Digital Carriers Research Articles

The Comprehensive Review: Internet Protocol (IP) Address a Primer for Digital Connectivity

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the rule book that governs how data is addressed and routed across networks on the internet. Think of it as the postal system for the digital world. This addressing system allows routers, the digital mail carriers, to efficiently transfer packets between devices and networks until they reach their destination. It ensures data reaches the right place by assigning addresses and enabling efficient routing. IP also encompasses various protocols and services, such as ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) for error reporting and diagnostics, and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) for automatic IP address assignment. Additionally, IP can be configured to support different transmission modes, including uni-cast, multicast, and broadcast, catering to diverse communication requirements. Adopting technology that has been researched and developed commercially offers the military a cost-effective method of implementation. IP systems enable the forces to share a common network that supports voice, video, and data sharing. This systematic review article initially highlighted the basics on IP and lastly the brief discussion regards data gram format, NAT, IPv4, IPV6 IP fragmentation, CIDR, TCP and UDP individually.

A hybrid framework for manufacturing feature recognition from CAD models of 3-axis milling parts

With the rapid development of computing technologies, the CAX software are widely used in mechanical engineering. The part model is designed in computer-aided design (CAD) software, the planning process is planned in computer-aided process planning (CAPP) software, and the machining process is simulated in computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software. However, there are still digital gaps between design, process, and manufacturing, which affect the integration and efficiency of engineering information. Manufacturing features are considered digital carriers that can bridge the gap. The knowledge of design, process, and manufacturing can be integrated on manufacturing features to achieve the information flow across different engineering applications. However, the existing approaches cannot solve the feature recognition problem very well. The recognition criterion of these approaches do not have the generalization ability. And they also do not deal with the interacting features appropriately. To improve the performance of feature recognition of 3-axis milling parts, this paper proposed a hybrid feature recognition framework based on graph approach and rule approach. The hybrid framework solves the recognition problem of interacting features with the layered decomposition method. And the general wire criterion is proposed to improve the robustness. In addition, the general calculation method of adjacency attributes is also the original contribution. The final experimental results show that the proposed hybrid framework works well and can be applied to the actual engineering applications.

Information Hiding in Color Image Using Steganographic technique

Steganography is one of the important research subjects in the field of information security. It enables secret communication by embedding messages in the texts, images, audio, video files or other digital carriers. Among all the image information hiding methods, LSB embedding is widely used for its high hiding capacity and it is with great significance to detect the images with hidden messages produced by LSB embedding effectively, accurately and reliably. Therefore, many experts made efforts on the LSB steganography and steganalysis research over the years. This research presents a steganographic technique based on using LSB of one of the pixel color components in the image and changes them according to the message’s bits to hide. The rest of bits in the pixel color component selected are also changed in order get the nearest color to the original one in the scale of colors. This new method has been tested with others that work in the spatial domain through applying some common metrics which give us good result as a compared with the other steganographic tools.

Exploring the Innovation Path of the Digital Construction Industry Using Mixed Methods

To provide a theoretical basis for deepening digital reform in the construction industry and explore the innovation path of the digital construction industry, this research uses patent data for Guangdong Province to carry out explanatory sequence research. First, this research analyzes the dynamic evolution process of networks in the digital construction industry by using social network analysis. Then, grounded theory is used to conduct qualitative research to explore the innovation path of the digital construction industry. The results show that the scale of the innovation network of the digital construction industry is continually expanding and the digital carriers are becoming increasingly diverse. Influenced by the diversification of digital carriers, the research theme of the digital construction industry is beginning to develop in the direction of intelligence. The findings indicate that the use of mixed methods improves the robustness of the results and that the quantitative research results are explained by the qualitative research results. This research not only contributes to information development in the construction industry but also provides a theoretical basis for deepening digital reform in the construction industry.

Progressive selection‐channel networks for image steganalysis

Steganalysis is a detection technology against steganography that embeds secret data into digital media carriers. The selection channel, which indicates the embedding details of steganography, is well recognized in boosting the detection performance of image steganalysis. However, nearly all the selection channels are constructed in a hand-crafted manner, even when they are incorporated into end-to-end deep steganalytic networks, for which the embedding rate and steganographic algorithms also need to be predetermined. Such prior knowledge is usually assumed completely known in existing literature, which is obviously unreasonable and impractical. To address this issue, we propose to automatically learn the selection channels for deep learning-based image steganalysis in a progressive way. Specifically, we divide the image steganalysis task into two phases: selection channel estimation and steganalytic detection. For the first phase, we design a multistage progressive network, which enables the learning of selection channels in a coarse-to-fine fashion. For the second phase, we integrate the learned selection channels into the multilayers of the steganalytic network, allowing full exploitation of selection channels for accurate detection. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can learn the selection channels rapidly and precisely, and also significantly improve the detection accuracy of the existing state-of-the-art steganographic network without any prior knowledge.

Efficient Cost-Reduced With High-Quality Image of Imperceptible Steganography Using Modulo and Magic Cube

Information hiding techniques are used to hide confidential data in digital carriers. It is difficult for malicious users to detect the existence of confidential data within the digital carriers. Audios, images, or videos can call be digital carriers. Information hiding includes steganography and watermarking. Watermarking is used for copyright protection. Steganography is used to protect confidential data transmission from malicious attackers. Imperceptibility and capacity are always the major concerns in steganography. In this paper, we propose an efficient steganography method for images using modulus operation and magic cube. The partial secret message bits are converted into decimals and then mapped to a predefined cube. The coordinates of the mapped position were embedded into the cover image using modulus operation. We obtain the stego-image quality better than 42 dB, while the payload is 3 bpp. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method has a higher capacity than previous works. Meanwhile, our method also maintain high imperceptibility. Furthermore, modulus operation can reduce the computational overhead of the proposed method.

Numerical Modeling of A New Virtual Trajectory Password Architecture

With the development of digital technology, Computer technology, communication technology and multimedia technology gradually infiltrate into each other and become the main core of information technology. In information technology, digital, text, graphics, images, sound, video, animation and other information carriers are spread through computers and the Internet. Due to the openness, sharing, dynamic and other characteristics of the Internet, information security is threatened and interfered. Information security has become a strategic issue that people must pay attention to, which is related to social stability, economic development and national security. This paper studies a new kind of virtual track cryptography, which breaks through the traditional character memory method and transforms it into memory graphics by using mathematical modeling, and changes the surface memory method from memorizing numbers and characters to memorizing trajectory graphics, so as to make the traditional process of people memorizing passwords easier.

Poetics and e-literature

Following the development of e-literature and the state of research on the subject both in Poland and abroad, the author attempts to outline research perspectives for e-poetics. This discipline, barely over twenty years old, concerns the study of literary texts that are created with the use of digital technologies. Hypertextual works available online and via digital carriers are characterized by intermediality and interactivity, and they differ from printed literature in that computers are indispensable tools for their creation, existence and reception. What are the consequences of this change of medium for literature, its structure, the process of communication with the reader and the interpretative possibilities? How can one describe the relationship between the old and the new form of a literary text? Finally, why is it important to introduce research on electronic literature into academic education?

Цифровое поколение: гражданская мобилизация и политический протест российской молодежи

В статье представлен анализ базовых трактовок понятия «цифровое гражданство». Основной исследовательский вопрос на который ориентировались авторы: с чем в первую очередь связан высокий уровень протестного потенциала цифрового поколения, это внутренняя характеристика носителей культуры цифрового гражданства или скорее поведенческая стратегия, актуализированная мобилизационными эффектами социальных медиа? Отвечая на поставленный вопрос, авторы реализовали прикладное исследование, применяя метод массового опроса и процедуру онлайн-анкетирования. Полевой этап исследования прошел в июле-сентябре 2019 г. Выборочная совокупность составила 1000 респондентов, репрезентативна по полу, возрасту (в соответствии со статистическими данными о представленности в составе российской молодежи групп 15-19 лет, 20-24 лет и 25-29 лет) и территориальной принадлежности (в выборке воспроизведено соотношение численности молодежи во всех федеральных округах РФ). В рамках исследования были проанализированы основные гражданские и политические практики, востребованные молодыми российскими пользователями в онлайн- и офлайн-средах, масштаб протестной мобилизации в социальных сетях, репертуар протестных сообщений, протестные установки цифровых граждан. Подвергнув кластеризации массив данных опроса, авторы выделили четыре типа носителей разного уровня протестного потенциала в среде российской молодежи: «зрители», «вовлеченные», «активисты», «лидеры». В свою очередь, процедура многомерного шкалирования позволила зафиксировать дифференциацию ценностных профилей и стилей жизни носителей разного типа протестного потенциала. Ключевой вывод исследования заключается в том, что наибольший потенциал протестной активности проявляют вовсе не типичные представители цифрового поколения, а те, чей ценностный выбор и стратегии цифрового гражданства скорее отклоняются от общераспространенных.
 Благодарность. Мы сердечно благодарим, прежде всего, авторов тематического выпуска «Цифровизация экономики, политики и гражданского общества». Огромное спасибо за новые идеи, свежие подходы, нестандартные выводы и вдохновение. Выпуск бы не состоялся без фантастической команды ВЦИОМ, энергии и трудолюбия ответственного редактора Анны Кулешовой. Мы очень признательны Дмитрию Чижову за идею выпуска. Мы говорим большое спасибо нашим коллегам Роману Пырме, Анне Домбровской, Артуру Азарову, Алексею Синякову, Дмитрию Карзубову, Лилии Рязановой за помощь в сборе, обработке и анализе материалов исследования.
 Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ и АНО ЭИСИ в рамках научного проекта № 19-011-31-291 «Культура “цифрового гражданства” российской молодежи: акторы, технологии формирования, общественно-политические эффекты».

Expedited Digital Appraisal for Regular Archivists: An MPLP-Type Appraisal Workflow for Hybrid Collections

While conducting a project at a German state archives, the author developed a simple, generalizable workflow to appraise hybrid collections. The More Product Less Process (MPLP)-type workflow offers ways of reducing (where possible) the number of digital carriers that have to be migrated (migration takes 10–20 times longer than appraisal), that have to be handled and how often, and that have to be appraised qualitatively, as well as ways of reducing staff participation and thus the need for tracking complex metadata for un-appraised DCs. The workflow provides a logical mix and progression of appraisal approaches, it specifies when archivists need to be involved, and indicates how decisions about pragmatic, process-related issues will speed up, simplify, or complicate the appraisal.

Digitization in Swiss veterinary practices

Data on the digitization in Swiss veterinary practices and clinics were collected in a survey from June 2017 to the end of December 2017. Data of 171 practices contributed to the survey. Animal records were filed in 96.5% with a practice management program. Nine out of ten practices operate an x-ray machine whereof 70% digitally record the radiographs. While a moderate diversity of practice management systems is used, numerous different radiographic recording, archiving and viewing systems are utilized. Data exchange with other practices and owners preferably takes place via e-mail, followed by upload servers and digital data carriers. Data protection receives less attention in veterinary medicine than in comparison to human medicine. A protected data exchange platform coupled with AMICUS and ANIS is under construction via standardized DICOM (https://www.dicomstandard.org/current/) and HL7 (https://www.hl7.org/) interfaces.

The Possibilities of Using Contextual Information Search on Computer Media to Identify, Investigate and Prevent Crimes

Contextual search is now actively used by various divisions of the law enforcement bodies to identify, investigate and prevent crimes. This instrument could be used both to search information online and to analyze local digital information carriers. Still, the task of contextual search does not currently have a single definition, and its place among the tasks of computer forensic examination is not clearly determined. The author examines various problem aspects of contextual search: its concept, its place among the tasks of forensic examination, modern understanding of the task of contextual search in other, including related, branches of science. The author describes contextual search methods in researching digital information within the framework of computer forensic examination and characterizes instruments which an expert could use to deal with the task of contextual search. Using this analysis, the author argues that contextual search is not an independent expert task, but a part of a more extensive expert task. The author also presents the views of different researchers on the concept of contextual information search and states that it is necessary to widen this concept in the light of the contemporary advances in the development information technology: it should be viewed as a method of searching for text fragments not only in the text files, but also in the graphic files. Special attention should be paid to the question of the effectiveness of using contextual search on the Internet, including its shadow segment, with the aim of crime prevention and prophylaxis, the author also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of search mechanisms in online resources and meta-search systems.

Duration of Things and Duration of Culture

This article discusses the relation between temporal existence of things and the persistence of culture. The material and the immaterial aspects of culture are quite different in relation to time. According to philosopher Karl R. Popper, meanings, senses and ideas belong to a separate non- -temporal realm of being. They come about in time but henceforth they exist non-temporarily. Their existence, unlike that of physical objects, does not depend on keeping a delicate balance between the change and identity − it is not based on struggle against time. But on the other hand, their seemingly non-temporal subsistence is strictly connected to the temporal existence of things. The latter do not carry meaning in virtue of sheer convention, but rather by means of subtle connection between their material structure and the properties of sentient and intelligent beings. Books hold a very special place in this framework. Physical properties of books are intertwined with their content very strongly albeit mysteriously. It is safe to say that reducing books to their content − by conveying the content to digital carriers alone − would result in a serious impoverishing of culture. In reference to early journalist works by the poet Zbigniew Herbert, three functions of preserving and studying artefacts are distinguished: reconstruction, preserving and learning. In studying artefacts there is always a quest for originals and considerable efforts are made in order to distinguish them from copies and derivatives. The article gives a brief account of recent debate concerning the value of these pursuits. Finally, a discussion with Michel Foucault is presented, concerning the role of things in self-formation.

Medical Knowledge Extraction and Analysis from Electronic Medical Records Using Deep Learning.

Objectives Medical knowledge extraction (MKE) plays a key role in natural language processing (NLP) research in electronic medical records (EMR), which are the important digital carriers for recording medical activities of patients. Named entity recognition (NER) and medical relation extraction (MRE) are two basic tasks of MKE. This study aims to improve the recognition accuracy of these two tasks by exploring deep learning methods. Methods This study discussed and built two application scenes of bidirectional long short-term memory combined conditional random field (BiLSTM-CRF) model for NER and MRE tasks. In the data preprocessing of both tasks, a GloVe word embedding model was used to vectorize words. In the NER task, a sequence labeling strategy was used to classify each word tag by the joint probability distribution through the CRF layer. In the MRE task, the medical entity relation category was predicted by transforming the classification problem of a single entity into a sequence classification problem and linking the feature combinations between entities also through the CRF layer. Results Through the validation on the I2B2 2010 public dataset, the BiLSTM-CRF models built in this study got much better results than the baseline methods in the two tasks, where the F1-measure was up to 0.88 in NER task and 0.78 in MRE task. Moreover, the model converged faster and avoided problems such as overfitting. Conclusion This study proved the good performance of deep learning on medical knowledge extraction. It also verified the feasibility of the BiLSTM-CRF model in different application scenarios, laying the foundation for the subsequent work in the EMR field.

An analysis of possibilities for the establishment of a multipurpose and multidimensional cadastre in Poland

An efficiently operating cadastral system may provide the basis for all processes for the purposes of rational and effective property management. The cadastre existing in Poland originates from the 13th century’s tradition of land management. However, the work on the construction of an IT cadastral system was only initiated with the issuance of Regulation on the Land and Property Register in 1996. The implementation of its provisions resulted in errors visible in the cadastral documentation up to the present day. Currently, the Land and Property Register i.e. a public register serves the function of the cadastre in Poland. Regulation of 1996 initiated the stage of transition of (both descriptive and graphic) documents from analogue forms to digital data carriers. Most often, this was done by means of scanning or digitisation of the existing resources. As demonstrated by earlier studies, the process often failed to include the updating of maps and the verification of the compliance of the descriptive part of the Register Documentation with its graphic part. Moreover, significant inconsistencies were observed between the data originating from the Land and Property Register and the Land and Mortgage Register i.e. a register of rights to properties. Low accuracy of the cadastral data, and the incompleteness of sets of spatial data about cadastral objects create a significant barrier to the construction of a modern cadastral system in Poland. This study constitutes the analysis for the construction of a multidimensional cadastre in Poland, and to identify the groups of problems associated with its implementation. Based on detailed analyses of regulation and conducted case studies, a possibility was indicated for a gradual evolution of cadastral data from the 2D dimension to 3D. The study considered technical and legal conditions of designing cadastral systems worldwide. The proposed solution offers an opportunity to accelerate the construction of a cadastral system which is an effective tool of property management policy in Poland.

A Preliminary Study on Chinese Poetries' Artistic Conception for Digital Visualization Application of Intangible Cultural Heritage

Although amount of digital archives on tangible cultural heritage has been built in past few years, intangible cultural heritage is still needed to be explored. To retain and propagate the cherished Chinese cultural heritage, such as classic poetry which reflect the life experience, characteristics of people, and features of the culture, is crucial to people of a nation. Cultural and creative design needs a variety of digital carriers to enhance industry production. New forms of visualized tools are more helpful for building an efficient product design model. Therefore, a new interpretation of the meaning of the intangible culture can discover the value and benefits of its industrial development. Literature review of this study focuses on the policies and trends of cultural and creative industries, the development of intangible cultural digital visualization applications, and product design models. Several research methods are applied to precede subsequent empirical research. Metaphor rhetoric textual analysis and Roland Barthes’ semiotics theory (two orders of signification) are used to analyze culture codes in order to transform as design elements. Empirical study on this digital visualized product design model takes Chinese poetry as an example. The cultural codes are extracted as artistic conception for 2-D visual digitization. Therefore, the purpose of this research project aims to construct a product design model in terms of the digital visualization on intangible cultural heritage. The exploration of intangible cultural codes is an innovative concept for designing the creative products. It can also integrate the digital technology with humanity over cultural product design, and provide a reference for the future development of cultural and creative industry.

Problemy krojów pisma w edycji sejmowej dzieł Jana Kochanowskiego

The article contains a review of changes in digital carriers of printing typefaces since the 80s in the context of problems which appeared after 2012 during the preparation for publishing the missing volumes of the so-called parliamentary edition of all works by Jan Kochanowski. The dissertation is ordered according to four features of today’s fonts, referring partly to past and present functionality of writing: shape (typeface), type size, format (digital data) and sign coding. The stylistic aspect of glyphs was discussed using three criteria of opposing classification of typefaces according to their formal features: antiqua vs. stylized typefaces, serif vs. sans-serif and one-element vs. two-element. Some deficiencies of the present Unicode standard have been pointed to, which may cause difficulties while designing and coding untypical glyphs – used both for printing Old-Polish text and for its further use in its digital version. Finishing the A-type edition of works by Jan Kochanowski poses a number of challenges for the publisher. The relatively easiest one is using contemporary digital instruments for mapping the existing graphic look of the volumes printed in 1982–1997.

Adaptive block‐based pixel value differencing steganography

AbstractSteganography is the science of hiding secure data in digital carriers such as images and videos. Pixel value differencing (PVD) steganography algorithms embed data into images depending on pixel neighborhood differences. We have proposed PVD scheme for embedding secure data into digital images. The image is divided into non‐overlapping 3 × 3 blocks. The block's median pixel is used as a reference for calculating pixel differences. The distance between the minimum and maximum differences are fine tuned for spreading the secure data on a wide range of image regions with high‐intensity fluctuations. The embedding procedure embeds secure data into the content regions with edges and intensity transitions. Texture images provide higher embedding size compared with regular images. The results showed that the proposed algorithm is successfully able to avoid smooth regions in the embedding process. In addition, the proposed algorithm shows better embedding quality compared with the state of the art PVD approaches especially with low‐embedding rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ РЕКЛАМНОГО РИНКУ УКРАЇНИ І СВІТУ

В статті досліджено і співставлено основні тенденції, які склалися на рекламному ринку України і світу за минулі десять років. Показано, що український рекламний ринок виріс у гривневому еквіваленті, проте зазнав двох кризових спадів у 2009 і 2014 роках. У доларовому еквіваленті місткість українського ринку медіа реклами за десять років зменшилася в два рази, в той час як місткість глобального рекламного ринку зросла на третину. Представлено структуру українського ринку медійної реклами, її динаміку в розрізі різних медіа каналів. Показано, що за досліджуваний період суттєво зросла частка інтернет реклами за рахунок скорочення частки витрат на телевізійну рекламу, рекламу в пресі і зовнішню рекламу. Здійснено порівняння розподілу рекламних витрат в розрізі носіїв в Україні і світі. Розглянуто світові тенденції перспектив розвитку рекламного ринку щодо носіїв реклами. Показано, що реклама через мобільні пристрої є ключовим фактором зростання рекламних ринків. Визначено п’ятірку лідерів світових рекламодавців за обсягами витрат на рекламу у 2015 р., розглянуто їх витрати на рекламу, в тому числі через цифрові носії та мобільні пристрої. Визначено перспективи розвитку глобального рекламного ринку щодо країн–лідерів. Розглянуто перспективи розвитку рекламного ринку України та основні фактори, які їх визначають.

Measurement and Test Performance for Integrated Digital Loop Carrier for White Noise Impairment Using Interleaved Mode

ABSTRACT This paper presents results of measurement and test performance for integrated digital loop carrier (IDLC) technology. The study focuses on cable modem termination systems (CMTSs) that are reported on assortments of operating parameters to the end user based on upstream and downstream modes that are incorporated with statistical analysis approach. The study focuses on the statistical analytical measurement for noise margins on a particular type of loops--white noise Keywords: integrated digital loop carrier, DSL, broadband, interleaved mode INTRODUCTION Service providers in the past have extensively used digital loop carriers (DLC) in delivering reliable, robust and high quality voice service to end users. Recently, telecommunications network providers (TNP) improve and change their path in broadband technologies for better services and costs reduction to customers. As a result, they increased the number of lines with extended distances from Central Office (CO) with high quality of services in voice and data. From analog technology in plain old telephone services (POTs) to digital in DLC, TNP have made great stride and break through to service providers and end-users. Digital loop carrier (DLC) technology is based on digital techniques to provide large services to users via copper lines. In today technologies, IDLC systems are broadly installed in delivering telecommunications services. Significant wiring and advantages of cost can be profited with IDLC at remote locations. In this work, the study illustrates the statistical analysis for the results of measurement of a test performance for integrated digital loop carrier (IDLC) type of white noise impairment. This paper is arranged as follows: A review of literature provides an overview of voice over digital subscriber line (VoDSL), digital subscriber line (DSL), and carrier serving area (CSA). A description of the DLC and IDLC are then presented, with a discussion and network setup following. Regression analysis is then presented, with statistical analysis and hypothesis testing on the difference between the two means, of the noise margin, of the upstream and downstream cases in the interleaved mode setup completing the section. The paper is completed with a summary of the results and the conclusion. LITERATURE REVIEW Early studies showed that the first generation integrated access systems served as a platform for delivering voice, data and voice services over multiple T1/E1 lines and OC-3 fiber link. Later studies showed that the universal digital loop carrier system (UDLC), evolved into what are now known as the integrated digital loop carrier (Opara & Etnyre, 2010) Musa, Akujuobi, & Mir (2007) indicated that when measuring call quality, three categories of study include listening quality, conversational quality and transmission quality. According to Musa et al., the objective of call quality measurement is to obtain a reliable estimate of one or more within the above categories using either subjective or objective testing methods. A baseline test for the listening quality (LQ) using voice over digital subscriber line (VoDSL) access technology has been studied (Musa, Opara, Shayib, & El-Aasser, 2010). Researchers used voice/listening quality (V/LQ) transmission with voice compression while continuously downloading files. Indeed, those results enable the efficiency of the LQ and its statistical analysis based on a digital subscriber line (DSL) service at level 1.5M/384K for each American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and carrier serving area (CSA) loops. Furthermore, based on the experimental VoDSL network architecture and the following DSL service levels 640K/ 640K, 1.5M / 384K, 3.0M/ 512K, and 1.5M/ 256K for each ANSI/CSA loops by using voice quality transmission testing with voice compression while continuously downloading files, it was found that on certain loops, all eight derived lines were not supported on IADs for VoDSL solution (Musa et al. …