Digestion Of Cattle Manure Research Articles

Prevalence and persistence of potentially pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria during anaerobic digestion treatment of cattle manure

Anaerobic digestion figures as a sustainable alternative to avoid discharge of cattle manure in the environment, which results in biogas and biofertilizer. Persistence of potentially pathogenic and drug-resistant bacteria during anaerobic digestion of cattle manure was evaluated. Selective cultures were performed for enterobacteria (ENT), non-fermenting Gram-negative rods (NFR) and Gram-positive cocci (GPC). Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined and a decay of all bacterial groups was observed after 60days. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were detected both the influent and effluent. GPC, the most prevalent group was highly resistant against penicillin and levofloxacin, whereas resistance to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam and chloramphenicol was frequently observed in the ENT and NFR groups. The data point out the need of discussions to better address management of biodigesters and the implementation of sanitary and microbiological safe treatments of animal manures to avoid consequences to human, animal and environmental health.

Characterization of three Chlorella sorokiniana strains in anaerobic digested effluent from cattle manure

Chlorella sorokiniana CS-01, UTEX 1230 and UTEX 2714 were maintained in 10% anaerobic digester effluent (ADE) from cattle manure digestion and compared with algal cultivation in Bold's Basal Medium (BBM). Biomass of CS-01 and UTEX 1230 in ADE produced similar or greater than 280mg/L after 21days in BBM, however, UTEX 2714 growth in ADE was suppressed by more than 50% demonstrating a significant species bias to synthetic compared to organic waste-based media. The highest accumulation of protein and starch was exhibited in UTEX 1230 in ADE yielding 34% and 23% ash free dry weight (AFDW), respectively, though fatty acid methyl ester total lipid measured less than 12% AFDW. Results suggest that biomass from UTEX 1230 in ADE may serve as a candidate alga and growth system combination sustainable for animal feed production considering high yields of protein, starch and low lipid accumulation.

Nitrogen and water recovery from animal slurries by a new integrated ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and cold stripping process: A case study

The correct management of livestock manure represents one of the major challenge for the agricultural sector development, as it may ensure environmental and economic sustainability of livestock farming. In this work, a new treatment process called N-Free®, was monitored on two plants treating digested cattle manure (DCM) and digested swine manure (DSM). The process is characterized by sequential integration of solid/liquid separations, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis and cold ammonia stripping. Solid and liquid streams were characterized regarding TS, TKN, N–NH4+, P and K content allowing to draw a complete mass balance. The main results were a substantial reduction of initial digestate volume (38 and 51% in DCM and DSM respectively) as clean water and a high N–NH4+ removal percentage (47 and 71% in DCM and DSM respectively), through cold ammonia stripping, allowing the production of up to 1.8 m3 concentrated ammonium sulfate, every 100 m3 of treated digestate. The concentrated streams, rich in either organic or mineral N, P and K, can be efficiently used for land application. The N-Free® technology demonstrated to be a valuable candidate for the path toward nutrient and water recycle, in a new sustainable agriculture and farming concept.

Numerical study of microbial population dynamics in anaerobic digestion through the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1)

In this study, the interactions between the microbial populations in an anaerobic digester leading to the acidification of the fermentation medium were investigated using numerical simulation in the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1). The anaerobic digestion of cattle manure at 10g volatile solids (VSs)/L and 35°C was used as the case study. The numerical runs were performed using a factorial experimental approach with two levels. The minimum pH reached in the digestion was considered the response variable, whereas the initial concentrations of the main microbial groups included in the ADM1 were considered the factors. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the initial concentration of acetoclastic bacteria was the most critical variable in the acidification of the medium. It was estimated that permanent acidification occurred when the initial concentration of this group of microorganisms was less than or equal to 0.0838g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L, regardless of the population density of the other microbial groups.

Influence of palm oil mill effluent as inoculum on anaerobic digestion of cattle manure for biogas production

Anaerobic digestion for palm oil mill effluent (POME) is widely known for its potential in biogass production. In this study, the potential of using cattle manure for biogas production in complete mix anaerobic bioreactor was investigated using POME at unregulated pH and temperature. Two identical bioreactors were used in this study; namely R1 and R2 fed with cattle manure without and with POME as inoculum, respectively. Both bioreactors were allowed for five days to run in batch mode followed by semi continuous operations at HRT of 20 days. R2 produced 41% methane content compared to 18% produced in R1. A better COD percentage reduction of 45% was found in R2 which was operated with POME as inoculum compared to R1 with 35%. These results indicated that POME as inoculum has an influence on the start-up time and the rate of biogas produced.This findings will help in waste reduction.

Treatment of Anaerobically Digested Cattle Manure Wastewater by Tubular Ultrafiltration Membrane

A resurgent interest in anaerobic treatment of organic wastes intrigues the subsequent wastewater purification and nutrient recovery. This study investigated the feasibility of tubular ultrafiltration to treat anaerobically digested wastewater (AnDW) in the pilot-scale. Due to the gel-layer filtration mechanism, which primarily governed the AnDW wastewater passing through the membrane module, the change of operating pressure in the experimental conditions showed a minor effect on the permeate flux, while the cross-flow tangential velocity showed a significant effect on the permeate flux. A permeate flux on average of 22 l m−2 h−1 was obtained when the feed superficial-velocity was up to 2 m s−1. The permeate flux decreased with increasing suspended solid concentration, implying a potential advantage of preliminary solid-liquid separation such as mechanical centrifugation. Irrespective of the arranged order of the sequential cleaning, the fouled membrane can be successfully cleaned using specific cleaning agents, which included a weak acid, a detergent, and an oxidant, respectively. A commercial detergent, namely KLD II, exhibited the greatest contribution to the flux recovery during the sequential cleaning.

Methanogenic Community Dynamics during Anaerobic Utilization of Agricultural Wastes

This work is devoted to the investigation of the methanogenic archaea involved in anaerobic digestion of cattle manure and maize straw on the basis of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA genes. The biological diversity and dynamics of methanogenic communities leading to anaerobic degradation of agricultural organic wastes with biogas production were evaluated in laboratory-scale digesters. T-RFLP analysis, along with the establishment of archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, showed that the methanogenic consortium consisted mainly of members of the generaMethanosarcinaandMethanoculleus,with a predominance ofMethanosarcinaspp. throughout the experiment.

Gold Nanoparticle Clusters in Quasinematic Layers of Liquid-Crystalline Dispersion Particles of Double-Stranded Nucleic Acids

The interaction between gold nanoparticles and particles of cholesteric liquid-crystalline dispersions formed by double-stranded DNA and poly(I)×poly(C) molecules is considered. It is shown that small-sized (~ 2 nm) gold nanoparticles induce two different structural processes. First, they facilitate the reorganization of the spatial cholesteric structure of the particles into a nematic one. This process is accompanied by a fast decrease in the amplitude of an abnormal band in the CD spectrum. Second, they induce cluster formation in a "free space" between neighboring nucleic acid molecules fixed in the structure of the quasinematic layers of liquid-crystalline particles. This process is accompanied by slow development of the surface plasmon resonance band in the visible region of the absorption spectrum. Various factors influencing these processes are outlined. Some assumptions concerning the possible mechanism(s) of fixation of gold nanoparticles between the neighboring double-stranded nucleic acid molecules in quasinematic layers are formulated.

Particle-size effect of CuO and ZnO on biogas and methane production during anaerobic digestion

The effects of bulk- and nano-sized CuO and ZnO particles on biogas and methane production during anaerobic digestion of cattle manure were studied for a period of 14 days at 36 °C using the ISO 13641-2 guidelines. Biogas production was severely affected at concentrations of bulk and nanoparticles over 120 and 15 mg/L for CuO and 240 and 120 mg/L for ZnO, respectively. EC50 concentrations for methane inhibition were estimated to be 129 mg Cu/L for bulk CuO, 10.7 mg Cu/L for nano CuO, 101 mg Zn/L for bulk ZnO and 57.4 mg Zn/L for nano ZnO. The solubility of CuO nanoparticles in the reaction mixture was observed after 14 days of incubation and was significantly higher than the levels observed for ZnO. These results are of significant importance, as it is the first time that the effects of metal oxide particle size on biogas and methane production have been studied.

Effect of operational parameters on anaerobic co‐digestion of dairy cattle manure and agricultural residues: A case study for the Kahramanmaraş region in Turkey

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on anaerobic co‐digestion/biomethanation of cattle manure and agricultural residues (clover, grass and wheat straw). For this purpose, 12 semi‐continuous reactors, fed with/without agricultural residues, were operated under varied temperature (10+, 20+ and 35±1°C) and HRT (20 and 30 days) conditions. During the experimental study, all reactors were fed once on a daily basis and operated with an organic loading rate of 3 g volatile solids (VS)/L×d. Daily biogas production, pH, biogas composition, volatile fatty acids, chemical oxygen demand and solids' (dry matter andVS) concentrations were analyzed. Results indicate that the effect of agricultural residue addition did not influence the rate and extent of biomethanation of cattle manure. An effect of temperature was clearly observed on reactor performance for both operational HRTs of 20 and 30 days. At 35±1°C, reactors produced 299–324 mL biogas/g VS added, whereas this value remained between 87–138 mL biogas/g VS for the reactors run at 20+ °C. The results were comparable to the studies performed on anaerobic digestion of cattle manure in terms of both methane production yield (39–182 mL CH4/g VS added) and dry matter reduction efficiencies (33–51%).

Digestion of cattle manure under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions: characterization of organic matter applying thermal analysis and 1H NMR

Digestion of cattle manure collected from a livestock farm together with bedding material (straw) has been studied under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions in batch reactors. The digestion was carried out for a prolonged period with the aim of evaluating the changes undergone by the organic matter. The mesophilic digestion carried out revealed a greater capacity to produce gas and transform organic matter, while a higher conversion rate, but a lower gas yield, was obtained under thermophilic conditions. Degradation of the organic matter was evaluated by means of thermal analysis and (1)H NMR. Stabilisation through anaerobic digestion (either mesophilic or thermophilic) resulted in an increase in the quality of the organic matter, as characterised by an enrichment in thermostable compounds, and an accumulation of long chain aliphatic materials. The experiments performed demonstrated the transformation of organic matter into complex materials under anaerobic conditions with an accumulation of aliphatic components under both types of conditions tested. Degradation through mesophilic digestion, in comparison to the thermophilic process, resulted in a greater destruction of straw particles.

Digestion of cattle manure: Thermogravimetric kinetic analysis for the evaluation of organic matter conversion

Anaerobic digestion of cattle manure was studied under thermophilic and mesophilic conditions with the purpose of evaluating the effect of temperature on the quality of the final digestate. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric kinetic analysis was applied for assessing organic matter conversion of biological stabilization. The mathematical approximation proves to be a useful tool for evaluating the differences attained during biological degradation. The anaerobic digestion of the organic substrate resulted in a reduction of the activation energy value obtained from the different applied kinetic models. Results obtained from thermal kinetic analysis were in accordance with those from the monitoring of the anaerobic digestion process. The higher values of methane yield reported for the mesophilic digestion in comparison to that of the thermophilic indicated a greater capability of the former process in the utilization of substrate and thus a higher conversion of organic matter which can be quantified by the activation energy value.

Analysis of small-scale biogas utilization systems on Ontario cattle farms

The production of biogas through the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure and its subsequent use in the generation of electricity on larger farms in Ontario is currently economically attractive. This is a result of the Ontario Feed-In Tariff (FIT) program, which provides incentivized rates for the production of electricity from biogas. Although larger farms can take advantage of the higher rates for electricity, there are substantially more smaller farms for which individually designed and engineered biogas systems would be prohibitively expensive. By employing the concept of modular biogas plants, this analysis evaluates the economics of small-scale biogas utilization systems. Dairy farms with at least 33 animals and beef farms with at least 78 animals can operate economically attractive biogas systems. This analysis shows that approximately 9000 additional Ontario cattle farms would be able to take advantage of the FIT program, which would add 120 MW e of renewable energy capacity to the Ontario electrical grid.

Effects of organic wastes digestion for biogas production on mineral nutrient availability of biogas effluents

Organic farming systems are characterized by the strong regulation of the import of nutrients into the farming system to replace nutrient losses via sold products. In the present study mineral nutrient flows and balances of P, K and magnesium (Mg) were analysed for a mixed organic cropping system with dairy husbandry and for a stockless organic farming system. Also the influence of biogas digestion of farmyard residues (stable wastes, crop residues, etc.) as well as the effect of the import of substrates for biogas digestion on plant mineral nutrient uptake and farmgate nutrient balances was analysed. The objectives of the current study were; (1) to study the effects of anaerobic digestion of cattle manure and crop residues on plant mineral nutrient uptake; and (2) to model nutrient flows and balances related to the input of different kind of substrates for biogas digestion at the farmgate. Results indicated that slurry digestion did not influence plant P and K uptake. Import of single allowed substrates for digestion would lead to large imbalances in nutrient inputs compared to withdrawals. Most of the suited substrates for biogas digestion were associated with large K surpluses and insufficient P returns in comparison to mineral nutrient outputs via sold animal and plant products.

Crescimento de mudas de maracujazeiro amarelo em solo salino com esterco bovino líquido fermentado

An experiment was conducted during January to March 2007 in the greenhouse at DSER/CCA/UFPB, Areia - PB, to study the growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings in saline soil treated with digested cattle manure liquid. The soil used was saline with electrical conductivity of 5.5 dS m-1 and exchangeable sodium percentage of 6.8%. The treatments with digested cattle manure liquid (B) consisted of the application of 280 mL plant-1 of the mixture of organic input diluted in water (A) at levels of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%, corresponding to mixtures: 4A+0B, 3A+1B, 2A+ 2B, 1A+3B and 0A+4B and the mixture was applied one week before sowing and 30 days after seedling emergence in six replications. The results showed that, regardless of time of application with increase in the percentage of digested liquid cattle manure in the substrate, stimulated plant growth in height, stem diameter, leaf area, length of main root, leaf and root biomass in seedlings of yellow passion fruit. The application of organic input to soil one week before sowing was more efficient to promote plant growth and to reduce the salinity than when applied 30 days after seedling emergence.

Strategies for optimizing recovery of the biogas process following ammonia inhibition

Strategies for recovery of ammonia-inhibited thermophilic biogas process, were evaluated in batch and lab-scale reactors. Active methane producing biomass (digested cattle manure) was inhibited with NH 4Cl and subsequently, 3–5 days later, diluted with 50% of water, or with 50% digested manure, or with 50% fresh manure or kept undiluted. Dilution with fresh cattle manure resulted in the highest methane production rate during the recovery period while dilution with digested cattle manure gave a more balanced recovery according to the fluctuations in volatile fatty acids. Furthermore, the process recovery of a 7600 m 3 biogas plant suffering from ammonia inhibition was observed. The ammonia concentration was only gradually lowered via the daily feeding with cattle manure, as is the normal procedure at Danish full-scale biogas plants. Recovery took 31 days with a 40% methane loss and illustrates the need for development of efficient process recovery strategies.

牛ふん尿のメタン発酵における食品廃棄物投入の効果

食品廃棄物が牛ふん尿のメタン発酵に及ぼす影響を三大栄養成分別に調べるために，たんぱく質，炭水化物，脂質をそれぞれ主成分としたプロテイン，パン粉，バターを牛ふん尿とともに有効容積6Lの発酵槽に投入し，水理学的平均滞留日数30日の中温連続メタン発酵実験を行った。発酵性能の低下が発生しない食品廃棄物の限界VS負荷は，パン粉2.2gVS/L・day，バター2.4gVS/L・day，プロテイン0.8gVS/L・dayであった。食品廃棄物の投入VSあたり平均メタンガス発生量はバターが最も大きく0.82L/gVS，次いでパン粉0.42L/gVS，プロテイン0.31L/gVSの順であった。プロテインのメタンガス発生量は理論値の54%と低かった。たんぱく質の共発酵では発酵阻害物質であるアンモニアが発生するためと考えられる。食品廃棄物のメタンガス濃度はバターが最も高く68%，次いでプロテイン64%，パン粉57%であった。

Modelling the energy balance of an anaerobic digester fed with cattle manure and renewable energy crops

Knowledge of the net energy production of anaerobic fermenters is important for reliable modelling of the efficiency of anaerobic digestion processes. By using the Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 (ADM1) the simulation of biogas production and composition is possible. This paper shows the application and modification of ADM1 to simulate energy production of the digestion of cattle manure and renewable energy crops. The paper additionally presents an energy balance model, which enables the dynamic calculation of the net energy production. The model was applied to a pilot-scale biogas reactor. It was found in a simulation study that a continuous feeding and splitting of the reactor feed into smaller heaps do not generally have a positive effect on the net energy yield. The simulation study showed that the ratio of co-substrate to liquid manure in the inflow determines the net energy production when the inflow load is split into smaller heaps. Mathematical equations are presented to calculate the increase of biogas and methane yield for the digestion of liquid manure and lipids for different feeding intervals. Calculations of different kinds of energy losses for the pilot-scale digester showed high dynamic variations, demonstrating the significance of using a dynamic energy balance model.

An evaluation of stability by thermogravimetric analysis of digestate obtained from different biowastes

Research was carried out with the aim of monitoring anaerobic digestion processes using thermal analysis with the aid of mass spectrometry so as to define the stability of the digestate obtained. Three different systems were investigated under varying conditions. The digestion of waste sludge from a pharmaceutical industry (PI) and the digestion of cattle manure (CM) were evaluated under mesophilic conditions. The co-digestion of a mixture of primary sludge (PS) and the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) was studied under thermophilic conditions. Temperature-programmed combustion tests were carried out to investigate the degree of stabilization of samples throughout the digestion processes. The derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) profiles obtained for the mesophilic digestion of PI waste showed a decrease at low temperatures and an increase at high temperatures in the intensity of the peaks recorded as the stabilization process proceeded. These results are in accordance with those obtained by the present authors in their previous work on the mesophilic digestion of primary sludge and OFMSW. In contrast, the DTG profiles obtained from the stabilization process of CM and thermophilic codigestion of PS and OFMSW showed a reduction in peaks at high temperatures. When the stabilization products obtained from CM by anaerobic digestion and by composting processes were compared, it was observed that the composting process was capable of further decomposing materials readily oxidized at low temperatures and increasing the presence of structurally more complex substances. The evolution of the differential thermal analysis (DTA) signal recorded simultaneously showed considerable similarity to the mass/charge ( m/ z) signal 44 registered by the mass spectrometer. The use of mass spectrometry helped to clarify the inner workings of the digestion process.

Anaerobic fermentation of cattle manure: Modeling of hydrolysis and acidogenesis

A mathematical model for the hydrolysis and acidogenesis reactions in anaerobic digestion of cattle manure is presented. This model is based on the premise that particulate hydrolysable fraction of cattle manure is composed of cellulose and hemicellulose that are hydrolyzed at different rates according to a surface-limiting reaction; and, that the respective soluble products of hydrolysis are utilized by acidogens at different rates, according to a two-substrate, single-biomass model. Batch experimental results were used to identify the sensitive parameters and to calibrate and validate the model. Results predicted by the model agreed well with the experimentally measured data not used in the calibration process, with correlation coefficient exceeding 0.91. These results indicate that the most significant parameter in the hydrolysis–acidogenesis phase is the hydrolysis rate constant for the cellulose fraction.