Digital Camera Research Articles

How to improve photographs with smartphones for oral telemedicine

Photographic images are an essential tool in oral medicine practice, even though their value is conditioned by their quality. Digital photography using smartphones (SPhs) has had many advances, nowadays allowing the acquisition of high-quality pictures. Compared to professional cameras, it has advantages and disadvantages. The latter comprise photographs out of focus, poorly framed, and lighting problems due to shadows, artifacts, and color alterations, among other problems mainly mediated by the operator. Such defects can limit the proper interpretation of the image representing the patient’s condition. This perspective aims to describe the basic concepts of photography and the functional features of SPhs. This will allow programming those devices properly for oral telemedicine (OTM), understanding their limitations, and correcting errors for the photographs to be used effectively. We also include empirical solutions and illustrations showing that photography with SPhs could be easily executable by any health professional and even by the patients themselves.

A Machine Vision Method for Identifying Blade Tip Clearance in Wind Turbines.

This paper introduces a machine vision method for measuring the blade tip clearance in a wind turbine. An industrial personal computer (IPC) is installed in the nacelle of the wind turbine to continuously receive video data from a digital camera mounted at the bottom of the nacelle. Using the open-source computer vision (OpenCV) digital image processing library data base, the real-time trajectory of the turbine blades is determined from the video data. Furthermore, fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis is performed for determining the operating frequency of the blades in the images. The amplitude analysis performed at this operating frequency reveals the pixel-based blade tip clearance, which is then used to calculate the actual clearance of the wind turbine. This value is subsequently transmitted to the main controller of the wind turbine. The main controller can enhance the operational safety of the wind turbine by implementing appropriate pitch control strategies to restrict and safeguard the blade tip clearance. The results obtained by conducting experiments on a 2.0 MW wind turbine unit validate the effectiveness of the proposed identification method. In this method, the blade tip clearance can be calculated effectively in real time, and both the video sampling rate and communication speed meet the requirements for controlling the blade pitch.

Enhanced luminescence encryption via Mn4+ activation with organic acid surface modification

Mn4+-activated luminescent materials exhibit high color purity red light emission, but their limited water resistance hinders practical applications. In this study, citric and oxalic acids are innovatively employed for surface modification, resulting in luminescent materials with enhanced water resistance while preserving their luminescent intensity. This enhancement provides a prerequisite for their application in anti-counterfeiting films and aqueous fluorescent inks. Furthermore, the potential for optical information storage is successfully demonstrated by utilizing the photochromic fluorescent properties of polyvinyl alcohol films deposited on oxalic acid-modified K2SiF6:Mn4+. Exploiting the 3 ms day time difference between equivalently and non-equivalently doped Mn4+ fluoride, a millisecond information encryption mode is proposed by combining oxalic acid-modified K2SiF6:Mn4+ (long decay time, τ = 8.99 ms) and K3AlF6:Mn4+ (short decay time, τ = 5.31 ms). This mode can be effectively decoded using digital cameras and editing software, achieving high-level anti-counterfeiting capabilities. This work advances the application of highly efficient Mn4+-activated red phosphors in the realm of information security.

Lernaea cf. cyprinacea infection in agile frog (Rana dalmatina) tadpoles in Hungary.

The ectoparasitic copepod Lernaea cyprinacea (anchor worm) has more than 100 host species among teleost fishes and affects cyprinids both in fish farms and natural waters. In addition, while L. cyprinacea infection in amphibians has been recorded in Asia, North and South America, there is no data available in the literature on their presence in Europe. In this study, we first reported L. cf. cyprinacea parasitising an anuran tadpole in Europe. Specimens of L. cf. cyprinacea were observed attached to a tadpole of the agile frog (Rana dalmatina), which was caught during fishing of crucian carp fingerlings (Carassius carassius) from a small fish pond in Hungary during the summer of 2012. The infected tadpole was collected from a rearing pond, where juvenile crucian carps were kept. The tadpole was inspected in the laboratory, and digital photos were taken. The parasites were found attached to the body-tail junction and to the leg of the tadpole (at Gosner stage 41). The parasite species was identified as L. cf. cyprinacea based on morphological traits.

Laser powder bed fusion manufactured TPMS cellular structures: Failure modeling by using initial damage concept and continuum damage mechanics model

The present study examined the compressive mechanical properties and failure modes of Schwarz P and Schwarz G Triple Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) cellular structures using Finite Element (FE) simulations and experimental tests. A novel approach based on the initial damage parameter, which accounts for the initial defects induced by the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) manufacturing process, was employed to model the compression behavior of the cellular structures. Compression tests were conducted on 3 Schwarz P and 3 Schwarz G specimens. A digital camera captured the deformation patterns of the specimens, revealing that shear bands formed in the Schwarz P specimens, while the Schwarz G specimens deformed uniformly. The FE simulations utilized modified material parameters according to the Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) framework. Moreover, an isotropic CDM model with micro-defect closure effect was implemented to investigate the failure mechanisms of the specimens. The FE simulation results indicated that the CDM model accurately predicted the mechanical behavior of the cellular structures fabricated by the LPBF process. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images confirmed that the specimens had manufacturing defects such as micro-voids, pores, and surface roughness and that the crack initiation locations corresponded to the maximum damage locations of the FE simulations.

Analisis Proses Produksi Program Siaran Berita Padang Pagi Ini Di Pro 1

This thesis is entitled "Analysis of the Production Process of Padang Pagi Ini News Broadcast Program at Pro 1 Radio Republik Indonesia Padang". The purpose of this research is to find out the production process of the news broadcast program "Padang Pagi Ini" at Pro 1 RRI Padang and to find out the factors that influence the production process of the news broadcast "Padang Pagi Ini" at Pro 1 RRI Padang. This research uses descriptive qualitative research methods. As a qualitative descriptive researcher, the researcher will only describe the situation or event, not looking for relationships, not testing hypotheses or making predictions. the results showed that the stages of the production process of "Padang Pagi Ini" are the same as the production process of radio programs in general, including: pre-production stages, production stages, post-production stages and factors affecting news production at RRI Padang are human resources, technology, content management, broadcasting regulations, and audience feedback. The production team consists of journalists, reporters, producers, editors, and technicians who have competencies and experience that affect the quality of the news presented. Technology such as digital cameras, video editing software and digital transmission systems facilitate the news production process.

Factors Associated With Pain Perception and Management Among Paediatric Nurses and Nursing Students Using Virtual Children: A Comparative Study.

To identify and compare factors associated with pain perception and management among paediatric nurses and nursing students using virtual human technology. This study employed a comparative, cross-sectional design. Fifty-one paediatric nurses from a tertiary hospital and 50 senior nursing students from a nursing college, both located in South Korea, participated in the study. Virtual vignettes, including scenarios with virtual children and their clinical information, were used to assess participants' pain perception and management. The virtual children, created from real face photos, varied in age (young/old), sex (boy/girl) and facial expressions (smile/grimace). Participants rated perceived pain scores and selected management choices for eight virtual vignettes, which were randomly presented. The Korean version of the Paediatric Nurses' Knowledge and Attitude Survey was completed along with demographic information. Both paediatric nurses and nursing students rated pain scores lower than the actual pain scores reported by virtual children. Nurses rated higher pain scores and accordingly selected more medication doses compared to students. Beyond pain-related knowledge, the facial expression of the virtual child influenced pain rating and medication choices, while age and sex had no effect. Nursing students were more sensitive to the facial expressions of virtual children when rating their pain compared to nurses. Future studies should explore how paediatric nurses' clinical experiences impact their assessment and management of child patient pain. Paediatric nurses' knowledge of pain is inadequate, necessitating ongoing education in pain management. Both nurses and nursing students should self-reflect on their pain assessment practices to ensure unbiased care regardless of child patients' characteristics. Virtual human technology can be utilised to train nurses and students to identify and address any biases in their assessment of patients' pain perception. STROBE checklist, cross-sectional. Digital face photos of four healthy children were used as the fundamental material for creating virtual children, with their parents' consent.

Impact of LASER activated irrigation on the retrievability of Guttaflow bioseal (in-vitro study)

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of diode LASER activated irrigation in the removal of GuttaFlow Bioseal root canal filling material during retreatment.Materials and subjectsRoot canals of forty-five single-rooted human mandibular premolar teeth were prepared with ProTaper Universal rotary system and obturated with lateral condensation obturation technique using Gutta Percha and Roeko GuttaFlow Bioseal root canal sealer. All specimens were retreated with ProTaper Universal Retreatment System files then divided to three different groups according to the technique of activation of irrigation. Samples were sectioned, and the residual filling remnants were captured using digital camera attached to microscope. Data was collected by three different interpreters, to eliminate the subjectivity of the process, using the ImageJ Software. The mean value of the data was obtained and evaluated statistically. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05.ResultsThe remaining filling materials in the canals irrigated with ultrasonic activation (6.17 ± 1.42 at coronal level, 10.93 ± 1.91at middle level, and 14.58 ± 2.23 at apical level) were less than these irrigated with LASER activation (15.87 ± 3.78 at coronal level, 21.28 ± 4.44 at middle level, and 27.06 ± 2.68 at apical level). Maximum amount of remaining filling materials was present in the canals irrigated with passive side-vented syringe (23.07 ± 3.22 at coronal level, 38.09 ± 7.27 at middle level, and 34.24 ± 9.77 at apical level).ConclusionThe activation of irrigation techniques used were incapable of complete removal of filling material at root canal walls.

Deep Single Image Defocus Deblurring via Gaussian Kernel Mixture Learning.

This paper proposes an end-to-end deep learning approach for removing defocus blur from a single defocused image. Defocus blur is a common issue in digital photography that poses a challenge due to its spatially-varying and large blurring effect. The proposed approach addresses this challenge by employing a pixel-wise Gaussian kernel mixture (GKM) model to accurately yet compactly parameterize spatially-varying defocus point spread functions (PSFs), which is motivated by the isotropy in defocus PSFs. We further propose a grouped GKM (GGKM) model that decouples the coefficients in GKM, so as to improve the modeling accuracy with an economic manner. Afterward, a deep neural network called GGKMNet is then developed by unrolling a fixed-point iteration process of GGKM-based image deblurring, which avoids the efficiency issues in existing unrolling DNNs. Using a lightweight scale-recurrent architecture with a coarse-to-fine estimation scheme to predict the coefficients in GGKM, the GGKMNet can efficiently recover an all-in-focus image from a defocused one. Such advantages are demonstrated with extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets, where the GGKMNet outperforms existing defocus deblurring methods in restoration quality, as well as showing advantages in terms of model complexity and computational efficiency.

Microfluidics and Chip Development

During the course of the summer, I had the privilege to work with Dr. Carlos Escobedo and his team of researchers on the topics of microfluidics and Lab-On-Chip (LOC) technology. Microfluidics is a branch of fluid dynamics which utilizes small volumes of fluid to perform tests under ideal conditions, and LOC is the process of using microfluidics for experiments in small-scale environments. I participated in two LOC projects, the first for bacterial analysis and the second for microplastic separation. The goal of the first project was to observe if Vibrio Cholerae bacteria was attracted to a variety of chemo attractants. To observe this interaction under microfluidic conditions, we developed a chip which when flooded with chemoattractant trapped a portion in the chip. We could then remove the non-entrapped chemoattractant from the sides and refill the chip with bacteria. Observations of the bacteria’s movement were then taken using a microscope attached to a digital camera. The second project focused on microplastics, which are plastic particulates under 5mm in diameter, our smallest sample being 10μm. Due to their size standard filtering techniques were ineffective at separating them, which led to us using Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD). DLD utilizes an array of pillars to create spots of changing pressure for passing particles. The array is designed so larger particles are unaffected while smaller particulates will be redirected and collected separately. To arrange the plastics into their types, a centrifugal design was used. This design functions similarly to a centrifuge, which by rapidly spinning a substance separates out materials based on density. The chip works under a similar theory, but instead uses a spiral channel to force the particles in a repeated circular spinning motion. The particles then exit with differing directionalities based on where they were in the channel, allowing for collection.

Myoglobin redox form prediction in fresh beef using computer vision systems and artificial intelligence

To development a computer vision system (CVS) to determine the myoglobin redox forms on beef surfaces, the reflectance spectra of reference samples of deoxymyoglobin (DMb), oxymyoglobin (OMb), and metmyoglobin (MMb) were recorded, and the surface images captured by a digital camera (CVScam) and a cell phone camera (CVScel) to train the algorithm. Meat color changes during blooming and display storage were also recorded. Higher k-fold accuracy was observed for CVScam (90.98 %) than for CVScel (86.53 %), with significantly correlation with colorimeter for OMb (r = 0.77 and 0.71), DMb (r = 0.84 and 0.71), and MMb (r = 0.87 and 0.88). The CVS MMb was lower and the OMb was higher than colorimeter, but the redox form behaviors were more consistent with the expected chemical changes on the surface. The constructed CVS showed satisfactory performance as a useful and accurate tool for predicting the myoglobin redox forms on the beef surface.

Exploring the potential of tomato juice (Solanum lycopersicum L.) patch for tooth bleaching.

Tomato, renowned for its tooth-whitening properties due to its hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase enzyme content, requires formulation for enhanced applicability. This study assessed the dental whitening efficacy of a patch containing tomato juice as the active ingredient. Tomato juice patches were formulated at concentrations of 55%, 60%, and 65%. A control group (C) containing a 12% hydrogen peroxide patch was also included. A matrix layer of the patches was prepared using the solvent casting method at 40 for 18 h, with TegadermTM applied as the backing layer. For the dental whitening procedure, each group of patches was applied to the labial surface of anterior stained teeth (n=6/group) for 3 h, repeated 14 times. Tooth brightness was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using digital dental photo CIEL*a*b* analysis. Meanwhile, enamel surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed for statistical analysis. The application of tomato juice patches led to enhanced tooth brightness. The patch containing 65% tomato juice significantly improved stained tooth brightness (P<0.05). SEM analysis revealed less enamel erosion with the 65% tomato juice patch compared to the 12% hydrogen peroxide patch. Tomato juice patches effectively increased tooth brightness while minimizing demineralization. Further research is needed to optimize formulation and explore its potential.

A new method of intraoperative assessment of the dynamics of cortical blood flow using imaging photoplethysmography

Background. Intraoperative assessment of changes in cerebral blood flow is an important component of objective quality control of surgical treatment of cerebral artery aneurysms. Various techniques have been tried to solve this task, but they all have their drawbacks, which forces us to look for new ways of blood flow monitoring. We propose to use the technology of imaging photoplethysmography (IPPG) – a technically simple, contactless, safe and cheap optical method for assessing the perfusion of biological tissues.Aim. To demonstrate the possibility of using IPPG to assess the dynamics of cerebral blood flow parameters during aneurysm clipping surgery, as well as to identify early changes in blood supply to the cerebral cortex.Materials and methods. The study was carried out during six surgeries of clipping aneurysms of the anterior part of the Willis’s circle, both in the acute stage of rupture (n = 1) and in a planned manner (n = 5). The IPPG system, which is an LED illuminator in a single unit with a digital video camera, was located on a tripod 25 cm from the intervention zone. During each operation, two one-minute recordings of the illuminated surface of the cerebral cortex were performed: after dissection of the dura mater and before its suturing at the end of the main stage of the intervention. To improve the measurement accuracy, video frames of the studied area were recorded synchronously with the registration of an electrocardiogram. After recording, two IPPG parameters were calculated and compared: the amplitude of the pulsatile component and the pulse wave transit time. Thereafter, the obtained data were compared with the results of computed tomography. Statistical analysis was performed using pairwise comparison tests in the GraphPad Prism software package.Results. Clipping of cerebral vessel aneurysms are accompanied by significant changes in the parameters of cerebral blood flow. Analysis of the data for all patients revealed significant differences in IPPG parameters before and after surgery, namely, statistically significant increase in amplitude of the pulsatile component (n = 3) and decrease in pulse wave transit time (n = 5). The absence of significant changes in both parameters was found only in one patient who had mechanical damage in the cortex in the region of video recording.Conclusion. The IPPG system is capable to quantify changes in blood supply to the cortex during surgical treatment of cerebral artery aneurysms and to identify areas with either increased or decreased blood supply. In-depth studies are required to obtain additional markers of the postoperative state of cerebral blood flow.

Photographic scale for the characterization of actinic keratosis through reflectance confocal microscopy: a quantitative approach to cellular transformation.

Actinic keratosis (AK) is a highly prevalent pre-cancerous skin lesion that often leads to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. There are different stages of evolution of the disease and several features that characterize keratosis. This study aimed to develop a qualitative and quantitative visual diagnostic tool to facilitate the identification of the characteristics and severity of the main cellular attributes of AK and to show its applicability in evaluating the evolution or treatment through image analysis. Literature research on the main scientific databases and in the institute's database was carried out to gather all the different levels of cellular transformation. To validate the scale, a preliminary characterization study was carried out with 21 subjects who had clinically diagnosed AK lesions to classify the attributes in each skin layer and test the accuracy of the diagnosis of the scale. Afterward, and to show the possibility of a follow-up with a topical treatment, the subjects were divided into two treatment groups, receiving either a cream formulation containing retinoic acid, or a placebo formula. The evaluation was carried out through confocal reflectance microscopy and a digital camera with dermoscopic quality before and after 90 days of treatment. A table detailing the 18 attributes of AK, and a photographic scale containing RCM images graded by scores established for each characteristic and the frequency of spreading were developed. The results of the validation presented good repeatability, correlation with clinical evaluation, and capacity for differentiating treatments demonstrated by the significant improvement after topical treatment by the reduction of the score for 10 out of the 18 attributes. The preliminary study, evaluated by the detailed transformation scale highlights important differences in the subclinical approach that allows a deeper evaluation of the aspects of the lesion's re-incidence even after fully treated skin sites. This study brings an innovative method based on RCM, to assist in the quantification of cell transformation level, provide early diagnosis, and deliver a powerful treatment evaluation tool to provide smoother treatment, as well as prevent re-incidence in the cases.

Landmark Positioning on a Map: An Alternative Measure of Spatial Ability for Identifying Students Who May Benefit From Learning Gross Anatomy with Virtual Reality.

Research has shown an inconsistent relationship between spatial abilities and learning outcomes from virtual anatomical tools. Instructors must understand this relationship to select appropriate resources for diverse learners. To identify appropriate tests for measuring spatial ability and evaluate the effectiveness of virtual anatomical resources, this study compared 96 students' visuospatial ability (measured using the Mental Rotation Task [MRT] and Landmark Position on a Map [LPM] tests) with learning outcomes from experimental anatomy sessions and undergraduate anatomical course examinations. During experimental sessions, students took a test after a brief instructional session using one virtual resource: a monoscopic resource (e.g., digital photographs or a rotatable three-dimensional [r3D] specimen) or a stereoscopic virtual reality (VR) specimen. A negative linear relationship was found between MRT scores and students in Session B using VR with controllers (r= -.56 to -.29), and LPM scores and students using VR (r= -.71 to .39) and r3D (r= -.41 to .43). There was a positive linear relationship between MRT scores and all other resources (r= .01 to .91), and course examination scores (r= .25 to .42, p = .05). Although the results were inconsistent, correlations were found between spatial ability and outcomes using both the MRT and LPM. The LPM might be better suited for determining which learners would benefit from VR. The results suggest that monoscopic resources best support high spatial abilities, and stereoscopic resources best support low spatial abilities. These findings support accounting for diverse learner visuospatial abilities when selecting resources.

Advances in image-based diagnosis of nail disorders.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of image-based techniques, particularly focusing on their applications and advancements in the context of nail disorders. Nowadays, high-resolution digital cameras and dermoscopes enable dermatologists to capture detailed images of nail abnormalities, facilitating early diagnosis and meticulous tracking of disease progression. Onychoscopy is now a routine technique with well-known criteria for the diagnosis, but recent developments allow us to visualize certain diseases better. Imaging modalities like high-frequency ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography and confocal microscopy are being increasingly adopted for their superior diagnostic capabilities. These techniques are described in their technology, scanning protocols, normal findings, advantages and limitations. Moreover, the integration of technology in patient education has fostered a more informed patient population, capable of actively participating in their disease monitoring and treatment regimens. Proper training, validation, regulation and ethical considerations are, however, essential when integrating technology into healthcare practices. Imaging technologies that present the potential to add critical anatomical information to clinical diagnoses within reasonable costs and are available worldwide are the ones that will probably be used the most.

Features of Bioluminescence Dynamics of Photobacterium phosphoreum IMV B-7071

The problem of the prolonged and stable intensity of bioluminescent signals is relevant in the development of any test systems that use biological objects. The aim of this work was to study the features of bioluminescence dynamics of Photobacterium phosphoreum IMV B-7071 in a liquid and on different stationary media. Methods. Bioluminescence studies were performed in liquid, agarose, and cellulose-cotton media. Bacterial suspensions were cultivated at 21°C in the mediums with standard composition. We studied both the background glow and its dynamics under conditions of mixing a liquid medium. Bioluminescence was recorded using digital photography with subsequent image processing of the samples. The measurements of luminescence were made by digital photo or video recording using Olympus digital camera SP560UZ, CANON 700D, and mobile device camera Samsung Galaxy 9 Note with specialized applications for mobile devices "Colorimeter (Lab Tools Apps)" and Camera Color Counter (Keuwsoft) at maximum light sensitivity in the automatic white balance mode at a fixed distance from the sample. Image processing was carried out using ImageJ and Origin Pro. Spectra of bacterial luminescence and its dynamics over time were measured using an LOMO MDR-23 spectrometer in the range of 200–750 nm. Results. The results of the study prove that in aqueous or solid agar and also on cellulose cotton medium, the intensity of bioluminescence of P. phosphoreum gradually increases, reaching a maximum within approximately 2 days, after which it slowly fades. It was established that the bioluminescence of photobacterium P. phosphoreum is a non-stationary process and has characteristic features of temporal dynamics associated with both the dynamics of the oxygen concentration in the environment of bacterial suspensions and the dynamics of the bacterial population density. Analysis of the luminescence spectra of bacteria shows that luminescence occurs mainly in the blue and green regions of the spectrum with luminescence maxima in the range of 460–520 nm, but the ultra-weak glow is also registered in the UV and red spectral ranges. The variability of photobacterial luminescence spectra over time in the spectral ranges of the main luminophores causes color fluctuations between the blue and green ranges. Conclusions. The key parameters of multi-day background and short-term induced bioluminescence dynamics of photobacteria in different environments were clarified, and the certain variability of the spectral characteristics of luminescent radiation over time was shown. The revealed features of the dynamics of the bioluminescence of P. phosphoreum must be taken into account in practical application to assess the toxicity of substances of various nature, as well as in environmental monitoring.

Toward Controllable Self‐Reduction of Mn4+ to Mn2+ by Lanthanide Ions for Luminescence Based Colorimetric Sensing of Temperature

AbstractLuminescence intensity ratio (LIR) based optical thermometers have attracted lots of attention. In case of color tunable luminescence with the variation of LIR, “RGB colorimetry” based on convenient temperature sensing using a smartphone or digital camera is available. However, narrow emission bands with primary colors are needed for avoiding color crosstalk and achieving high sensitivities. In this paper, Mn4+ and Mn2+ coactivated CaAl12O19 (CAO) phosphors are reported that show a narrow red emission of Mn4+ and green one of Mn2+ with the number of the two ions controlled by lanthanide ions through manipulation of self‐reduction of Mn4+ to Mn2+ in air. The self‐reduction in CAO via the addition of Ce4+ is mainly studied. First‐principles calculation shows that the self‐reduction is driven by Ca vacancies that are produced in aliovalent substitution of Ce4+ for Ca2+ and can reduce the formation energy of Mn2+. The comparative study of temperature sensing based on LIR and RG colorimetry is conducted. The relative sensitivity based on LIR is high as 4.5% K−1 at 373 K and that for RG colorimetry can reach 2% K−1 at 350 K. These findings provide a strategy for manipulation of manganese valance states and a phosphor for RG colorimetry temperature sensing.

Method of Digital Processing of Optical Spectra of Magnetron Discharge Plasma

To solve the actual problems associated with the development of the theory of magnetron discharge and the expansion of its practical application, a digital method of recording and processing the discharge plasma luminescence spectra is proposed in this work. To obtain the discharge plasma glow spectra, a photographic technique was used, which allowed simultaneous recording of the entire radiation spectrum in the 390.0-700.0 nm region. An additional advantage of this technique is the ability to track spatial changes in the composition and properties of the plasma in the discharge in the selected direction. A Canon EOS 80D digital camera with remote control was used to record the optical signal. A graphical application OSA was created to process digital images of the discharge plasma luminescence spectra. The paper describes the functionality of this application: determination of the wavelength of a spectral line and its belonging to a certain chemical element; measurement of the spatial distribution of the intensity of a spectral line along the selected direction of radiation registration. Determining the wavelength of a spectral line in the application is possible in two modes of operation - automatic and manual. In the first mode, the algorithm developed in this paper determines the wavelength for all spectral lines whose intensity exceeds the background value at a height of 10 % of the lower spectral limit. The second mode allows you to independently select a single spectral line or several to determine their wavelengths. The first mode is used for quick analysis, while the second mode allows you to determine the length of the spectral line with greater accuracy. To interpret the spectral lines, the methodology of reference lines from the databases of spectral line tables for various elements is used. The possibility of both full automatic verification, where all elements are sequentially searched, and selective verification, where one or more elements are selected, is provided. The paper shows that the spatial distribution of the intensity of tungsten spectral lines, and thus of excited atoms in a magnetron discharge, is a complex function of the distance from the cathode, which depends on the discharge parameters. The proposed digital methodology makes it possible to significantly speed up the process of obtaining physical information and increase the accuracy in determining the spectrum parameters.

COMPARISON OF FREEWAY SPACE DISTANCE OF WILLIS METHOD WITH DIGITAL PHOTO ANALYSIS METHOD IN BANJAR TRIBE

Background: The face's vertical dimension or vertical height is the distance between two anatomical points, namely the points on the maxilla and mandible. In measuring the vertical dimension, vertical dimensions of rest (DVR) and vertical dimensions of occlusion (DVO) must be measured. The difference between the vertical dimension of rest (DVR) and the vertical dimension of occlusion (DVO) is called the freeway space (FWS) or interocclusal distance. Freeway space is a key requirement for optimal comfort and function of a partial or complete denture. Each individual's freeway space distance is the movement of muscle function, which can be measured by direct methods such as the Willis method using calipers and the digital photo analysis method using computer software. Two measurement methods can be used to measure freeway space distance direct and indirect. Purpose: To analyze the difference between freeway space distance measured by the Willis method and by digital photo analysis of Adobe Photoshop and Corel Draw graphic design software in the Banjar tribe (a review of students at the Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin). Methods: This study is a quantitative study with an analytic observational method and a cross-sectional approach. This study was conducted by collecting data simultaneously at one time by comparing three different methods on the same sample without being given any treatment. Results: One Way ANOVA test is 0.296 (P&gt;0.05) which means there is no significant difference. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the results of measuring freeway space distance using the Willis method with a digital caliper and digital photo analysis with Adobe Photoshop and Corel Draw software.