Diffusion Technique Research Articles

Biological activities of Elaeagnus umbellata methanol extract

Elaeagnus umbellata, known as Autumn olive and growing widely in Asia and Southern Europe, is a shrub tree used in the traditional treatment of many diseases, including cancer. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the several biological effects of methanol extract of E. umbellate. The activity of the extract on 11 microorganisms was determined by the agar well diffusion technique. The anti-quorum sensing activity of the extract was tested using Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472. The anti-biofilm and anti-swarming activities were tested using Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Cytotoxic effect of the extract against pancreatic tumoral cell line (AR42J), breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549), and normal epithelial cell line (Vero), and antiviral effect of the extract against herpes simplex virus type 1 was analyzed using the MTT method. It was determined that the extract was moderately effective against 6/11 microorganisms and showed anti-quorum sensing activity. While the extract did not have a cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines, it was found to have a cytotoxic effect on Vero cells at concentrations of 100 µg/mL and above. However, no anti-biofilm, anti-swarming, and antiviral activity of the extract was observed. The study shows that E. umbellata fruit has limited biological activity.

#1080 Low-T3 syndrome: “endemic” in hemodialysis patients?

Abstract Background and Aims In hemodialysis patients, low-T3 syndrome is more prevalent than in the general population and was found to be associated with malnutrition and inflammation. Although evidence suggest that low free T3 (fT3) levels predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, low-T3 syndrome is usually not treated. The aim of this single-center retrospective observational study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid axis derangements and examine the relationship between thyroid hormones and biochemical and clinical variables in our hemodialysis (HD) patients cohort. Method Patients on thrice-weekly maintenance HD for at least 6 months were enrolled. Patients taking amiodarone, levothyroxine or methimazole were excluded. Data about age, sex, ethnicity, hemodialysis vintage, type of dialysis (bicarbonate dialysis/online hemodiafiltration/acetate-free-biofiltration/hemofiltration with endogenous reinfusion/expanded hemodialysis) were obtained from medical records and values of fT3, fT4, TSH, albumin, LDL, hemoglobin—routinely checked for every patient during hemodialysis sessions—were acquired. Continuous variables are expressed as median and IQR or mean ± SD and categorical variables as absolute value or percentage. The normality of data distribution was tested by Sapiro-Wilk test. Correlations were studied with Pearson and Spearman. T-test and Mann-Whitney U test were performed to compare continuous and categorical variables. Statistical significance was reached with p < 0.05. Results A total of 57 patients on thrice-weekly maintenance HD were enrolled. Most of them were male (70.2%), Caucasians (89.5%), with a mean age of 69 ± 14 years and with a median dialytic vintage of 63 [29; 113] months. Hypertension was the most frequent comorbidity and more than half of the patients was either affected by ischemic, hypertensive or dilatative cardiomyopathy. Most of the patients underwent bicarbonate hemodialysis (42.1%) and overall 57.9% of the study population was treated by convective techniques. Hemoglobin, albumin, LDL cholesterol, fT3 and fT4 values was normally distributed, while those of TSH and PCR were not. A very high prevalence of low-T3 syndrome (75%) was found, 5 patients showed subclinical hypothyroidism and only in a minority of patients thyroid function tests were normal (12%) (Fig. 1). A significant negative correlation between fT3 and age (p = 0.041) and a positive one between TSH and dialytic vintage (p = 0.017) were found (Table 1). In addition, a significant positive correlation between albumin and fT3 was detected, supporting the known association between low T3 and malnutrition. Interestingly, PCR negatively correlated with fT3 and positively with fT4. Patients treated by diffusive techniques showed no statistically significant difference of thyroid hormone levels compared to convective therapies (Table 1). Conclusion Low-T3 syndrome affects the great majority of patients in our hemodialysis population, with a prevalence even higher than that provided by literature. Our investigations confirm that older patients seem to show lower fT3 levels and a longer hemodialysis vintage may correlate with higher TSH levels. The association with inflammation was also confirmed. Considering the known impact on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality already demonstrated, it is important to routinely check thyroid hormones in HD. In addition, further studies should be performed in order to establish the possible impact of the therapeutic correction of this hormonal derangement on hemodialysis patients’ mortality and cardiovascular outcomes.

Synthesis of sustainable silver nanoparticles using plant extract and their antimicrobial, anticancer, and photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency analysis

The green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles has gained a lot of interest in the area of nanotechnology, because of its high therapeutic properties. The present study focussed on the synthesis of the silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Ceropegia debilis leaf extract and characterized by various physio-chemical techniques and surface morphological studies. The prepared Ag-NPs exhibit a face-centred cubic structure, spherical morphology, and high purity as shown by XRD, SEM, and EDS analyses. The average size of the Ag-NPs was confirmed by TEM study as 18.6 ± 7.5 nm. The synthesized Ag-NPs show remarkable antioxidant activity of 72.1% compared to standard BHT 86.9%. Furthermore, Ag-NPs show remarkable cytotoxic properties against MCF 7 and A 549 cell line of 37.19% and 33.33%, respectively at 250 µg/mL. The antibacterial activity of Ag-NPs was investigated against the human pathogen and intestinal pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by agar disc diffusion method. Moreover, the synthesised Ag-NPs exhibit good antifungal properties against the fungal specimen Trichoderma viride assessed by well diffusion technique. In addition, Ag-NPs serve as an excellent nanocatalyst in the removal of toxic methylene blue dye (93.2%) from industrial wastewater under sunlight irradiation.

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity of Local and Foreign Seeds of Azanza Garckeana (Goron Tula) Extracts

Drug resistance poses a challenge to antimicrobial treatment options necessitating the continuous search of plant extracts with therapeutic potentials. The study determines the antimicrobial activities and toxicity effect of local and foreign seeds of Azanza garckeana. Constituents of the seeds of A. garckeana were extracted and identified using standard phytochemical procedures. Clinical isolates from patients diagnosed with Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) were confirmed using standard microbiological procedures. Disk diffusion techniques were used to assess the antimicrobial properties of the plant extract, and Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography were used to identify the bioactive components. Toxicity of plant extract was assessed using acute toxicity test, histopathological and hematological studies. The findings indicated the existence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins and flavonoids in both local and foreign seeds of A. garckeana. Five (5) organisms were identified from patient with UTIs. Antimicrobial activities showed that the Petroleum ether extract of foreign A. garckeana exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (15mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13mm) than Petroleum ether extract of local A. garckeana at a concentration of 200µg/ml respectively. Similarly, A. garckeana foreign aqueous extracts showed higher activity against S. aureus (13mm), and P. aeruginosa (12mm) than local Aqueous A. garckeana at a concentration of 200µg/ml respectively. The GCMS analysis showed the existence of Dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester, Octadecenoic acid, Undecanoic acid and methyl ether. Both the local and foreign seeds of A. garckeana were found to be non-toxic at ≤ 600 mg/kg. Histopathological and hematological studies showed heart with normal features, kidney with slight hyperplasia of inflammatory cells and liver with slight hepatic necrosis at 1000 mg/kg. The study demonstrated that the local and foreign seeds of Azanza garckeana had antimicrobial therapeutic potential but its usage should be dose dependent not exceeding ≤ 600 mg/kg.

Barbituric acid‐derived azo dye metal complexes: Synthesis, characterization, DFT, and antimicrobial analysis

Two novel metal complexes, C1 and C2, were synthesized through the reaction of an azo dye ligand, obtained by coupling 4‐chloroaniline with 1,3‐dimethyl barbituric acid. The structure of the ligand was confirmed using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). UV–Vis spectroscopy was employed to assess the ligand's sensing ability toward six different metal ions. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized metal complexes was conducted using elemental analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis–difference thermogravimetry (TGA‐DTG), FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SC‐XRD). X‐ray analysis revealed octahedral coordination geometry with a 2:1 ligand‐to‐metal ratio and dimethylformamide (DMF) coordination with the metal atom in both complexes. Hirshfeld analysis and 2D fingerprint plots were employed to investigate supramolecular and intermolecular interactions within the crystal system. Density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) calculations were utilized to compute energy gaps and other important theoretical features. Sensing experiments with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) were conducted at a concentration of 1 × 10−5 M. Furthermore, the bioactivity of the synthesized metal complexes and ligand L was evaluated through molecular docking studies against Protein Data Bank (PDB IDs) 4XUY (Staphylococcus aureus) and 3BQW (Aspergillus niger). Also, antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar well diffusion technique, revealing that complexes C1 and C2 exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activities against the tested organisms compared to the parent azo dye ligand. The computational and experimental bioactivity data are in good agreement with each other.

Bullet-related bacterial wound infections among injured personnel at emergency site hospitals in Bahir Dar: prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and associated factors.

Bullet-related bacterial wound infection can be caused by high-velocity bullets and shrapnel injuries. In Ethiopia, significant injuries were reported that may cause severe wound infections, persistent systemic infections and may lead to amputation and mortality. The magnitude, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and factors associated with bacterial wound infections among patients with bullet-related injuries are not yet studied particularly at health facilities in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the prevalence, bacterial profiles, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and factors associated with bacterial infections among patients with bullet-related injuries at referral health facilities in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia. A Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with bullet-related injuries at three referral health facilities in Bahir Dar from May 25 to July 27, 2022. A total of 384 patients with bullet-related injuries were included in the study. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Wound swabs were collected aseptically and cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar following bacteriological standards. Biochemical tests were performed to differentiate bacteria for positive cultivation and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolates were done on Muller Hinton agar using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique according to the 2021 Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guideline. The data were entered using Epi-Info version 7.3 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive data were presented using frequency, percentages, figures, and charts. Logistic regression was carried out to identify factors associated with bacterial wound infections. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The prevalence of bullet-related bacterial wound infection among three referral hospitals in Bahir Dar city was 54.7%. The most commonly isolated Gram-negative organism was Klebsiella spps 49 (23.3%) while among Gram-positive organism, Staphylococcus aureus 58 (27.6%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) 18 (8.6%). Contamination, hospitalization and smoking habit were significantly associated with the presence of bullet-related bacterial wound infections. Over 97% multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates were identified and of theses, E. coli, Proteus species, Citrobactor, and Staphylococcus aureus were highly drug resistant. Increased prevalence of bullet-related bacterial wound infection was noticed in this study. S. aureus followed by Klebsiella species were most commonly isolated bacteria. High frequency of resistance to Ampicillin, Oxacillin, Cefepime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime, Vancomycin, and Norfloxacin was observed. Therefore, proper handling of bullet injuries, prompt investigation of bacterial infections, monitoring of drug sensitivity patterns and antibiotic usage are critical.

Pharmacological Profile Analysis of a Vegetable Crop Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Linn.) Seeds

The seeds of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima Linn.) can be utilized as both a conventional and multifunctional dietary constituent. In this study the antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic effects of various fractions such as petroleum ether soluble fraction (PESF), chloroform soluble fraction (CFSF), dichloromethane soluble fraction (DCMSF), and aqueous soluble fraction (AQF) were obtained from crude extract (CE) of the C. maxima seeds were assessed by using 1,1-Diphenyl-2- Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, disc diffusion technique, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay respectively. The results showed that all the fractions have remarkable antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities. The study revealed that both the AQF and PESF and the CF confirmed significant antioxidant properties. The antibacterial activity of different fractions against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was examined to determine their significant effect. PESF and CFSF fractions exhibited substantial inhibitory activity against Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Bacillus cereus. Bacillus subtilis exhibited significant susceptibility to both CFSF and AQF. Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae exhibited significant susceptibility to PESF and CFSF, while Escherichia coli was the Gram-negative bacterium most effectively inhibited by CFSF. The IC50 values revealed that the DCMSF exhibited the highest inhibitory activity, followed by other fractions. The new study emphasizes the significance of pumpkin seeds in terms of their pharmacological and biological properties, which may encourage more research on the potential benefits of this plant for human health. Jagannath University Journal of Life and Earth Sciences, 9(1): 7-18, 2023 (June)

Francisella salimarina infection in farmed cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) in Brazil: A case report.

This study aimed to identify and characterize isolates of Francisella salimarina associated with an outbreak on a marine fish farm in Brazil and to analyse their genetic variability and antimicrobial susceptibility. In 2021, diseased cobias (Rachycentron canadum, n = 10) and dusky groupers (Epinephelus marginatus, n = 10) were sampled and subjected to bacteriological and pathological examinations. The isolates obtained were morphologically and biochemically characterized and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-ToF) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The genetic diversity of these isolates was analysed using repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the disk diffusion technique. Macroscopically, the fish presented skin ulcerations, ocular lesions, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. A pleomorphic, gram-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterium was isolated from seven cobias and two groupers. The 16S rRNA gene sequences showed >99% coverage and identity with other deposited sequences of F. salimarina. The results of the biochemical analysis corresponded to these bacterial species. Histologically, granulomas were observed in the spleen, liver and heart of the cobias (n = 6), and necrotizing and fibrinous dermatitis and myositis were identified in some groupers (n = 2). The isolates exhibited the same banding pattern when REP-PCR was performed, indicating that they were clonally related. Finally, the antibiogram test, no inhibition halo was observed for amoxicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. salimarina infection in cobias and dusky groupers.

Antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of &lt;i&gt;Jatropha tanjorensis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Adansonia digitata&lt;/i&gt; against selected clinical bacteria pathogens

The powdered plant parts (bark, stem, and leaf) were extracted with methanol, and cold and hot water using the maceration method. A modified agar well diffusion technique was used for the assessment of the antibacterial activities of the aqueous and methanol extracts of J. tanjorensis and A. digitata. The methanol extract of A. digitata bark gave the highest yield of 75 % while the lowest yield was observed with the cold water extract of A. digitata bark of 33 %. The phytochemical screening showed an abundance of alkaloids, terpernoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannin, glycoside, and phenol. The bark, leaf, and stem of J. tanjorensis and A. digitata showed varying degrees of antibacterial activities. against the Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp, and Klebsiella spp) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumonia). The bark, stem, and leaf extract of J. tanjorenis significantly (p &lt; 0.05) inhibited all the pathogens except P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.The result of the minimum bactericidal concentration MBC for the combined extracts of A. digitata and J. tanjorenis subfractions showed that the extracts have greater antibacterial activities at concentrations not lesser than 100 mg/ml. Thus, J. tanjorensis and A. digitata could be used as potent herbal remedies to mitigate the adverse effects of Gram-negative and positive clinical pathogens. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis and Adansonia digitata against selected Clinical bacteria pathogens.

Nanocrystalline cellulose as a reinforcing agent for poly (vinyl alcohol)/ gellan-gum-based composite film for moxifloxacin ocular delivery

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) is a star material in drug delivery applications due to its good biocompatibility, large specific surface area, high tensile strength (TS), and high hydrophilicity. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Gellan-gum-based innovative composite film has been prepared using nanocrystalline cellulose (PVA/GG/NCC) as a strengthening agent for ocular delivery of moxifloxacin (MOX) via solvent casting method. Impedance analysis was studied using the capacitive sensing technique for examining new capacitance nature of the nanocomposite MOX film. Antimicrobial properties of films were evaluated using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus as gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria respectively by disc diffusion technique. XRD revealed the characteristic peak of NCC and the amorphous form of the drug. Sustained in vitro release and enhanced corneal permeation of drug were noticed in the presence of NCC. Polymer matrix enhanced the mechanical properties (tensile strength 22.05 to 28.41 MPa) and impedance behavior (resistance 59.23 to 213.23 Ω) in the film due to the presence of NCC rather than its absence (16.78 MPa and 39.03 Ω respectively). Occurrence of NCC brought about good antimicrobial behavior (both gram-positive and gram-negative) of the film. NCC incorporated poly(vinyl alcohol)/gellan-gum-based composite film exhibited increased mechanical properties and impedance behavior for improved ocular delivery of moxifloxacin.

An antibiotic efficacy comparative study between market-prescribed and solid-lipid fluoroquinolone ophthalmic nanoformulation against conjunctivitis

Besifloxacin hydrochloride (BSF) drug substance (DS), is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. BSF (liquid suspension form) is already available in two different market brands: Besivance and Besix. Both of these commercialized drug products (DP) have lower mucoadhesive characteristics, therefore they spend less time in contact with various ocular tissues (cornea and conjunctiva). This research work emphasized the design, development, and optimization of BSF-loaded solid-lipid nanoparticles (BSF@SLN) to increase antibacterial activity by enhancing drug absorption through passive diffusion techniques in the ocular organ compared to conventional dosage forms. The SLN was prepared through a very simple process hot homogenization process using glyceryl monostearate and polysorbate-80 along with poloxamer-188 and water for injection. Various characterization techniques like FTIR, DSC, and XRD were performed to check the compatibility between DS and excipients. The preliminary formulation of SLN was characterized through zeta potential, polydispersity index, and particle size techniques. The developed SLN was optimized following 32 factorial designs. Surface morphology and size of optimized BSF@SLN ophthalmic DP were confirmed by using advanced microscopic techniques such as SEM. In-vitro release of optimized BSF@SLN ophthalmic DP was performed by using two chambers of Franz diffusion cell. Stability studies of optimized BSF@SLN ophthalmic nanoformulations were tested for up to 6 months at 25°C ± 2°C/60% ± 5% RH. The antimicrobial activity of optimized ophthalmic nanoformulation was found 2.76 times more effective compared to the Besix eye drop. In-vivo study of BSF@SLN ophthalmic nanoformulations was carried out with an eye irritancy test and compared with marketed DP (Besix). and found significant pharmacological.

Determining Anti-Acne Potential of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Powder, Herbal Hydrogel using S. Aureus Growth Inhibition Model, by Agar Well Diffusion Technique

Background:: Neem (Azadirachta indica) can be considered as a boon to mankind as it possesses innumerable medicinal benefits despite being cost effective. Its use as an anti-acne agent is widely anticipated. A topical formulation of neem leaf powder as hydrogel was prepared recognizing the use of its phytoconstituents in many skin therapies. The primary goal of topical formulations is to provide drug contact with the skin while reducing overall absorption. Aim:: The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-acne potential of Neem leaves powder hydrogel. Method:: Neem powder was tested for its organoleptic and physical characteristics. Neem hydrogel was prepared in a 1% w/v carbopol gel and evaluated by agar disk diffusion. A 3% w/w (F1) and 2% w/w (F2) hydrogel prepared by adding 3g and 2g, respectively, to the prepared carbopol gel making a volume of 100 ml, was evaluated for various parameters. A comparative evaluation tests were conducted for F1, F2 and 1% w/v carbopol gel (blank). After the test results, F1 was optimized for pH and viscosity by adding triethanolamine. Optimized F1 was tested against 1% w/w salicylic acid gel, and Zitcare-S (Standard) for anti-acne activity. Agar plates were prepared and a well was dug using a borer. The wells were filled with the F1, standard and blank, inoculated by the Staphylococcus aureus using the spread culture technique. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at standard conditions. Results:: F1, F2, blank and standard were tested for their viscosity, spreadability, pH and some organoleptic parameters. The test results from F1 and F2 suggested F1 to be a more efficient hydrogel. Standard, blank and F1 were tested using agar well diffusion technique. After the incubation period, the plates were taken out and kept on a white sheet. Using a meter scale, the radius of the zone of inhibition was determined. It was found that F1 gave 1.7cm, standard gave 1.3cm and blank gave 0cm radius size zone of inhibition. Conclusion:: Test results suggest that F1 has better spreadability and viscosity in comparison to F2. This study concludes that F1 is a more stable and efficient formulation as a hydrogel with efficient spreadability and optimum viscosity. F1 has better anti-bacterial activity than the standard and has better anti-acne potential.

Video kills the radio star: Copyright and the human versus artificial creativity war

AbstractThis article contributes to the dynamic debate surrounding the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and copyright law, offering a fresh perspective that builds upon interdisciplinary analyses. Focusing on the cognitive processes underpinning creativity in both human and AI contexts, the study draws a detailed parallel between Vincent Van Gogh's iconic “Starry Night” and its AI‐generated counterpart generated through DeepDream technology. Central to the investigation is the application of psychological and neuroscientific theories to understand and compare the creative processes in humans and AI. Based on such exercise, the article first examines whether art generated with AI, devoid of human emotions and motivations yet capable of mimicking human creative cognitive processes, qualifies for copyright protection. The analysis suggests that the similarities between human and AI creativity, particularly in their cognitive structuring, could render the work “original” according to different jurisdictional standards and interpretation of copyright law. Second, the article investigates whether AI infringes copyright if protected material is used for its training and processing. This question becomes particularly relevant in light of recent legal actions against AI‐artwork generators in California, which raise issues of potential infringement by AI using latent diffusion techniques on existing artworks. The discussion provides an original perspective that can advance the ongoing debate on the use of copyrighted material for AI training. The paper aims to contribute to the ongoing debate about AI and copyright by challenging the traditional human‐centric view of authorship in copyright law. The article argues for a nuanced understanding that acknowledges the complex nature of creativity, transcending the binary division between human and artificial sources. This approach is critical in redefining legal frameworks, ensuring they are adaptive to the evolving landscape of AI capabilities. At the same time, the article addresses the implications of AI drawing inspiration from existing art, recognizing the need to balance different stakeholders' interests when drawing policy considerations. Ultimately, the goal is to provide a layered perspective that not only deepens the legal discourse but also respects and fosters the coexistence and mutual advancement of both human and artificial creativity in the digital age, in line with the purpose of copyright.

Identification of diffusion, kurtosis, and propagator MRI markers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in post-mortem human tissue

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible degenerative brain disease affecting 6.7 million Americans and while the hallmark AD pathologies of plaques and tangles follow a stereotyped progression during the course of the disease, clinical markers for early diagnosis are lacking and approximately 20% of all AD cases are ultimately misdiagnosed. Conventional clinical MRI is capable of reporting severe brain atrophy, but fails to recognize earlier biomarkers associated with more subtle cellular and molecular changes. Microstructural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques are promising to address this challenge and may sensitively detect and distinguish tissue degeneration, tauopathies, and beta amyloid plaques to improve accuracy of diagnosis and enable early detection. The objective of this study was to identify and compare the most promising microstructural markers of AD pathology over a range of diffusion and relaxometry-based MRI techniques from conventional to advanced. To accomplish this, we performed MRI microscopy of post-mortem human temporal lobe specimens (n = 14) at high resolution and image quality and evaluated the relative influence of metrics across multiple microstructural MRI frameworks using principal component analysis (PCA). We performed additional correlation analysis between metrics identified by PCA and clinical neuropathology scores of Braak stage and plaque and tangle load. Hippocampal diffusion and restriction metrics contributed most to the first principal component, and the correlation with Braak score was positive for diffusivity and negative for restriction metrics. Additionally, the MAP-MRI propagator anisotropy (PA) metric of microscale anisotropy was strongly and negatively correlated with AD pathology while the conventional fractional anisotropy (FA) metric showed little or no correspondence and there was not a strong association between FA and PA by PCA. Entorhinal cortex findings were minimal except for reported increases in restriction due to plaque content. Taken together, our findings suggest that microstructural MRI metrics of restriction and diffusion are most prominent and may reflect degenerative processes in AD brain tissue and that microscale anisotropy may be more advantageous than conventional FA for the detection of subtle and earlier cellular changes in AD.

Prevalence of multidrug resistance Salmonella species isolated from clinical specimens at University of Gondar comprehensive specialized hospital Northwest Ethiopia: A retrospective study.

Multidrug resistance Salmonellosis remains an important public health problem globally. The disease is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, but there have been limited recent studies about the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from various clinical specimens. Aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialised Hospital, northwestern Ethiopia. A retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and multidrug resistance patterns of isolated from all clinical specimens at the University of Gondar Salmonella Comprehensive Specialised Hospital from June 1st, 2017 to June 3rd, 2022. A total of 26,154 data points were collected using a checklist of records of laboratory registration. Clinical specimens were collected, inoculated, and incubated for about a week with visual inspection for growth and gram staining. The isolates were grown on MacConkey agar and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar. Pure colonies were identified with a conventional biochemical test, and those unidentified at the species level were further identified by the analytical profile index-20E. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The multidrug resistance Salmonella isolates was identified using the criteria set by Magiorakos. Finally, the data was cleaned and checked for completeness and then entered into SPSS version 26 for analysis. Then the results were displayed using tables and figures. Of the total 26,154 Salmonella suspected clinical samples, 41 (0.16%) Salmonella species were isolated. Most of the Salmonella isolates, 19 (46.3%), were in the age group of less than 18 years, followed by the age group of 19-44 years, 11 (26.8%). In this study, S. enterica subsp. arizonae accounts for the highest 21 (51%), followed by S. paratyphi A 9 (22%). Of the Salmonella isolates, S. typhi were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, each accounting for 83.3%. Furthermore, S. paratyphi A was resistant to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (88.9%), and chloramphenicol (88.9%). The overall multi-drug resistance prevalence was 22 (53.7%; 95% CI: 39.7-61). Accordingly, S. paratyphi A was 100% multidrug-resistant, followed by S. typhi (66.6%). A low prevalence of Salmonella species was observed in the past six years. Moreover, most S. typhi and S. paratyphi strains in the study area were found to be resistant to routinely recommended antibiotics like ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, compared to what was reported earlier. In addition, all isolates of S. paratyphi A and the majority of S. typhi were multidrug resistant. Therefore, health professionals should consider antimicrobial susceptibility tests and use antibiotics with caution for Salmonellosis management.

A comparative in vitro sensitivity study of “cefepime-tazobactam” and other antibiotics against Gram-negative isolates from intensive care unit

Objectives: The major health problem today includes the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially extended-spectrum β lactamase, carbapenemases, and Amp C-producing Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Our study is aimed to recognize the in vitro susceptibility pattern of cefepime/tazobactam compared to other antibiotics used against GNB in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective observational research comprising all GNB isolated from clinical samples of patients admitted to the ICU throughout the study period from January 2021 to December 2021. All of the isolates were analyzed using “ Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/ionization - time of flight - Mass spectrometry assay (MALDI-TOF-MS)” for identification and the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique to test for susceptibility. Cefepime-tazobactam was tested by E-test (Hi-Media, Mumbai) method. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of cefepime (as in Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 2021) has been utilized to elucidate the sensitivity of cefepime-tazobactam, as no criteria for cefepime-tazobactam is available. Statistical Analysis: All statistical analysis was performed using the software program IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics version 20.0, with P &lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: We included a total of 480 GNB isolated from blood, pus, body fluids, endotracheal aspirates (ETA), and sputum samples. The most common microorganism tested for susceptibility to cefepime-tazobactam was Klebsiella pneumoniae (182/480, 37.92%) followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (135/480, 28.12%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (94/480, 19.58%). K. pneumoniae and Enterobacter aerogenes were most resistant to all the antibiotics tested against them. K. pneumoniae was most resistant to meropenem (41/182, 22.53%), followed by imipenem (42/182, 23.08%) and cefoperazone-sulbactam (49/182, 26.92%) and was predominantly found susceptible to cefepime-tazobactam (122/182, 67.04%). Conclusions: Cefoperazone-tazobactam is a new “β-lactam/β-lactamase combination” found effective in the in vitro analysis of drug-resistant isolates of GNB.

Prevalence, associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella and Shigella species among diarrheic under five children in Sultan Sheik Hassan Yabere referral Hospital, Jigjiga, Eastern Ethiopia

BackgroundDiarrhea caused by Salmonella and Shigella species are the leading cause of illness especially in developing countries. These infections are considered as the main public health problems in children, including Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella and Shigella species in Sheik Hassan Yabere Referral Hospital Jigjiga, Eastern Ethiopia from August 05 to November 15, 2022.MethodA cross-sectional study was conducted among 239 under-five children with diarrhea selected through a convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect associated factors. A stool sample was collected and processed for the identification of Salmonella and Shigella species using MacConkey adar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (Oxoid Ltd) and Biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. The data was entered into Epi-data version 4.6 and exported to the statistical package of social science version 22 for analysis. The association between outcome and independent variables was assessed using bivariate, multivariable, and chi-square and P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistical significance.ResultOverall prevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species was 6.3% (95% CI, 5.7–6.9%), of which 3.8% (95 CI, 3.2–4.4%) were Salmonella species and 2.5% (95% CI, 1.95-3%) were Shigella species. Unimproved water source (AOR = 5.08, 95% CI = 1.45, 17.25), open field (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.3, 5.03), rural residence (AOR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.4, 7.5), Hand-washing practice (p = 0.001), and raw meat consumption (p = 0.002) were associated with occurrence of Salmonella and Shigella species. Salmonella and Shigella isolates were resistant to Ampicilin (100%). However, Salmonella isolates was sensitive to Norfloxacin (100%). About 22.2% and 16.7% of Salmonella and Shigella isolates were multi-drug resistant, respectively.ConclusionPrevalence of Salmonella and Shigella species were lower than most studies done in Ethiopia. Hand-washing habit, water source type, Open field waste disposal habit, raw meat consumption and rural residence were associated with Salmonellosis and shigellosis. All isolated Salmonella were sensitive to norfloxacin. The evidence from this study underscores the need for improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) system and the imperative to implement drug susceptibility tests for the treatment of Salmonella and Shigella infection.

Exploiting Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence Techniques for the Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility

Antimicrobial susceptibility tests, achieved through the use of antibiotic-impregnated disks in a suitable laboratory environment, are conducted to determine which antibiotics are effective against the bacteria present in the body of an infected patient. The Kirby–Bauer method, a type of disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test, is currently widely applied in microbiology laboratories due to its proven effectiveness. In our study, we developed an algorithm that utilizes image processing techniques to detect the inhibition zones of bacteria. A certain color depth acts as the threshold for the inhibition zone, with its radius determined according to the size of the reference object. This approach facilitates the measurement of inhibition zones and employs machine learning and deep learning to categorize antibiograms, followed by determination of whether a bacterium on the disk is sensitive or resistant to the antibiotics applied. The focus of this research is creating an automated interpretation system for antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion technique, thus simplifying the measurement and interpretation of inhibition zone sizes.

Metronidazole-loaded zinc oxide / graphene nanoparticles: synthesis, analysis, drug delivery, and antibacterial efficiency

In our study, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by precipitation (economically and in high quality) at a temperature range of 60°C to 80°C and at pH 8, and were then adorned with graphene (G) plates. To determine its antimicrobial potential, the ZnO/G complex was loaded with metronidazole. The morphology and diameter of the ZnO nanocomposite before and after the loading were validated by scanning electron microscopy. The average size of the ZnO NPs was found to be 20–40 nm, while X-ray diffraction examined how the physical features of these NPs varied from those of its individual components with an average size of 28.1 nm. The assessment of the ZnO/G com¬plex’s antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was the main aim of our work. The agar well diffusion technique was used in order to assess the antibacterial activity of the ZnO/G complex with and without metronidazole. Our study demonstrates that the ZnO/G complex possesses antibacterial activity and might increase the antibiotic action by inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria (more than Gram-negative ones). It is, therefore, concluded that the ZnO/G NPs could be of use in formulating nano-drug conjugates that could act as antimicrobial agents.

Application of gelatin-based zinc oxide nanoparticles bionanocomposite coatings to control Listeria monocytogenes in Talaga cheese and camel meat during refrigerated storage

Listeria monocytogenes is a concerning foodborne pathogen incriminated in soft cheese and meat-related outbreaks, highlighting the significance of applying alternative techniques to control its growth in food. In the current study, eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using Rosmarinus officinalis, Punica granatum, and Origanum marjoram extracts individually. The antimicrobial efficacy of the prepared ZnO-NPs against L. monocytogenes was assessed using the agar well diffusion technique. Data indicated that ZnO-NPs prepared using Origanum marjoram were the most effective; therefore, they were used for the preparation of gelatin-based bionanocomposite coatings. Furthermore, the antimicrobial efficacy of the prepared gelatin-based bionanocomposite coatings containing eco-friendly ZnO-NPs was evaluated against L. monocytogenes in Talaga cheese (an Egyptian soft cheese) and camel meat during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 oC. Talaga cheese and camel meat were inoculated with L. monocytogenes, then coated with gelatin (G), gelatin with ZnO-NPs 1% (G/ZnO-NPs 1%), and gelatin with ZnO-NPs 2% (G/ZnO-NPs 2%). Microbiological examination showed that the G/ZnO-NPs 2% coating reduced L. monocytogenes count in the coated Talaga cheese and camel meat by 2.76 ± 0.19 and 2.36 ± 0.51 log CFU/g, respectively, by the end of the storage period. Moreover, G/ZnO-NPs coatings controlled pH changes, reduced water losses, and improved the sensory characteristics of Talaga cheese and camel meat, thereby extending their shelf life. The obtained results from this study indicate that the application of gelatin/ZnO-NPs 2% bionanocomposite coating could be used in the food industry to control L. monocytogenes growth, improve quality, and extend the shelf life of Talaga cheese and camel meat.