Digestive Tract Research Articles

Utilization of liquid multi-microbe probiotics supplemented urea red palm sugar block as a potential improving balance of microorganisms in digestive tract for cattle economical production

Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements, providing beneficial effects on the host animal by improving balance of microorganisms in digestive tract. This study aims to examine the benefits of liquid multi-microbe probiotic supplementation on nutrient digestibility and economical production of beef cattle. The treatments were including ration control using fresh forage of King grass (Pennisetum purpureum) + 350 g of URPS-Block without liquid probiotic supplement (T0), fresh forage of King grass (Pennisetum purpureum) + 350 g of URPS-Block + liquid probiotic supplement of 2.0 cc/liter fresh water (T1), fresh forage of King grass (Pennisetum purpureum) + 350 g of URPS-Block + liquid probiotic supplement of 4.0 cc/liter fresh water (T2) and fresh forage of King grass (Pennisetum purpureum) + 350 g of URPS-Block + liquid probiotic supplement of 6.0 cc/liter fresh water (T3). Experimental design applied the Randomized Block Design involving 24 male cattle, divided into six groups of animal ages and four liquid multi-microbe probiotic doses. Parameters were feed dried matter consumption (DMC), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion and income over feed costs (IOFC). The data were analyzed by variance analysis continued by Duncan test. Results showed that liquid multi-microbe probiotics supplementation of 2.0 to 6.0 cc/liter fresh water and URPS-Block of 350 g/day added into forages increased significantly (P<0.05) production of cattle indicated by significant higher ADG of 510 to 570 g (P<0.05) compared with those of control ration producing ADG of 380 g. The increase of animal production was supported linearly by the increasing drinking water consumption supplemented with liquid probiotic levels of 2.0 to 6.0 cc/liter fresh water of animals. Cattle supplemented with liquid probiotic of 2.0 to 6.0 cc/liter fresh water/animal/day also produced higher IOFC, equivalent with increases of 55.67 to 80.87 percents IOFC compared with the animals fed the control ration without liquid probiotics.

Effects of genotype and sex on carcass composition, meat quality, digestive tract morphometries and leg bone dimensions of spent parent Pekin ducks

The purpose of the present study was to analyze carcass composition, physicochemical properties, muscle texture, and structure, as well as morphometry of the digestive tract and leg bone dimensions of Cherry Valley ducks (SM3 Heavy hybrid) and Orvia ducks (ST5 Heavy hybrid) after laying. A total of 32 ducks were dissected, 8 females and 8 males from each breeding set. Analysis of meat quality (breast muscle, leg muscle) in terms of color (L*, a*, b*), acidity (pH24), electrical conductivity (EC24), and basic chemical composition (protein, water, fat, collagen) was performed. Analysis of the texture and structure of the pectoral muscle was also performed. The dimensions of the various lengths of the digestive tract and the dimensions of the tibia and femur were analyzed. Cherry Valley ducks after laying have better slaughter performance and a higher proportion of breast muscle in the carcass (P < 0.001). Also more favorable chemical composition (protein, fat, water) and physical properties (acidity, electrical conductivity, thermal loss) of muscle. In terms of texture characteristics, the pectoral muscle of Cherry Valley ducks was more elastic and cohesive, but also more flexible with higher viscosity, while the pectoral muscles of Orvia ducks in terms of structure were characterized by smaller values of the analyzed characteristics (cross-sectional area of fibers and smaller vertical and horizontal diameter). Analyzing the morphometry of the digestive system, Orvia ducks were characterized by longer sections of the digestive tract, which certainly has a beneficial effect on the absorption of nutrients. In terms of tibia and femur measurements taken, there were no differences between genotypes, while males were characterized by higher values of the analyzed traits compared to females.

Influence of genotype on carcass composition, metric traits of the digestive system and leg bones of laying hens after the egg-production season

Context The genotype of laying hens is one of the most important factors influencing their carcass composition and anatomical features. Aims The aim of the present study was to compare two genotypes of laying hens, Lohmann Brown and Lohmann White, after the laying period. Methods The experimental material consisted of 26 carcasses obtained after slaughtering spent laying hens at the age of 83 weeks. Key results The genotype of the birds had a significant (P &lt; 0.05) effect on carcass weight, and the proportion (%) of the breast muscle, leg muscle and gizzard weight. Significant correlations were also found between bodyweight and the weight of the stomach, proventriculus, liver and spleen. The origin of the laying hens also had a significant impact on the length of the sections on intestinal segments, namely, jejunum, ileum and colon. Significant differences in the correlations between bodyweight and length of duodenum, jejunum and rectum were also found. The compared hybrids of laying hens differed significantly in the dimensions of the femur and tibia. Lohmann Brown (LB) hens were characterized by higher greatest length, medial length, smallest breadth of the corpus, and greatest breadth of the distal end of the femur compared with Lohmann White (LW) hens. Dimensions of the tibia greatest length, axial length, smallest breadth of the corpus, greatest breadth of the distal end and greatest depth of the distal end in LB hens were also significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher than those in LW hens. Conclusions The results showed that the genotype of laying hens tested after the laying period influenced carcass weight and muscle percentage, as well as differentiated the birds in terms of dimensions of individual segments of the digestive tract, femur, and tibia bones. Implications The results of this research may be useful for consumers of laying hen carcasses and people interested in poultry anatomy.

Exploring Fresh Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) as a Dairy-Free Probiotic Source

Probiotics are living microorganisms that, when given in appropriate amounts, have optimistic effects on body. This study explores the potential of fresh lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves as a probiotic source for individuals with dairy allergies. Gram staining and the catalase test were used to identify the bacteria that were recovered from lettuce leaves as gram-positive, catalase-negative strains. The resistance to antibiotics and their capacity to tolerate low pH and bile salt concentrations both essential for surviving the digestive tract were evaluated. The bacteria showed a high tolerance to bile salts and low pH, but they were susceptible to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and neomycin. Tests for gas production in the presence of glucose revealed no gas production. Molecular techniques such as PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the presence of Enterococcus lactis, Enterococcus durans, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Lactobacillus casei

Non-destructive and rapid identification of yeasts by nearinfrared spectroscopy and machine learning

This study aimed to apply near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with machine learning techniques to identify yeast strains rapidly and practically, comparing the results with traditional molecular identification methods. Yeasts were isolated from the digestive tracts of aquatic mining insects collected in the extreme north of the Western Amazon (Roraima), Brazil, and preserved through cryopreservation and mineral oil methods. Molecular identification involved PCR amplification and sequencing of ribosomal DNA regions. NIR spectroscopy, coupled with multivariate analysis and machine learning algorithms such as principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), and soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA), was used to analyze and classify the yeast samples, accurately identified yeast strains at the genus and species levels, achieving 100% accuracy in both the calibration and validation sets. The results indicate that this method provides a rapid, non-destructive, and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional molecular techniques, making it suitable for real-time, in situ analysis with minimal sample manipulation.

The Influence of Health Education on Vaccination Coverage and Knowledge of the School Population Related to Vaccination and Infection Caused by the Human Papillomavirus

Background/Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causative agent of infections and cancers of the reproductive and digestive tract, and vaccination is the most effective prevention method. This research aimed to assess the impact of health education on vaccination coverage and knowledge of the school population related to HPV infection and vaccination. Methods: This non-randomized clinical trial included 170 participants out of the 221 students in the generation of 2022/2023, who were divided into a group of Subjects and Controls and who self-assessed their knowledge and tested knowledge at four and two time points, respectively. Results: The study examined whether there is a difference in the share of vaccinated students of the entire generation compared to the previous generation (62% vs. 47%). The self-assessment and assessment of one’s knowledge in the group of subjects was significantly lower before education than during other time points during the research. At “moment zero”, there was no significant difference in the knowledge assessment between the groups. However, after 8 weeks, the knowledge assessment was significantly higher in the Subject group. Conclusions: The results suggest a positive impact of health education, which may contribute to raising awareness about the importance of prevention and vaccination against HPV.

Toxic effects of microplastic and nanoplastic on the reproduction of teleost fish in aquatic environments.

Microplastics and nanoplastics are widely present in aquatic environments and attract significant scholarly attention due to their toxicity, persistence, and ability to cross biological barriers, which pose substantial risks to various fish species. Microplastics and nanoplastics can enter fish through their digestive tract, gills and skin, causing oxidative damage to the body and adversely affecting their reproductive system. Given that fish constitute a crucial source of high-quality protein for humans, it is necessary to study the impact of microplastics on fish reproduction in order to assess the impact of pollutants on ecology, biodiversity conservation, environmental sustainability, and endocrine disruption. This review explores the reproductive consequences of microplastics and nanoplastics in fish, examining aspects such as fecundity, abnormal offspring, circadian rhythm, gonad index, spermatocyte development, oocyte development, sperm quality, ovarian development, and changes at the molecular and cellular level. These investigations hold significant importance in environmental toxicology.

Clinical and cytological characteristics of malignant pericardial effusion and estimation of the rate of progression until its evacuation by pericardiocentesis

Abstract Introduction Pericardial effusion (PE) is a complication of neoplastic processes that worsens the prognosis and can lead to symptomatic presentations requiring pericardiocentesis (PC). There is limited literature regarding the evolution of PE from its onset to the need for PC, characteristics of these patients, progression rate of PE, and potential accelerating factors. Purpose This study aims to: i) Analyze the baseline characteristics of patients undergoing PC; ii) Evaluate the correlation between PE appearance and cytology; iii) Analyze the progression rate until PC performance. Methods This retrospective observational study includes patients with active neoplasia and significant symptomatic PE treated with PC at our hospital from 01/01/2010 to 06/30/23, with subsequent follow-up until 10/31/23. Clinical characteristics related to neoplastic processes and PE diagnosis were analyzed, including PE appearance, cytology, and computed tomography scans performed as neoplasia follow-up prior to PC. Results A total of 75 patients were included, with 6 excluded because of non-malignant conditions (2 acute pericarditis-related PE, 3 purulent PE, and 1 chylous PE). The remaining 69 patients had a median age of 59 years, with 55.1% being male. Lung neoplasm was most frequent (63.8%, with 84% adenocarcinoma), followed by lymphomas/lymphoid leukemia (7.3%), upper digestive tract (7.3%), and breast cancer (7.3%). 52.2% of PEs undergoing PC were diagnosed simultaneously with neoplasm (70.45% associated with pulmonary neoplasms); 43.5% had ECOG 1, and 89.9% had metastases (excluding PE) at PC. Cardiac tamponade was present in 27.5%, with percutaneous pericardiostomy added in 21.7%. PE appearance was sero-haematic in 49.3%, haematic in 36.2%, and serous in 14.5%. Cytology showed mostly positive results (69.2%: 50% in serous PE and 71.93% in haematic/sero-haematic PE). The median time from the last CT scan prior to PE to PC was 5 months (160 days, range: 24-943 days). PC recurrence was observed in 30.4% of cases. Follow-up mortality was 82.6%, higher in breast, renal, digestive, thymoma, and genital neoplasms (100%), with hematological neoplasms having the lowest mortality (40%), followed by pulmonary neoplasms (79.5%). Mortality was higher in patients with more lines of treatment at PC and with a higher number of metastases. The median time from PC to death was 2 months (68.5 days, range: 1 day-2007 days). Conclusions The most common neoplastic PE was associated with lung adenocarcinoma, though a variety of neoplasms were observed. Half of PEs were diagnosed concurrently with neoplasm diagnosis. Cytology sensitivity was not high, and PE appearance did not adequately predict outcomes. The median time from the last CT scan prior to PE to PC was 5 months, potentially guiding echocardiographic follow-up once PE is observed on CT. Overall mortality was high (82.6%), except for onco-hematological PE.Iconographic summary of malignant PE

The Effects of Corncob and Xylanase Supplementation on Performance, Ileal Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, Gastrointestinal pH and Serum Biochemical Traits in the Broiler Chickens

This study evaluated the effects of corncob as a source of insoluble fibre and xylanase enzyme on broiler chicken performance, ileal digestibility, intestinal morphology, gastrointestinal pH, and serum biochemical traits. 256-one-day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly given six diets for 24 days: a control diet with 0%, 2.5%, or 5% corncob, with or without xylanase, in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Then, chicks were given the control diet with or without xylanase until they reached 42 days. Adding corncob to diets reduced performance during the grower phase (P≤0.05), but when removed, the performance did not differ from the control (P≥0.05). Corncob reduced ash digestibility and cholesterol levels (P≤0.05) while increasing the relative weight of the heart, gizzard, and duodenum and improving the ileal villus high-to-crypt depth ratio (P≤0.05). The feed conversion ratio increased due to corncob inclusion in diets at the starter and grower phases (P≤0.05) but did not differ from the control at the finisher phase. Xylanase supplementation improved performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal histomorphology, and reduced cecum weight with digestive tract pH (P≤0.05). Therefore, adding corncob with xylanase enzyme to broiler chickens' diet does not negatively impact their performance. On the contrary, it improves the broilers' health and reduces production costs.

Application of classification tree to construct a predictive model for screening compliance among populations at high risk for early cancer in the upper digestive tract

Application of classification tree to construct a predictive model for screening compliance among populations at high risk for early cancer in the upper digestive tract

Kinetics of dietary fibers in a fat sand rat: importance of the digestive tract isolating structures and food quality

The pass of feed through the digestive tract in a herbivorous rodent with a single-chamber gemiglandular stomach, the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus, was studied by multiple marking of the food with inert plastic markers. The total mean retention time of markers in the digestive tract (DT), as well as in the stomach and caecum separately, was determined. The peculiarities of the digesta kinetics depending on the morphology of the digestive tract, diet and the time of markers intake were clarified. The total time for removing markers from DT in the fat sand rat reaches 36 hours. The mean retention time of markers in DT was determined as a whole (17–18 hours), as well as separately in the forestomach (7–9 hours) and caecum (7–12 hours). The uneven passage of feed has been revealed, which is considered as an important mechanism for maximizing the extraction of nutrients from plants, including microbial fermentation of structural carbohydrates of the food.

Urbanization impoverishes taxonomic but not functional diversity of the gut microbiota in a forest specialist ground beetle, Carabus convexus

Symbiotic microorganisms living in the digestive tracts of invertebrates can be crucial in host-symbiont interactions, as they play fundamental roles in important biological processes. Urbanization-related habitat alteration and disturbance, however, considerably affect the environment of host insects, from which their gut microbiota is derived. Still, relatively few studies, all on flying insects, have assessed the impact of urbanization on the gut microbiota of insects. Here, we compared the gut bacterial microbiota in rural and urban individuals of a flightless ground beetle, Carabus convexus, using next generation sequencing. Across the 48 gut samples we identified 1163 different bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), forming significantly different gut bacterial communities in rural versus urban beetles. The taxonomic diversity of the gut bacterial microbiota expressed by the Hill numbers was significantly higher in rural than urban individuals, as well as in rural males vs. females. Smaller differences were found in functional diversity, assessed by the Rao’s quadratic entropy which was marginally significantly higher in urban than rural beetles.

Porphyromonas gingivalis GroEL accelerates abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by matrix metalloproteinase-2 SUMOylation in vascular smooth muscle cells: A novel finding for the activation of MMP-2.

Infection is a known cause of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and matrix metalloproteases-2 (MMP-2) secreted by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays a key role in the structural disruption of the middle layer of the arteries during AAA progression. The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is highly associated with the progression of periodontitis. GroEL protein of periodontal pathogens is an important virulence factor that can invade the body through either the bloodstream or digestive tract and is associated with numerous systemic diseases. Although P. gingivalis aggravates AAA by increasing the expression of MMP-2 in animal studies, the molecular mechanism through which P. gingivalis regulates the expression of MMP-2 is still unknown and requires further investigation. In this study, we first confirmed through animal experiments that P. gingivalis GroEL promotes MMP-2 secretion from vascular SMCs, thereby aggravating Ang II-induced aortic remodeling and AAA formation. In addition, rat vascular SMCs and A7r5 cells were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms in vitro. The results demonstrated that GroEL can promote the interaction between the K639 site of MMP-2 and SUMO-1, leading to MMP-2 SUMOylation, which inhibits the reoccurrence of non-K639-mediated monoubiquitylation. Hence, the monoubiquitylation-mediated lysosomal degradation of MMP-2 is inhibited, consequently promoting MMP-2 stability and production. SUMOylation may facilitate intra-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi trafficking of MMP-2, thereby enhancing its transport capacity. In conclusion, this is the first report demonstrating the presence of a novel posttranslational modification, SUMOylation, in the MMP family, suggesting that P. gingivalis GroEL may exacerbate AAA formation by increasing MMP-2 production through SUMOylation in vascular SMCs. This study also provides a novel perspective on the role of SUMOylation in MMP-2-induced systemic diseases.

Quality control of digestive tract reconstruction in colorectal surgery

Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract, and surgical resection is one of its main treatment methods. The reconstruction of the digestive tract in colorectal surgery is a crucial step that directly affects the postoperative recovery and quality of life of patients. The key points of colorectal surgery reconstruction include reasonable planning of the digestive tract reconstruction path, trying to preserve the neural innervation and blood supply of the intestine as much as possible, and selecting appopriate surgical instruments and anastomotic materials. This article aims to explore in depth the quality control strategies for gastrointestinal reconstruction in colorectal surgery, including precise preoperative evaluation, optimized surgical plans, meticulous intraoperative procedures, and effective quality monitoring systems. By comprehensively analyzing and elaborating on these aspects, scientific basis and practical guidance are provided to improve the quality of digestive tract reconstruction in colorectal surgery.

Evaluation of esophagogastric anastomosis with additional mechanical anti-reflux barrier after proximal gastrectomy

The application of proximal gastrectomy for suitable upper gastric cancer and AEG patients is increasing along with the promotion of the concept and technology for function-preserving partial gastrectomy. The following problems such as postoperative reflux esophagitis and anastomotic stenosis naturally become the focus of academic field. Based on the understanding of the anti-reflux structure and function of the esophagogastric junction, scholars have successfully established some representative esophagogastric anastomosis methods with additional mechanical anti-reflux barrier, including gastric tube reconstruction, side overlap esophagogastrostomy, and double flap technique. Subsequently, a series of improved esophagogastric reconstruction methods have been derived. At present, the recognized ideal reconstruction method has not yet been established, and there are also misunderstandings in related concepts and cognition. Based on the literatures and the authors' own practical experience, this paper draws on the research results in the field of surgical treatment for reflux esophagitis, and discusses the theoretical basis, key details and anti-reflux effect of the above-mentioned digestive tract reconstruction methods after proximal gastrectomy, as well as the possible problems in the exploration of innovative surgical methods at home and abroad.

Erianin inhibits the progression of pancreatic cancer by directly targeting AKT and ASK1

BackgroundPancreatic cancer is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract with a high mortality rate. Erianin has antitumor activity, but the regulatory targets and mechanism of action in pancreatic cancer are unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-pancreatic cancer activity of Erianin and explore its underlying mechanisms.MethodsA network pharmacology approach was used to investigate the mechanism of action of Erianin in pancreatic cancer cells. Cell proliferation was analyzed using CCK8, colony-formation, and EdU proliferation assays. Cell migration was evaluated through wound healing and transwell assays, as well as determination of the protein expression levels of EMT markers and β-catenin. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were measured using flow cytometry and JC-1 staining, respectively. The protein expression levels of p-Rb, CyclinB1, P21, Cleaved-PARP, and Cleaved-Caspase3 were assessed using western blotting. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analyses were performed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the action of Erianin in pancreatic cancer. Western blotting was used to examine the expression levels of key proteins in the AKT, JNK, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Molecular docking and CETSA were used to test hypotheses. The tumor-suppressive ability of Erianin in vivo was assessed using a tumor-bearing assay in nude mice.ResultsNetwork pharmacology revealed that Erianin inhibited pancreatic cancer through multiple pathways. Erianin significantly inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and migration while promoting intracellular ROS and inducing apoptosis. Mechanistically, Erianin inhibited pancreatic cancer cell proliferation by regulating the AKT/FOXO1 and ASK1/JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. In vivo experiments showed that Erianin inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth and promoted tumor tissue apoptosis in nude mice.ConclusionsThe component-target-pathway network revealed that Erianin exerted anti-cancer effects through multiple components, targets, and pathways. Erianin inhibited the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells and induced apoptosis through the AKT/FOXO1 and ASK1/JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways. These results indicate that Erianin is a promising agent for pancreatic cancer treatment.

History of digestive tract reconstruction after gastrectomy

Digestive tract reconstruction for gastric cancer has gone through a century and gradually formed a mature and complete system. Reasonable digestive tract reconstruction is one of the key factors in minimizing functional disorders after gastrectomy and enhancing quality of life. Therefore, this article summarizes the history and current situation of digestive tract reconstruction both domestically and internationally, including distal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy, proximal gastrectomy, and pylorus preserving gastrectomy, in order to seek the future development direction of digestive tract reconstruction and benefit gastric cancer patients.

Quality control of digestive tract reconstruction after robotic gastrectomy

With features such as high-definition magnification of the surgical field, filtering of hand tremor, and robotic arm with multi-degree-of-freedom rotatable wrist, surgical robot has unique advantages in various aspects of digestive tract reconstruction (DTR) after robotic gastrectomy (RG). Currently, there is still controversy about the selection and standardized application of DTR after RG for gastric cancer. To standardize the selection and implementation of DTR, we describe various aspects of quality control before DTR, selection of indications, principles of DTR, and prevention and management of postoperative complications of DTR. We also comment on the operation details of robotic-assisted and total robotic DTR, including manual suture, linear anastomosis with linear stapler, and circular anastomosis with circular stapler. Meanwhile, we propose our prospects on the potential application of new technology in robotic DTR for gastric cancer.

Modern approaches in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention from obesity

Today, from 1.0 to 1.9 billion adults are overweight, including 312-650 million of them, and 124 million children and adolescents are obese. In Russia and Europe, about 60% of residents are obese and overweight. According to WHO forecasts, by 2025 the number of obese patients will double and will account for 30-50% of the population of economically developed countries. Morbid obesity is usually a multifactorial disease that is acquired and progresses under the influence of many factors (geography, level of economic development, cultural values, lifestyle, and others) as well as hereditary predisposition. Among people suffering from comorbid obesity, there is an atypical course of concomitant comorbid diseases. Against the background of morbid obesity, the likelihood of acquiring other diseases of organs and systems increases: the cardiovascular system, hormonal system, digestive tract, erosive esophagitis, fatty liver dystrophy, cirrhosis of the liver, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, etc. To confirm the presence of morbid obesity in humans, the following indicators are evaluated: the number of kilograms per square meter of human body area (BMI calculation), waist circumference, triglyceride index, as well as the use of instrumental diagnostics: radiation and ultrasound methods to study the level of obesity of internal organs. To date, orlistat, sibutramine and liraglutide have been registered in Russia for the conservative therapy of morbid obesity, i.e. the choice of drugs is very limited. Surgical methods and electrical stimulation of the stomach are also used. Obesity ranked 5th in the world ranking of risk factors for premature death. A targeted policy and an integrated approach aimed at improving the system of medical care for overweight and obese patients should become key factors in achieving the national goal of improving people's health and well-being. The expansion of preventive measures at the local, regional and federal levels will help significantly reduce the spread of this pathology and prevent the development of an "obesity pandemic".

Exploring the Etiology and Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding refers to bleeding caused by the digestive tract above the flexor ligament, including diseases of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, biliary tract, and lesions after gastrojejunostomy. It is a common and critical condition in internal medicine. In recent years, with the continuous development of medical technology and the improvement of treatment methods, the diagnosis and treatment level of this disease has been greatly improved. However, this disease has the characteristics of fast onset, complex condition, and certain mortality rate. Therefore, exploring and analyzing the etiology, causes, and treatment plans of this disease is of great significance for improving the cure rate and prognosis of patients with this disease. Due to inflammation, mechanical injury, vascular disease, or adjacent organ lesions, the choice of treatment plan varies depending on the cause. Based on the above situation, this article, The etiology and diagnosis and treatment plan of upper gastrointestinal bleeding have been explored, which can provide reference for improving the treatment level of this disease