Diffusion Of Innovation Research Articles

The mediating effect of financial reporting quality on the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate green innovation

Purpose This study aimed to examine the mediating role of corporate financial reporting quality in the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on corporate green innovation, based on the integration of stakeholder theory, opportunity cost theory, innovation diffusion theory and signaling theory. Design/methodology/approach A deductive quantitative approach was used as the research methodology. Following a survey design, questionnaire responses were collected from a purposively chosen sample of 308 employees in China. The data was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling, performed with SmartPLS4.0 software. Findings The findings show that CSR promotes green innovation, and that financial reporting quality mediates this relationship. It was further revealed that compared to employees’ CSR perception, consumers’ perception of firms’ CSR performance has a stronger positive effect on firms’ corporate financial reporting quality and green innovation. These findings provide insights into the impact of both internal and external CSR performance on corporate green innovation. Research limitations/implications This study only sampled Chinese employees, meaning that the findings may not be representative of other regions. Also, as this study employed only the questionnaire instrument, future research may collect data through multiple sources, including financial reports, surveys and interviews, to better understand and estimate variations in the positive impact of CSR on green innovation. Originality/value This study establishes the mediating role of corporate financial reporting quality in linking CSR to corporate green innovation. It further examines green innovation in multiple dimensions (i.e. product, process, organizational), while also measuring CSR in dual perspectives, namely internal (employee awareness) and external (consumer awareness). The results of this study offer guidance to firms in improving their green innovation in various aspects, thus promoting sustainability and environmental friendliness in corporate development.

Comparing Artificial Intelligence-Based Versus Conventional Endotracheal Tube Monitoring Systems in Clinical Practice.

Endotracheal tube dislodgement is a common patient safety incident in clinical settings. Current clinical practices, primarily relying on bedside visual inspections and equipment checks, often fail to detect endotracheal tube displacement or dislodgement promptly. This study involved the development of a deep learning, artificial intelligence (AI)-based system for monitoring tube displacement. We also propose a randomized crossover experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of this AI-based monitoring system compared to conventional methods. The assessment will focus on immediacy in detecting and handling of tube anomalies, the completeness and accuracy of shift transitions, and the degree of innovation diffusion. The findings from this research are expected to offer valuable insights into the development and integration of AI in enhancing care provision and facilitating innovation diffusion in medical and nursing research.

An integrative research framework to investigate factors influencing citizen’s intention to adopt e-health applications: post-COVID-19 perspective

Purpose The use of e-health applications has remained popular during pandemic for medical treatments. Nevertheless, adoption of e-health applications among individuals is considerably low in post-COVID-19 world. To address this issue, the current research integrates three renowned theories, namely unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model, diffusion of innovation and DeLone and McLean model and investigates individual intention to adopt e-health application. Design/methodology/approach Research design is grounded in quantitative and cross-sectional methods and uses a survey questionnaire. Survey questionnaire is administered toward smartphone users. Overall, 238 valid responses were analyzed with structural equation modeling approach. Findings Results indicate that altogether performance expectancy, effort expectancy, information quality, system quality, service quality, facilitating condition and social influence explained substantial variance (R2 = 76.5%) in user intention to adopt e-health applications. Similarly, effect size analysis has revealed substantial impact of social influence on user intention to adopt e-health applications. Geiser and Stone’s Q2 analysis discloses that research model has substantial power to predict user intention to adopt e-health applications. Practical implications This study integrates three known information system models to investigate individual behavior toward adoption of e-health applications. In practice, it suggests that managers should pay attention in improving performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating condition, system quality, service quality and information quality which develop positive behavior and encourage smartphone users to adopt e-health applications. Originality/value This study is original as it integrates three models and investigates individual intention to adopt e-health applications. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to test the moderating impact of patient health value between user intention to adopt and actual use of e-health applications. It has established that compatibility and innovativeness are essential antecedents of performance and effort expectancy and hence make this research more unique and valuable.

Application Strategies of Brain-computer Interface in Education from the Perspective of Innovation Diffusion Theory

Application Strategies of Brain-computer Interface in Education from the Perspective of Innovation Diffusion Theory

Factors Influencing Consumer Purchase Intention and Adoption Onwards of 5G Mobile Phone in Malaysia

The use of 5G technology signifies a significant progression in mobile telecommunications, offering improved speed, connection and efficiency. The objective of this research is to determine the variables that impact customer purchase intention and subsequent adoption of 5G mobile phones, specifically from the viewpoint of popular shopping platforms in Malaysia. The theoretical framework can be found pursuant to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory. Utilising quantitative surveys to collect extensive data from a varied sample of Malaysian customers who are Shopee subscribers. A total of 413 samples was successfully collected using convenience sampling of Malaysians in the Klang Valley. Findings suggest that factors such as perceived ease of use, subjective norm, and attitude serve a crucial role in determining purchase intention. The online purchasing of 5G mobile phones is greatly influenced by both intention and actual behaviour. The study emphasises the need of using targeted marketing tactics that specifically target these diverse characteristics. Online merchants and mobile phone manufacturers may greatly boost customer trust and adoption rates by improving user experience, offering comprehensive product information, and implementing strong security measures. The study offers vital information for competitors seeking to take advantage of the continuously growing 5G industry in Malaysia.

Intellectual capital and organisational resilience in tourism and hotel businesses: do organisational agility and innovation matter?

ABSTRACT This paper investigated the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on organisational resilience (OR) in tourism and hospitality businesses, examining the mediating roles of organisational agility (OA) and innovation. A study was conducted at five-star hotels and category-A travel agencies operating in Egypt. 323 responses gathered from middle-level management using the survey methodology. Data was analyzed using PLS-SEM technique. Results revealed that IC positively affects OR, OA, and innovation. In addition, OA positively affects OR, and innovation positively affects OR. Moreover, the relationship between IC and OR was significantly mediated by OA and innovation. The study explored the role of OA and innovation in mediating the relationship between IC and OR, providing valuable insights into the existing Innovation Diffusion Theory framework. This study provides valuable insights for managers and policymakers in the tourism and hospitality industry, particularly in the context of five-star hotels and travel agencies.

The Green Paradox in NEV Manufacturing: Regulatory Impacts on Innovation from a Stakeholder Perspective

This paper explores the paradoxical impact of environmental regulations on green innovation in the manufacturing of new energy vehicles (NEVs) from a stakeholder perspective. We address the dual challenge of accelerating green innovation across various diffusion stages and refining environmental regulations for effective stakeholder engagement, including the central government, upstream suppliers, and internal operations teams. First, we utilize Stackelberg game theory to analyze the strategic interaction and behavioral rationale between local governments and NEV manufacturers at different stages of innovation diffusion, represented by specific parameter sets. Second, we examine the roles of four key stakeholders, exploring their unique impact mechanisms and potential to influence the game’s Nash equilibrium. Finally, the game models’ validity and primary conclusions are corroborated with real-world case studies, prominently including the ongoing shift of Chinese automakers towards NEVs. Results demonstrate that: (1) environmental regulations should be calibrated according to the diffusion stages of green innovation, and (2) misaligned stakeholder interests can lead to environmental regulations that inadvertently hinder, rather than promote, NEV manufacturers’ green innovation efforts.

Roger’s diffusion of innovations theory and the adoption of a patient portal’s digital anamnesis collection tool: study protocol for the MAiBest project

BackgroundGerman hospitals are legally obliged to implement digital patient portals within the next years. Systematic reviews show that the use of patient portals may be associated with improved patient-centeredness and workflows. However, mandatory digital healthcare innovations are sometimes not used by the target group as planned or even completely rejected. Based on Roger's theory of innovation diffusion, it can be assumed that the time factor is of particular importance for the adoption of the patient portal. The aim of the project is to assess determinants of patient portal adoption and to examine whether Roger’s theory can be confirmed.MethodsThe project investigates the use of the patient portal in three different clinics of a large academic teaching hospital in Germany using a longitudinal study design with three cross-sectional time points (pre, post, post). Doctors and patients are surveyed about factors that predict the use of the patient portal and whether the strength of these factors changes over time. They are also interviewed about possible barriers they experience when using the patient portal or about the reasons why the patient portal is not used. Regression models and content analyses are used to answer the research questions.DiscussionDeterminants of patient portal use will be discussed under the light of the temporal component of Roger's theory. At the same time, it is expected that some determinants will remain unchanged over time. Identifying determinants independent of time allows targeting the groups, enabling specific communication strategies to empower these groups to use the patient portal, contributing to an equal health care system.Trial registrationThe study was prospectively registered in the German register of clinical trials (DRKS00033125) in May 2024.

Innovation in isolation: diffusion of local foods purchasing and online shopping methods during the pandemic

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic caused mainstream food supply chain disruptions, increased food security concerns, and impacted agri-food production and distribution systems. Short food supply chains provided consumers with an alternative method to acquire food outside conventional food supply chains. In this paper, innovation was seen as a solution to external challenges or problems in global food supply chains during a pandemic crisis. The solution was analyzed in the context of the United States and changes in the consumers’ behavior and purchasing patterns in the direction of more accepting short supply chains, which led to the successful overcoming of crisis or adaptation of consumers to crisis circumstances.MethodsThe Diffusion of Innovations was selected as the theoretical framework. Data were collected from 1,002 American adults from July 13 to August 18, 2021, through an online survey.Results and discussionResults showed that consumers with higher educational attainment and financial status, from non-rural areas, and with more conservative viewpoints had higher innovation adoption levels, and they were more likely to embrace short food supply chains as an alternative during disruptions to conventional supply chains. Recommendations provide strategies to increase the use of short supply chains during the crisis to better meet the needs of consumers in the food system and improve marketing and communication efforts. Marketing and communication initiatives should engage these food innovators as opinion leaders to increase the adoption of short food supply chains to stabilize food supply in preparation for future crises.

Diffusion dynamics of the informal sector sustainable innovations: Exploring cases of grassroots innovations in India

Over the last two decades, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners have focused on the innovations in the informal sector, particularly grassroots innovations (GI) from low-income countries. Such innovations' diffusion dynamics, however, are uncharted territory. As a result, this paper explores the diffusion of GI from India's informal sector. We chose ten GI and gathered data in ex-situ and in-situ conditions using a case study method. The data is analysed on four parameters of diffusion of innovation (DOI) theory by Rogers. The findings imply that the GI provide sustainable, and a low cost perceived use value while other innovations from the formal sector are either expensive, unavailable, or do not see it as a potentially profitable enterprise. Furthermore, informality vis-à-vis communication and social structure have a significant impact on diffusion of GI. Time dimension may not be as important for the informal sector innovations. The formal sector actors are more involved in dissemination of GI, employing new means. Finally, we discuss how DOI theory may be applied in the informal sector and how it can aid in alleviating GI diffusion concerns.

Exploring the interplay between intellectual property models and sustainability transitions: A multi‐level analysis

AbstractResearch on international technology transfer and partnership agreements provides a comprehensive understanding of country‐level impacts of intellectual property (IP) rights on sustainability transitions. However, firm‐level studies on how firms use and share their IP to support sustainability practices remains limited. The paper disentangles the relationship between firm‐level IP models and sustainability practices drawing from a cross‐case analysis of 28 firms offering sustainable innovations across four sectors. Analysis of firms' year‐wise data collected from 854 documents (typically 1996–2021) and 58 in‐depth interviews exploring linkage between IP models and sustainability practices of firms engaged in sustainable innovation provide six key findings: (a) emphasis on safeguarding registered and unregistered IP assets among firms with sustainable innovations; (b) widespread adoption of selectively open inbound IP models coupled with diverse IP sharing mechanisms; (c) a preference for collaborative (joint) IP ownership among internally driven firms, contrasting with a tendency for exclusive in‐licensing among those reacting to external pressures; (d) a divergence in outbound IP models, with internally motivated firms favouring selectively open approaches and externally driven firms favouring closed IP models; (e) the adoption of fully open outbound IP models democratize sustainable innovation diffusion; and (f) leveraging broadly open outbound IP models alongside closed or selectively open models balances widespread use with access control and achieves significant social sustainability. A framework is hence developed to guide technology‐sharing policies and procedures. Therefore, the paper creates a platform for prescribing sustainable IP incentives for encouraging firms to share IP for wider diffusion of sustainable innovations.

Impact of policy interventions on low‐carbon technology innovation diffusion in supply networks

AbstractThe promotion of sustainability and innovation in the current dynamic landscape of global industry in the context of climate change has become imperative. This research paper explores the critical role of policy interventions in facilitating the diffusion of low‐carbon technologies through intricate supply networks. As countries endeavor to meet environmental goals and transition to a more sustainable economy, it becomes critical to understand how policies can effectively shape the diffusion of these technologies through the supply chain. This study employs game theory and evolutionary game theory to investigate the intricate interactions within supply networks, with a particular focus on the nuanced effects of policy on the diffusion of low‐carbon technology innovations. The findings suggest that dynamically adjusted policies have the potential to significantly increase the uptake of low‐carbon technologies. In particular, an effective subsidy scheme not only promotes the diffusion of innovations, but also demonstrates the ability of government subsidies to be distributed efficiently. In addition, the implementation of dynamic carbon trading schemes is considered to be an important mechanism for promoting firms' decarbonization and stabilizing strategic decision‐making processes within firms. This study highlights the significance of tailored dynamic policy frameworks in promoting the adoption of sustainable technologies in supply chains, thus making a significant contribution to the broader goal of achieving a sustainable future.

Comparing and modeling the use of online recommender systems

This study explores a new way to model the adoption of AI, specifically online recommender systems. It aims to find factors that can explain the variation in usage in terms of differences between individuals and differences over technologies. We analyzed survey data from users of online platforms in the U.S. using a two-level structural equation model (SEM) (N = 1007). In this model, the dependent variable was the usage rate, which was defined as the share of time a person used a particular recommender system (e.g., “People You May Know”) when they use the platform (e.g., Facebook). The individual responses (within-systems level) were clustered in the 26 recommender systems (between-systems level). We hypothesized that three technology-specific factors, adapted from the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2), could explain the variations in usage at both levels: perceived performance expectancy (PE), perceived effort expectancy (EE), and perceived hedonic motivation (HM). Our estimated model showed that usage was associated with PE and HM at the within-system level and only with PE at the between-system level. A considerable part of the variation in usage across the 26 systems could be explained by PE only (R2 = 0.30). The most important contribution to practitioners is that this study provides evidence for the idea that there are inherent, measurable differences across recommender technologies that affect their usage rates, and specifically it finds usefulness to be a key factor. This is potentially valuable for app developers and marketeers who look to promote the adoption of novel recommender systems. The main contribution to the literature is that it presents a proof-of-concept of a two-level model for AI adoption, conceptualizing it as an effect of both variations over users and variations over applications. This finding is potentially valuable for policymakers, as better predictive models might enable improved assessments of AI's social implications. In future studies, the two-level approach presented here could be applied to other forms of AI, such as voice assistants, chatbots, or Internet of Things (IoT).

The acceptance of digital intelligence technology in megaproject organisations from the perspective of innovation diffusion

ABSTRACT To investigate the mechanism of employee acceptance of digital intelligence technology under technological innovation change in megaproject organisations, this study clarifies the mechanism of technological innovation diffusion in Chinese megaproject contexts. By constructing a multi-layer dynamic theoretical model of megaproject employee acceptance research, the study explores the interaction effects of multiple factors at the organisational level in the innovation diffusion process and the mechanisms of employees’ willingness to accept digital intelligence technologies. The results show that: the organisational level has a greater influence on the pre- and mid-term diffusion of innovation; the technological level gradually increases its influence on employees’ individual acceptance at the stage of innovation awareness formation; and the environmental level helps form the initial acceptance attitude. The individual level in the later stages of innovation diffusion strongly influences employees’ acceptance. The different types of megaprojects moderate the organisational model, while the interference effect of the innovation type of digital intelligence technology is not significant. The innovation of the study lies in analyzing the mechanism of innovation diffusion in the context of megaprojects along the path of innovation diffusion and exploring the interplay between organisational and individual dimensions on individual employees’ willingness to accept.

The diffusion of financial technology-enabled innovation in GCC-listed banks and its relationship with profitability and market value

Purpose This study aims to examine the relationship between the diffusion of technology-enabled innovation in financial services (i.e. financial technology [FinTech]) and the financial performance, i.e. profitability and market value of the banks listed in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Design/methodology/approach An extensive review of the literature was carried out, and a diffusion index of 73 items including was adopted to measure the level of FinTech usage or diffusion for the banks that are listed on the GCC stock exchanges. The study used return on assets (ROA) and Tobin’s Q (TQ) as proxies to measure profitability and market value, respectively. Findings The findings of the empirical results indicate that there is a positive relationship between FinTech implementation and market performance (TQ) in the GCC banks. The results also showed that the highest level of FinTech implementation was 79.7% by United Arab Emirates banks followed by Bahraini banks at 76.7% based on the index developed for this study. Practical implications This study, hence, recommends that policymakers and governments implement supportive policies and initiatives, allowing consumers to embrace technology as part of their way of life. This encourages banks and other organizations to formulate strategies that integrate technology into operations. Originality/value This paper offers new contributions to the GCC literature regarding financial technology and provides recommendations to the GCC financial institutions, financial markets, policymakers and governments.

Implementasi Inovasi Program Multiple Intelligences Research (MIR) di Sekolah Dasar Inklusi Ponorogo

The educational tendency in Indonesia to equalize intelligence standards between students through formal tests can kill students' potential intelligence, interests and talents. Minimal awareness of the concept of multiple intelligences (multiple intelligences) educational institutions in Indonesia need more innovative solutions so that efforts to improve the quality of education can be more optimized. The MIR program innovation initiated by Munif Chatib is the right solution so that the concept of different student intelligence can be understood and appreciated as a basis for determining methods and styles in learning activities. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research with a case study type of research (case study). The data collection technique used is an in-depth interview (indepth interview), participatory observation and documentation processed using Miles, Huberman and Saldana's interactive model data analysis technique which consists of four stages in the form of data collection, data condensation, data presentation and data verification. The location of this research was carried out at SD Immersion Ponorogo as a school with branding inclusion. This research aims to analyze the process of spreading MIR program innovation so that it can become a new breakthrough in the world of education to better appreciate and develop students' various intelligences. The research results show that the process of spreading innovation is carried out in line with Everett M Roger's theory of innovation diffusion which consists of innovation, communication channels, time period and social systems as an effective and efficient dissemination strategy. The MIR program is used as a reference for teachers in determining students' learning styles and models at Immersion Elementary School according to their multiple intelligences more effectively and efficiently. The learning styles used include: storry telling, brainstorming, tape recording, journal writing, fieldtrip, and project based learning.

Managerial Influence on Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Implementation in Israeli Hospitals: A Doctoral Research Study

Background: This research, part of a doctoral study, aims to examine the impact of managerial factors on the implementation of Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) measures in Israeli hospitals. The study focuses on identifying key facilitators and barriers from the perspectives of physician and nurse managers, with an emphasis on understanding the integration of managerial strategies and theoretical frameworks in IPC implementation. Objective: The objective is to explore specific managerial factors, both facilitators and barriers, influencing the effective implementation of IPC measures. The research investigates these influences through the lens of physicians and nurses managing IPC units in public hospital settings. Methodology: A mixed-method approach was adopted, involving in-depth interviews with ten IPC-Unit managers (five physicians and five nurses) and a comprehensive questionnaire distributed among IPC-Unit heads. The study’s demographic and professional profiles of participants are detailed in Table 1. The data collection process encompassed an Activity Assessment Questionnaire (2-AAQ) and an Organizational Change Implementation Questionnaire (3-OrgChangeImplQ), with the distribution of responses categorized by implementation stages and sociological theories (Tables 2-4). Result: Managerial autonomy emerged as a significant catalyst for IPC implementation, with supportive leadership and resource allocation being critical. Differences in approaches between physician and nurse managers were observed, reflecting diverse strategies in planning, execution, monitoring, and maintenance of IPC measures. The findings also revealed a natural alignment with sociological theories, particularly Normalization Process Theory (NPT) and Diffusion of Innovations (DOI), despite a lack of formal training in these areas. Conclusions: The study underscores the multifaceted nature of IPC implementation, highlighting the importance of managerial autonomy, supportive leadership, and a deep understanding of organizational culture. The inherent alignment of IPC strategies with NPT and DOI theories suggests the potential of these frameworks in guiding IPC implementation. The research advocates for the integration of these theoretical perspectives into formal training programs to enhance the effectiveness of IPC measures in healthcare settings.

ФОРМУВАННЯ СИСТЕМИ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ДИФУЗІЇ ІННОВАЦІЙ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ СИСТЕМ

Modern world development trends, the speeds of changes in technologies, social and economic systems have actualized the issue of effective ways of introducing and spreading innovations. The formation of a mathematically based, complex system of indicators makes it possible to objectively measure the speed of innovation implementation, the level of involvement of interested parties and the general transformation of the target socio-economic landscape. The purpose of the article is the formation of a mathematically based system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of the diffusion of innovations in socio-economic systems. The object of the research is the process of evaluating the diffusion of innovations in socio-economic systems. Methods used in the study: methods of scientific analysis and synthesis, induction and logical-analytical techniques, as well as methods of correlation, statistical factor analysis and center of gravity. The main hypothesis of the study is the assumption that the assessment of the effectiveness of the spread of innovations in socio-economic systems depends on a set of factors, the analysis of which allows identifying problem areas and improving mechanisms for solving problems. Presenting main material. The Global Innovation Index (GII) indicator system was used as the base of the study of the efficiency of innovation diffusion of socio-economic systems, as the database covers 130 countries of the world and is the most objective source of high-quality statistical information on innovative activity at the macroeconomic level. In the study, the construction of a system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of the diffusion of innovations was carried out based on the calculation data of the Global Innovation Index for 35 European countries for 2013-2023. The first stage of the formation of the system of indicators was the creation of the initial system of indicators and conducting a correlation analysis to eliminate multicollinearity between partial indicators. Based on this analysis, certain indicators whose correlation coefficients were in the interval [0.9–1.0] were excluded. At the second stage, using the statistical factor analysis method and making calculations using the StatSoft Statistics software, the initial system of selected indicators was aggregated to eleven factors that sufficiently describe the effectiveness of the diffusion of innovations at the country level. The study of factor loadings of indicators made it possible to determine the composition of partial indicators for each factor, the significance of which exceeds 70%. Among them, using the center of gravity method, representatives were determined for each influencing factor. Using a well-founded system of indicators, it is advisable to build a profile of the country's innovative diffusion effectiveness. Existing distortions make it possible to identify problematic aspects and direct efforts to their solution. The study carried out an analysis of the dynamics of innovation diffusion effectiveness in the form of petal diagrams for four European countries and proposed recommendations for stimulating their innovative activity. Diagnostics showed uneven development of the countries according to the studied factors in 2022-2023. The originality and practical significance the research consists in the fact that a mathematically based system of indicators of the effectiveness of the diffusion of innovations of socio-economic systems can be used for a comprehensive assessment, identification of problematic aspects and an increase in the level of diffusion of innovations in countries. Conclusions and prospects for further research: the system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of the diffusion of innovations in socio-economic systems is substantiated, which makes it possible to supplement the theoretical and methodological foundations of the management of innovative development processes. The system of indicators formed by the authors, which are representatives of each factor, should be used for an integral assessment of the effectiveness of the diffusion of innovations at the macroeconomic level, as well as for determining the problematic directions of the diffusion of innovations in socio-economic systems in order to direct the state innovation policy to their improvement.

Agency conflicts in innovation adoption: Lessons from the airline industry

Introducing an innovation does not end, but rather starts, with adoption. In fact, some innovations display network elements and require more than one firm to take them up in order to be successful and deliver the intended results. Such is the case of NDC (new distribution capability), an airline-fostered enhancement of the way air travel services are conveyed and distributed from carriers to travel agents. The promise behind NDC is that travel services will be sold more richly and within a more open and inclusive framework. We draw on the diffusion of innovations, institutional theory, and agency theory to review the determinants of adoption and its effects on performance for service providers. We use the International Air Transport Association (IATA) ticket database to establish the role that institutional pressure plays on innovation behaviours and firms’ results. We find that institutional pressure, not just innovation attributes, influence outcomes. Also, given each player's different incentives and the asymmetry of information, ticket sales are selectively distributed in ways that fit the agent and only occasionally the airline principal. Thus, we conclude that travel intermediaries assess outcomes wholistically and that the innovation's revenue uplift depends on such assessment.

Decision making for people living with HIV/AIDS using the theory of innovation diffusion model at the Western Provident Association Turen Foundation.

To describe how people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) make decisions using the diffusion of innovation theory model. Decisions occur when individual decision makers engage in activities that guide choices to adopt or reject a particular innovation. This is a descriptive analysis research using a survey method. Data collection was carried out using a decision making questionnaire. The subjects in this research were HIV/AIDS sufferers (PLWHA) who lived in Turen, Indonesia. The number of research subjects was 36 respondents obtained using the purposive sampling technique on January 2023. The research design used the correlation method with a cross sectional approach and the Spearman correlation coefficient statistical test. The research results show significance (2-tailed) of 0.934 (p>0.05). The correlation coefficient results are negative. Where the direction of the correlation produces showed a very weak relationship with a value of 0.014 and the results of the analysis between variables are not the same. This is because the persuasion stage was not tested in the analysis. Research shows that 8 (22.2%) patients rejected the decision making of PLWHA using the diffusion of innovation theory model at the Western Provident Association Turen Foundation, Turen, Indonesia, while 28 (77.7%) patients accepted it. It can be concluded that the majority of decisions made by HIV/AIDS patients at the ADIS Turen Peduli Warga Foundation are accepted. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS sufferers is at a good level, their decision making is mostly accepted and there is a meaningful relationship between knowledge and decision making in using a chatbot innovation. The suggestion from the research is that this chatbot innovation can be a source of further research and help provide education for PLWHA patients in everyday life.