Digital Movement Research Articles

Перспективы развития волоконно-оптических систем измерений

Статья посвящена исследованиям в области распределенных и точечных волоконно-оптических измерений (РВОИ и ТВОИ). Представлены результаты этих исследований. Показаны направления разрешения проблем, связанных с одновременным использованием различных возможностей волоконно-оптической техники (ВОТ) для поиска наиболее продуктивных методов и технологий комплексирования антагонистических функций передачи диагностической информации на основе волоконно-оптических линий связи. The article is devoted to research and obtained results related to the field of distributed and point-based fiber-optic measurements based on coherent reflectometry. The necessity of overcoming the following main obstacle is shown: the high sensitivity of the fiber-optic cable laid along the railway track and used as the basis for building a distributed fiber-optic sensor for monitoring train movement parameters to vibroacoustic and seismoacoustic influences exerted during the interaction of wheelsets and rails during the passage of the train, which is the basis for improving the accuracy of optical measurements of train movement parameters, it also becomes an obstacle when transmitting ordinary information packets over other optical fibers of the cable in the mode of transmitting information over an optical communication line. Because of this, various requirements for laying an optical cable also appear: in the first case, as close as possible to the source of vibroacoustic and seismoacoustic effects to increase the sensitivity of distributed fiber-optic sensors, in the second – as far as possible to reduce interference when transmitting information in the optical communication line mode. To solve the existing problems, a method is proposed based on connecting optical coils assembled from optical fiber loops to certain optical fibers of the main optical cable at specified locations. At the same time, to ensure that the results of optical measurements on a distributed sensor are linked to a digital train movement map, the placement of coils is chosen combined with elements of the railway infrastructure that have an accurate geodetic reference. A distinctive feature of the innovations proposed in the article is the possibility of their joint use, which ensures a significant increase in the efficiency of optical measurements.

MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS DIGITAIS E DESIGUALDADES NA SOCIEDADE EM REDE

This work aims to analyze the social transformations occurring in the digital age, with an emphasis on new forms of inequality and the role of digital social movements in the context of globalization and neoliberalism. Initially, it addresses the transition to the network society, based on Manuel Castells’ theories, exploring how digital technologies reconfigure social, economic, and cultural interactions. Next, it discusses the concept of digital inequalities and social exclusion, drawing on studies by Jan van Dijk and Mark Warschauer, highlighting how unequal access to information technologies reinforces existing social inequalities. The research also investigates the emergence of digital social movements and networked activism, analyzing their dynamics and strategies in light of contributions from Zeynep Tufekci and Manuel Castells. Emblematic cases such as the #MeToo movement and Black Lives Matter are examined, evidencing the impact of digital technologies on social mobilization and the promotion of change. Finally, it discusses the impact of neoliberalism and globalization on contemporary social structures, including the precariousness of work and recent economic crises, grounding the discussion in the theories of David Harvey and Saskia Sassen. The methodology adopted is qualitative in nature, based on a critical literature review of the main sociological theories related to the theme. The results point to the need to understand the complexity of social dynamics in the digital age and recognize the importance of digital social movements in combating new forms of inequality. It is concluded that sociology plays a fundamental role in analyzing and understanding contemporary social phenomena, contributing to the construction of a more just and inclusive society in the era of globalization and digital technologies.

Using transient, effector-specific neural responses to gate decoding for brain-computer interfaces.

Real-world implementation of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for continuous control of devices should ideally rely on fully asynchronous decoding approaches. That is, the decoding algorithm should continuously update its output by estimating the user's intended actions from real-time neural activity, without the need for any temporal alignment to an external cue. This kind of open-ended temporal flexibility is necessary to achieve naturalistic and intuitive control, but presents a challenge: how do we know when it is appropriate to decode anything at all? Activity in motor cortex is dynamic and modulates with many different types of actions (proximal arm control, hand control, speech, etc.), which can interfere with each other. Additionally, the "decodability" of any given action type (amount of relevant information present in the neural activity) fluctuates over time based on motor intent as well as intrinsic network dynamics. Here we present a method for simplifying the problem of continual decoding that uses transient, end effector-specific neural responses to identify periods of effector engagement. For example, we have observed unique neural signatures at the onset and offset of hand-related actions. Only after detecting the period of engagement do we then decode specific action features (e.g. digit movement or force). By using this gated approach, decoding models can be simpler (owing to local linearities) and are less sensitive to interference from cross-effector interference such as combined reaching and grasping actions.
Clinical Trial ID: NCT01894802.

Media Literacy and Involvement of Students of SMK YPC Tasikmalaya in Religious Da'wah Movement in Digital Space

The development of digital technology has transformed how students interact and participate in dakwah activities, particularly through social media. This study aims to analyze how media literacy supports the involvement of SMK YPC Tasikmalaya students in digital religious dakwah movements and how pesantren-based education enhances these capabilities. Using qualitative methods and a case study approach, this research collected data through interviews, observations, and documentation of students' digital dakwah activities. The findings indicate that the media literacy program at SMK YPC Tasikmalaya not only equips students with technical skills to access and disseminate information but also instills religious moderation values to counter radicalism and intolerance in digital dakwah. Media literacy developed through the pesantren approach encourages students to become creators of inclusive, peaceful, and relevant dakwah content tailored to digital audiences. The implications of this research highlight the importance of integrating media literacy into religious education curricula to prepare young generations as productive and moderate digital preachers. With these skills, students can actively disseminate tolerant dakwah messages and foster a harmonious digital community rooted in religious values.

Systematic Evaluation of IMU Sensors for Application in Smart Glove System for Remote Monitoring of Hand Differences.

Human hands have over 20 degrees of freedom, enabled by a complex system of bones, muscles, and joints. Hand differences can significantly impair dexterity and independence in daily activities. Accurate assessment of hand function, particularly digit movement, is vital for effective intervention and rehabilitation. However, current clinical methods rely on subjective observations and limited tests. Smart gloves with inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors have emerged as tools for capturing digit movements, yet their sensor accuracy remains underexplored. This study developed and validated an IMU-based smart glove system for measuring finger joint movements in individuals with hand differences. The glove measured 3D digit rotations and was evaluated against an industrial robotic arm. Tests included rotations around three axes at 1°, 10°, and 90°, simulating extension/flexion, supination/pronation, and abduction/adduction. The IMU sensors demonstrated high accuracy and reliability, with minimal systematic bias and strong positive correlations (p > 0.95 across all tests). Agreement matrices revealed high agreement (<1°) in 24 trials, moderate (1-10°) in 12 trials, and low (>10°) in only 4 trials. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) ranged from 1.357 to 5.262 for the 90° tests, 0.094 to 0.538 for the 10° tests, and 0.129 to 0.36 for the 1° tests. Likewise, mean absolute error (MAE) ranged from 0.967 to 4.679 for the 90° tests, 0.073 to 0.386 for the 10° tests, and 0.102 to 0.309 for the 1° tests. The sensor provided precise measurements of digit angles across 0-90° in multiple directions, enabling reliable clinical assessment, remote monitoring, and improved diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation for individuals with hand differences.

Pemetaan Strategi Komunikasi Pergerakan Feminis Indonesia di Ruang Digital

This research aims to explore the communication strategies of the digital feminist movement in Indonesia in using social media as a space for message propagation. In the digital era, social media has become the main instrument for feminist communities to deconstruct common gender narratives and advocate for issues related to gender equality and women's empowerment. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach, this research analyzes several relevant literatures to identify the communication strategies applied by Indonesian feminist communities. The results show that these communication strategies include decentralization of information, increased interactivity with audiences, utilization of social media-specific features such as hashtags and highlights, and the use of multimedia content to increase audience appeal. The findings highlight how social media is becoming an influential tool that enables inclusive and collaborative advocacy in the digital space, with challenges of limited internet access and intergenerational differences in understanding how to operate social media features

Running Digital Political Marketing Movement for Election 2024: A Case Study of Pakistan

With the upcoming 2024 Pakistani elections, digital political marketing campaigning has become a central battleground. In this particular context, this research undertaking endeavors to delve into the intricacies and complexities inherently associated with the operation and management of a digital political marketing movement. Employing a case study methodology, this inquiry aims to thoroughly scrutinize successful strategies and potential challenges that may arise in this domain. Drawing upon the experiences of prominent Pakistani marketing campaigns, this paper meticulously examines the utilization of digital platforms in mobilizing supporters, disseminating messages, and engaging in targeted outreach. Furthermore, it seeks to explore the efficacy of various tactics that are employed, including but not limited to content creation, social media engagement, influencer marketing, and data-driven targeting. Additionally, this analysis considers Pakistan’s distinctive socio-political landscape, wherein cultural nuances, levels of digital literacy, and accessibility to the Internet play a pivotal role in shaping marketing campaign strategies. Moreover, addressing the ethical concerns that invariably accompany digital campaigning, such as spreading misinformation, privacy violations, and the proliferation of hate speech online, is imperative. By adopting a nuanced approach and providing a comprehensive understanding of both the opportunities and challenges inherent in running digital political marketing movements in Pakistan, this research endeavor aims to equip future marketing campaigns with invaluable insights and contribute to the broader discourse surrounding the role of digital technologies in shaping democratic processes.

Blockout 2024: digital mobilization movements’ role in raising global awareness and fostering change

&lt;p&gt;Blockout 2024, a social media mobilization campaign, gained traction in response to celebrities’ and powerful people’s silence following the Met Gala in New York. Users who have remained silent or unconcerned about the humanitarian situation in Gaza are encouraged to block influencers’ accounts. The review seeks to investigate the Blockout 2024 phenomenon and how it affects celebrities’ social media. This review examines the impact of social media on power dynamics. On social media platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and X, users have blocked the accounts (especially celebrities’ account) of those who have not responded to the humanitarian disaster. The movement emphasizes the importance of implementing change and making underrepresented voices heard in digital environments. While some celebrities have expressed their support, others have chosen to remain silent, which has resulted in criticism and lost followers. Finally, the Blockout 2024 campaign has gained significant traction on social media platforms such as X, Instagram, and TikTok. Users of social media are becoming more aware of their responsibility to denounce crimes and fight for justice, as evidenced by this group effort. The Blockout 2024 movement has highlighted the potential of digital mobilization to raise global awareness, address humanitarian crises, and hold influencers accountable.&lt;/p&gt;

Learning a Hand Model from Dynamic Movements Using High-Density EMG and Convolutional Neural Networks.

Surface electromyography (sEMG) can sense the motor commands transmitted to the muscles. This work presents a deep learning method that can decode the electrophysiological activity of the forearm muscles into the movements of the human hand. We have recorded the kinematics and kinetics of the hand during a wide range of grasps and individual digit movements that cover 22 degrees of freedom of the hand at slow (0.5 Hz) and comfortable (1.5 Hz) movement speeds in 13 healthy participants. The input of the model consists of 320 non-invasive EMG sensors placed on the extrinsic hand muscles. Our network achieves accurate continuous estimation of both kinematics and kinetics, surpassing the performance of comparable networks reported in the literature. By examining the latent space of the network, we find evidence that it mapped EMG activity into the anatomy of the hand at the individual digit level. In contrast to what is observed from the low-pass filtered EMG and linear decoding approaches, we found that the full-bandwidth EMG (monopolar unfiltered) signals during synergistic and individual digit movements contain distinct neural embeddings that encode each movement of the human hand. These manifolds consistently represent the anatomy of the hand and are generalized across participants. Moreover, we found a task-specific distribution of the embeddings without any presence of correlated activations during multi- and individual-digit tasks. The proposed method could advance the control of assistive hand devices by providing a robust and intuitive interface between muscle signals and hand movements.

Digital Activism Communications and Gender Equality Efforts: The #WeRaceAsOne Movement in Media Social by F1 Fans

The Formula 1 or F1 community is characterized by cases of gender discrimination and sexual harassment, such as the assumption that women do not deserve to like F1 and the Christian Horner harassment case that was not followed up. The purpose of this study is to analyze the form of digital activism used by F1 fans in addressing issues within the F1 community. The research method used is with a qualitative approach and focuses on content analysis. Content analysis of social media posts shows two main purposes for using the hashtag: (1) supporting victims of sexual harassment and (2) rejecting double standards against women in the F1 community. This research concludes that the #WeRaceAsOne hashtag initiated by F1, can be used by fans as a digital activism movement to solve the problems experienced by women in F1.With digital activism movements such as the use of the #WeRaceAsOne hashtag, it is expected to raise awareness, audience solidarity, support victims, ask F1 to be more assertive, and defend female fans who experience discrimination.

Digital motor intervention effects on motor performance of individuals with developmental disabilities: a systematic review.

Individuals (i.e. children/young adults) with developmental disabilities (DDs) and intellectual disabilities (IDs) often display a variety of physical and motor impairments. It is well known that participation in motor activities can positively impact the development of children's cognitive and social skills. Recently, virtual and digital technologies (e.g. video conferencing applications, virtual reality and video gaming) have been increasingly used to promote better physical/motor outcomes. The efficacy of digital technologies in improving motor outcomes for those with DD/ID varies depending on the technology and population, and the comparative effects of various technologies are unknown. The aim of our study is to conduct a systematic review to comprehensively examine the quantitative and qualitative results of current studies reporting the efficacy of digitally based motor interventions on motor outcomes in individuals with DD/ID. Literature published from 1900 to 2024 was searched in four health sciences databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and CINAHL. Articles that examined the effects of gross motor/physical activity training using technologies such as exergaming (i.e. exercise through video gaming such as the Wii and Xbox Kinect), virtual reality or telehealth video conferencing applications (i.e. Zoom, Webex or mobile health apps) on the standardised or game-specific gross motor performance of individuals with DD/ID diagnoses that do not typically experience significant walking challenges using experimental or quasi-experimental study designs were included. Thirty relevant articles were retrieved from a search of the databases PubMed (914), PsycINFO (1201), Scopus (1910) and CINAHL (948). Our quantitative synthesis of this published literature suggests strong and consistent evidence of small-to-large improvements in motor skill performance following digital movement interventions. Our review supports the use of digital motor interventions to support motor skill performance in individuals with DD without ID. Digital technologies can provide a more engaging option for therapists to promote motor skill development in individuals with DD or for caregivers to use as an adjunct to skilled therapy.

The Sustainability Role of Women Entrepreneurs through the Digital Financial Literacy Movement

This study discusses how financial technology and financial literacy play a crucial role in supporting the sustainability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in East Java. The utilization of financial technology, which includes various digital services such as online payments and access to financing, along with financial literacy, which refers to the understanding and ability to manage finances wisely, has been proven to be essential in maintaining the competitiveness and growth of businesses, especially among female entrepreneurs.The research was conducted using a survey involving 390 female entrepreneurs in East Java, selected through purposive sampling. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the findings indicate that both financial technology and financial literacy significantly impact the sustainability of women’s businesses in the region. However, this study is limited by its focus solely on female entrepreneurs in East Java, which may restrict the generalizability of the results to other cities. Therefore, a larger sample size across various regions would provide more comprehensive insights. This study suggests that the East Java government should pay closer attention to this sector, given its significant contribution to the regional and national economy.

The Sustainability Role of Women Entrepreneurs through the Digital Financial Literacy Movement

This study discusses how financial technology and financial literacy play a crucial role in supporting the sustainability of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in East Java. The utilization of financial technology, which includes various digital services such as online payments and access to financing, along with financial literacy, which refers to the understanding and ability to manage finances wisely, has been proven to be essential in maintaining the competitiveness and growth of businesses, especially among female entrepreneurs.The research was conducted using a survey involving 390 female entrepreneurs in East Java, selected through purposive sampling. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the findings indicate that both financial technology and financial literacy significantly impact the sustainability of women’s businesses in the region. However, this study is limited by its focus solely on female entrepreneurs in East Java, which may restrict the generalizability of the results to other cities. Therefore, a larger sample size across various regions would provide more comprehensive insights. This study suggests that the East Java government should pay closer attention to this sector, given its significant contribution to the regional and national economy.

Cyber Pandemic – The New Cybersecurity Risks

We are amidst a digital pandemic. In 2020, COVID-19 sped up a change towards remote working and the product being utilized for these assaults has become more straightforward to execute, ransom ware assaults have risen quickly and keep on speeding up in 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic has changed both the actual world and the computerized space, where organizations and associations are being gone up against with overwhelming online protection challenges for which not many were prepared or prepared to confront. Attributable to the extreme change in working conditions, cyber attacks and information extortion presently rank third among the best worries of business pioneers, as detailed in the World Economic Forum's COVID-19 Risks Outlook. The likelihood of malignant digital movement is considerably more upsetting thinking about that 53% of organizations have never pressure tried their systems. The key focus point from these and a large group of other alarming probabilities is that readiness for any kind of digital emergency whatsoever levels of an association is critical. Top administration, network protection trained professionals and each representative should know how to treat an emergency hit. Cyber security centers around securing information, yet it is presently not adequate; organizations need cyber resilience.

The veil of resistance in Shaheen Bagh: Muslim women’s activism and the differential solidarity networks

ABSTRACT This paper seeks to comprehensively examine the complex dynamics surrounding the protests of Muslim women at Shaheen Bagh against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) in India. It emphasizes the emergence of distinct forms of solidarity among this unassuming group of women and underscores the significance of their collective action in challenging prevailing narratives within South Asian feminist discourse. The paper posits the CAA protests as emblematic of the evolving interplay between digital platforms, grassroots activism, and scholarly dialogue in contemporary South Asia. Furthermore, the paper elucidates how the modalities of resistance in South Asian revolutionary politics diverge from the traditional binary framework of Gandhian Satyagraha and radical leftist revolutionary strategies. The protests which also interweaved Dalit Ambedkarite politics, digital hashtag movements, counter-ableist politics also exemplified the ways in which identity politics in South Asia could be reconfigured in terms of a differential paradigm. The paper explores how the protests at Shaheen Bagh exemplify a nuanced approach to resistance that transcends simplistic categorizations, thereby contributing to a reconfiguration of established paradigms in the region's political discourse. This analysis underscores the complex interplay between diverse ideological currents and grassroots mobilization, illuminating the evolving landscape of resistance within South Asia's socio-political context.

Digital music and movement intervention to improve health and wellbeing in older adults in care homes: a pilot mixed methods study

BackgroundLow physical activity among older adults is related to adverse health outcomes such as depression and loneliness, poor physical function and increased risk of falls. This study was designed to increase physical activity through a digital, group-based, physical activity and music intervention and to examine its effectiveness on social, mental and physical health outcomes.MethodsParticipants were 34 older adults (65 years +) recruited across four care homes in Scotland to a pilot study. Surveys were administered at baseline and post-intervention, comprising measures of fear of falling, depression and anxiety, loneliness, sleep satisfaction and quality of life. A battery of physical function tests and saliva sampling for cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone hormone analysis were also conducted at each time point. Additionally, process evaluation measures (recruitment, intervention fidelity, attendance, retention rates and safety) were monitored. The intervention comprised 12 weeks of three prescribed digital sessions per week: movement and music (n = 2) and music-only (n = 1), delivered by an activity coordinator in the care home. Post-intervention interviews with staff and participants were conducted to gain qualitative data on the acceptability of the intervention.ResultsAn average of 88% of prescribed sessions were delivered. Pre- to post-intervention intention-to-treat analysis across all participants revealed significant improvements in anxiety, salivary DHEA, fear of falling and loneliness. There were no significant improvements in health-related quality of life, perceived stress, sleep satisfaction or physical function tests, including handgrip strength. Qualitative analysis highlighted benefits of and barriers to the programme.ConclusionsThe digital movement and music intervention was deemed acceptable and delivered with moderate fidelity, justifying progression to a full-scale trial. Although a proper control group would have yielded more confident causal relationships, preliminary psychosocial and biological effects were evident from this trial. To show significant improvements in physical function, it is likely that a bigger sample size providing sufficient power to detect significant changes, greater adherence, longer intervention and/or higher exercise volume may be necessary.Trial registrationThe trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT05601102 on 01/11/2022.

Novel comprehensive analysis of skilled reaching and grasping behavior in adult rats

BackgroundReaching and grasping (R&G) in rats is commonly used as an outcome measure to investigate the effectiveness of rehabilitation or treatment strategies to recover forelimb function post spinal cord injury. Kinematic analysis has been limited to the wrist and digit movements. Kinematic profiles of the more proximal body segments that play an equally crucial role in successfully executing the task remain unexplored. Additionally, understanding of different forelimb muscle activity, their interactions, and their correlation with the kinematics of R&G movement is scarce. New methodIn this work, novel methodologies to comprehensively assess and quantify the 3D kinematics of the proximal and distal forelimb joints along with associated muscle activity during R&G movements in adult rats are developed and discussed. ResultsOur data show that different phases of R&G identified using the novel kinematic and EMG-based approach correlate with the well-established descriptors of R&G stages derived from the Whishaw scoring system. Additionally, the developed methodology allows describing the temporal activity of individual muscles and associated mechanical and physiological properties during different phases of the motor task. Comparison with existing method(s)R&G phases and their sub-components are identified and quantified using the developed kinematic and EMG-based approach. Importantly, the identified R&G phases closely match the well-established qualitative descriptors of the R&G task proposed by Whishaw and colleagues. ConclusionsThe present work provides an in-depth objective analysis of kinematics and EMG activity of R&G behavior, paving the way to a standardized approach to assessing this critical rodent motor function in future studies.

The recovery and independence of elbow flexion and forearm supination after Oberlin II transfer in brachial plexus injuries: a long term follows up study.

The Oberlin II double fascicular nerve transfer has been evaluated extensively for objective outcomes for elbow flexion in brachial plexus injuries (BPI). However, there is limited information available on the recovery pattern of supination and patient-reported activity in the long-term. Our study aimed to assess the functional results with a minimum of five years of follow-up. We evaluated patients with a minimum of five years after the Oberlin II procedure for post-traumatic BPI. They were evaluated using MRC grading, range of active movements, QuickDASH score and activity to check elbow flexion and forearm supination independent of finger and wrist flexion. 18 out of 26 patients responded with a mean follow-up of 79.4months (range: 61-98). 16 (88.9%) (p < 0.000) patients recovered to achieve active elbow flexion and forearm supination of either MRC grade 3 power or more. The average range of active elbow flexion was 113.9° (range: 0-140°) and active supination was 67.8° (0-90°). Patients who achieved grade 3 flexion or higher were found to regain supination after a delay. The recovery continues even after two years of surgery. The mean QuickDASH score was 21.8 (range: 2.3-63.6). There's a significant inverse correlation between QuickDASH with both flexion and supination (p < .001 and < 0.05). 15 patients (83.3%) could demonstrate a dissociation of elbow and forearm movements from digital and wrist movements. Our study demonstrated reliable functional results with independent elbow flexion, forearm supination and acceptable patient-reported outcomes for Oberlin II procedure in BPI.

Investigating the actualization of open data affordances for start-up entrepreneurs

Purpose This paper aims to explore the extent of open data actualization for start-up entrepreneurs based on affordance theory. The principal interest of the study revolves around the possible actions or actualization of open data for innovation and entrepreneurial benefits. Design/methodology/approach The author used a qualitative case study as the research design. The author consulted the central public agency that manages open data implementations in Malaysia regarding the research topic. By doing so, the author recognized and interviewed start-up entrepreneurs who actualize open data in businesses. From that exercise, the author conducted a snowball sampling technique to recruit more informants for the research. Start-up entrepreneurs selected for the study must be active in an entrepreneurial project and have at least one year of experience using open data for innovation and entrepreneurship. The author conducted 30 online semistructured interviews with start-up entrepreneurs, representatives from open data providers and a start-up association for triangulation purposes. The author adopted affordance theory as a lens of understanding. Qualitative analysis software was used to generate research findings. Findings In this study, start-up entrepreneurs actualize open data in three principal areas: product building with open data, value creation with existing products and open data for business research and strategies. The study came across distinct narratives of local start-ups that build open data products named “a property start-up,” “mechanics on the go” and “peer-to-peer digital charity movement.” Also, the study discovered three unanticipated findings about the research topic. First, the study uncovered two start-ups that used open data to enhance algorithm designs. Second, the study revealed a unique narrative of a start-up that pivoted business ideas based on open data during the Covid-19 pandemic. Third, the study learned about a start-up that initiated strategic partnerships with an agricultural association and smallholder farmers inspired by open data. These findings extend the literature on how start-up entrepreneurs actualize open data for entrepreneurial gains in a developing economy. What is also unique about this study is that there might be an open data misconception among start-up entrepreneurs. The findings advocate that some start-up entrepreneurs believed all data should be shared or opened upon request based on the generic understanding of open data. Clearly, this is a fallacy, and better awareness is required among start-up entrepreneurs regarding open data principles and implementations. Practical implications Data providers need to build a credible image of open data as a foundation to drive actualization. This can be achieved through capacity building, awareness campaigns and strategic engagements with start-up entrepreneurs. Open data institutions need to initiate flagship projects with start-up associations in highly valuable sectors to demonstrate commercial applications of open data in certain fields. Originality/value Previous research provides limited empirical studies on the commercial application of open data for start-up entrepreneurs. Hence, the novelty of this study lies in understanding how start-up entrepreneurs actualize open data to create value in their respective fields.

Connectivity defines the distinctive anatomy and function of the hand-knob area.

Control of the hand muscles during fine digit movements requires a high level of sensorimotor integration, which relies on a complex network of cortical and subcortical hubs. The components of this network have been extensively studied in human and non-human primates, but discrepancies in the findings obtained from different mapping approaches are difficult to interpret. In this study, we defined the cortical and connectional components of the hand motor network in the same cohort of 20 healthy adults and 3 neurosurgical patients. We used multimodal structural magnetic resonance imaging (including T1-weighted imaging and diffusion tractography), as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging and navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS). The motor map obtained from nTMS compared favourably with the one obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging, both of which overlapped well within the 'hand-knob' region of the precentral gyrus and in an adjacent region of the postcentral gyrus. nTMS stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyri led to motor-evoked potentials in the hand muscles in all participants, with more responses recorded from precentral stimulations. We also observed that precentral stimulations tended to produce motor-evoked potentials with shorter latencies and higher amplitudes than postcentral stimulations. Tractography showed that the region of maximum overlap between terminations of precentral-postcentral U-shaped association fibres and somatosensory projection tracts colocalizes with the functional motor maps. The relationships between the functional maps, and between them and the tract terminations, were replicated in the patient cohort. Three main conclusions can be drawn from our study. First, the hand-knob region is a reliable anatomical landmark for the functional localization of fine digit movements. Second, its distinctive shape is determined by the convergence of highly myelinated long projection fibres and short U-fibres. Third, the unique role of the hand-knob area is explained by its direct action on the spinal motoneurons and the access to high-order somatosensory information for the online control of fine movements. This network is more developed in the hand region compared to other body parts of the homunculus motor strip, and it may represent an important target for enhancing motor learning during early development.