotal in recruiting new employees and supporting existing employees throughout the organization. ITSvil in Salerno (Italy) has developed the Easywork project based on the “Fenice” microservices architecture. This system supports the HR departments in efficiently managing HR activities through digitalization. The first step in acquiring new resources is formulating the employment contract, which is essential for stipulating agreements on specific job requirements. Blockchain technology and smart contracts are among recent technological innovations impacting this process. Writing contracts in digital codes to simplify and effectively manage the legal relationship involving bureaucratic tasks and cost management is now possible. The new digital system makes employment contract processing transparent, traceable, and reliable. This research presents the design and development of a new microservice compatible and integrable process with the “Fenice” system based on blockchain technology. The proposed digital system aims to make HR management activities more transparent and traceable.