Diffusion-controlled Mass Transfer Research Articles

Electrochemical study of the redox buffering behavior of Sm(III)/Sm(II) in NaF-BeF2 melt

Extensive research has investigated the redox behavior of Sm(III)/Sm(II) in the NaF-BeF2 melt for corrosion control. Results shows a quasi-reversible process with diffusion-controlled mass transfer. The concentration ratio of the couple is stable and controllable. The corrosion inhibition performance of the Sm(III)/Sm(II) couple is evaluated for 316H stainless steel and GH3535 superalloy, showing effective control when the concentration ratio remains below 69.0. Adding SmF3 at a concentration higher than 1.15wt% resulted in negligible galvanic corrosion. Overall, the stable and easily controlled Sm(III)/Sm(II) couple is an excellent corrosion inhibitor for both normal and galvanic corrosion in the NaF-BeF2 melt.

Electrochemical behavior of Sm(III)/Sm(II) and extraction of Sm on reactive electrode from molten LiF-BeF2

The electrochemical behavior of Sm(III)/Sm(II) in 2LiF-BeF2 (FLiBe) molten salt is studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), chrono amperometry (CA) and Tafel method in the temperature range of 773 to 973 K. The coexistence of Sm(III) and Sm(II) and the concentration ratio of Sm(III)/Sm(II) are determined by SWV test. The redox reaction of Sm(III)/Sm(II) couple on an inert tungsten electrode is demonstrated to be a quasi-reversible process with diffusion controlled mass transfer. The diffusion coefficients of Sm(III) and Sm(II) determined by chrono amperometry are in the range of 1.17 × 10-6 to 1.09 × 10-5 cm2 s−1 for Sm(III) and 2.49 × 10-6 to 3.90 × 10-5 cm2 s−1 for Sm(II) at 773 K to 973 K and the diffusion activation energy is 8.63 and 10.1 kJ mol−1 for Sm(III) and Sm(II) respectively. The coordination and transport characteristics of the Sm(III)-F and Sm(II)-F are also studied by the first principles molecular dynamics simulations. The Gibbs free energy of the SmF2 is calculated to be −1004.4 kJ mol−1 at 873 K by experimental data, and the standard reduction potential of E0SmF2/Sm is about −0.583 V vs E0BeF2/Be at 873 K. Thermodynamic evaluation and experimental results indicates that the metallic Sm could be extracted as M−rich SmxMy intermetallics (M = Cu, Ni, Al) from FLiBe based molten salts.

Electrochemical Study of Eu(III)/Eu(II) in LiF-BeF2 Molten Salt

The electrochemical behavior of Eu(III)/Eu(II) (C Eu total = 2.34 × 10−5 mol g−1) in LiF-BeF2 (FLiBe) molten salt is studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), chrono potentiometry (CP) and linear polarization (LP) in the temperature range of 773 to 973 K. The coexistence of Eu(III) and Eu(II) and the ratio of Eu(III)/Eu(II) are determined by SWV test. The redox reaction of Eu(III)/Eu(II) couple on an inert tungsten electrode is demonstrated to be a quasi-reversible process with diffusion controlled mass transfer. The diffusion coefficient and diffusion activation energy of Eu(III) and Eu(II) are obtained by CP method at different temperature. The thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of the redox reaction of Eu(III)/Eu(II) couple are investigated by various electrochemical methods. With the obtained data, the thermodynamic data ΔG 0 (−1046.1 KJ mol−1), ΔH 0 (−1218.2 KJ mol−1), ΔS 0 (−0.197 KJ mol−1), and E 0 EuF2/Eu (−0.799 V vs E 0 BeF2/Be ) for EuF2 are calculated at 873 K and the possibility of the application of the Eu(III)/Eu(II) couple as redox buffering species or salt potential indicator is evaluated.

Manganese oxide nanoparticles modified electrode for electrosensing of antipsychotic drug olanzapine

Current research demonstrates the synthesis and characterization of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO2NP) for the construction of electrochemical sensors. The prepared MnO2NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and XRD study. Electro-deposited MnO2NP glassy carbon electrode (MnO2NP/GCE) was used for electrochemical analysis of olanzapine (OLZ) in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 6.0. MnO2NPs showed good catalytic activity towards OLZ detection, which was confirmed by enhancement in peak current. The influence of parameters like pH variation, scan rate study, number of cycles for electro-deposition and concentration variations of OLZ were optimized. Results of scan rate variation showed diffusion controlled mass transfer of OLZ. Linear calibration was obtained over the concentration range of 1.0 × 10−7M to 2.3 × 10−5 M and obtained detection limit was 2.27 nM. The sensitivity and reliability of the constructed sensor were tested by recovery study in clinical trials and spiked human urine samples via standard addition method.

Travel time-based modelling of nitrate reduction in a fractured limestone aquifer by pyrite and iron carbonates under pore size limitation

We investigate denitrification in a ferric iron-containing fractured micritic limestone aquifer (Triassic Upper Muschelkalk) in south-west Germany by numerical simulations. Low porosity values (average value of 1%), partly small pore sizes of the rock matrix (~ 0.1 μm), and thus potential absence of microbial activity in the rock matrix suggest that denitrification is taking place solely in the fracture. A key question is whether the nitrate reduction derived from groundwater observations at 25 locations in the study area can be explained by a model that restricts microbial denitrification to the fractures. A travel time-based reactive transport model is developed to efficiently simulate long-term nitrate reduction on the catchment scale. The model employs a 2-D numerical reaction model describing the fracture-rock matrix system and parametric travel time distributions. The role of (i) biotic and abiotic iron oxidation, (ii) the type and amount of iron bearing minerals, and (iii) mass transfer between matrix and fracture are investigated. The simulations show that pyrite and siderite (used as surrogate for iron carbonates) together as a source of electron donors provide enough reduction potential to decrease the nitrate concentrations as observed in the field. This confirms the hypothesis that diffusion-controlled mass transfer of electron donors from the matrix to the fracture is sufficient to establish considerable denitrification in the fracture. Uncertainty in modelled concentrations is demonstrated as a result of both the geochemical aquifer properties and the unknown shape of travel time distributions.

Magnetoelectrodeposition of Ni-Mo-Cd alloy coating for improved corrosion resistance

The attractiveness of electroplating in the production of high performance coatings is linked to large selection of operating variables coupled with diffusion controlled mass transport process at cathode-solution interface, and this allows tailoring of different properties of the coatings. In this direction, the present communication reports the effect of magnetic field ( B) on electrodeposition of Ni-Mo-Cd alloy coatings and their corrosion performances. Magnetoelectrodeposited (MED) coatings developed under different conditions of superimposed magnetic field ( B ), in both direction and intensity were found to exhibit far less corrosion rates (CR's), compared to conventionally electrodeposited (ED) coatings. Experimental results demonstrated that CR's MED coatings decreased with intensity of B only up to 0.3T (optimal intensity), and then started increasing. Better corrosion protection efficacy of MED coatings were explained on the basis of increased noble metal (Ni) content of the deposit, affected due to the combined effect of natural convection and Lorentz force. The effect of B on the surface morphology, composition, and phase structure, responsible for better corrosion resistance of MED coatings were discussed in the light of diffusion controlled mass transfer of Ni +2 ions, affected due to magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect. The constancy of diffraction peaks of ED and MED Ni-Mo-Cd coatings of all configurations indicated that crystallinity of the coating is controlled by induced B at given c.d. The effect of B on surface morphology, composition, phase structure and corrosion performance of MED coatings were analysed, using X-ray diffraction (XRD),energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical analyses, and results are discussed Diagrammatic representation showing the increase of limiting current density (iL) of Ni due to change of electrodeposition from: a) natural convection to b) combined effects of natural convection and MHD resulting in drastic decrease of EDL thickness (δ). Below are the surface morphology of Ni-Mo-Cd alloy coatings developed by electrodeposition (ED) and magneto-electrodeposition (MED) methods

Rapid Electrodeposition of Ti on a Liquid Zn Cathode from a Consumable Casting TiC0.5O0.5 Anode

The USTB process with a consumable TiCxOy anode is considered as a low-cost and eco-friendly method for Ti production. However, the dendritic Ti products have disadvantages of high oxygen and salt contents. Here, a liquid Zn cathode was proposed to prepare Ti–Zn alloys from a casting TiC0.5O0.5 anode via a one-step electrolysis process in a NaCl–KCl molten salt. Cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry were used to investigate the electrochemical dissolution of Ti ions from a consumable TiC0.5O0.5 anode and subsequent reduction behavior on cathode. The results indicate that the reduction potential of Ti on a liquid Zn cathode is more positive than that on a solid W cathode. Ti2+ from the casting TiC0.5O0.5 anode was one-step reduced to Ti on the liquid Zn cathode. A quasi-reversible process was confirmed via diffusion-controlled mass transfer, and the diffusion coefficient of Ti2+ toward the liquid Zn electrode was 4.35 × 10−5 cm−2 s−1. The concentration of Ti2+ in molten salt is more stable during electrolysis with a liquid Zn cathode. Ti–Zn alloys were successfully prepared at a current density of 0.3 A cm−2 using a casting TiC0.5O0.5 anode and a liquid Zn cathode. Metallic Zn was confirmed to be a promising liquid cathode to prepare Ti–Zn alloys via the USTB process.

Electrochemical Behavior of Si(IV) on the Mo Electrode in the CaCl2–CaF2–CaO–SiO2 Melt

This work concerns a study on investigating the electrochemical behaviors of silicon using the molybdenum electrode in molten CaCl2–CaF2–CaO–SiO2 at 1023 K, by means of linear scan voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, chronoamperometry, open circuit chronopotentiometry, reversal chronopotentiometry and polarization curve. The results based on the linear scan voltammetry showed that reduction of Si(IV) in CaCl2–CaF2–CaO–SiO2 melt proceeds in a single step exchanging four electrons, which is a reversible process with diffusion-controlled mass transfer, and the diffusion coefficient for the reduction process of Si(IV) ions in CaCl2–CaF2–CaO (3.68 wt %)–SiO2 (4 wt %) is about 1.11 × 10−4 cm2 s−1, at 1023 K. The reversibility of the Si(IV)/Si redox couple on the molybdenum electrode is confirmed via linear scan voltammetry. Chronoamperometric measurements indicated that the I–t transients of Si(IV) follow instantaneous nucleation with varied the applied overpotential. Furthermore, the sample deposited on the molybdenum electrode using potentiostatic electrolysis was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD result indicates that the obtained deposits were Si and MoSi2.

Contributions of biotic and abiotic pathways to anaerobic trichloroethene transformation in low permeability source zones

Low permeability source zones sustain long-term trichloroethene (TCE) groundwater contamination. In anaerobic environments, TCE is transformed by both biological reductive dechlorination and abiotic reactions with reactive minerals. Little is known about the relative contribution of these two pathways as TCE diffuses from low permeability zones (LPZs) into high permeability zones (HPZs). This study combines a flow cell experiment, batch experiments, and a diffusion-reaction model to evaluate the contributions of biotic and abiotic TCE transformation in LPZs. Natural clay (LPZ) and sand (HPZ) from a former Air Force base were used in all experiments. In batch, the LPZ material transformed TCE and cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) to acetylene with pseudo first-order rate constants of 8.57 × 10−6 day−1 and 1.02 × 10−6 day−1, respectively. Biotic and abiotic pathways were then evaluated together in a bench-scale flow cell (16.5 cm × 2 cm × 16.5 cm) that contained a LPZ layer, with a source of TCE at the base, overlain by a HPZ continuously purged with lactate-amended groundwater. Diffusion controlled mass transfer in the LPZ, while advection controlled migration in the HPZ. The mass discharge rate of TCE and its biotic (cis-DCE and vinyl chloride) and abiotic (acetylene) transformation products were measured over 180 days in the flow cell effluent. Depth profiles of these compounds through the LPZ were determined after terminating the experiment. A one-dimensional diffusion-reaction model was used to interpret the effluent and depth profile data and constrain reaction parameters. Abiotic transformation rate constants for TCE to acetylene, normalized to in situ solids loading, were approximately 13 times greater in batch than in the flow cell. Slower transformation rates in the flow cell indicate elevated TCE concentration and/or further degradation of acetylene to other reduced gas compounds in the flow cell LPZ (thereby partially masking TCE abiotic transformation). Biotic and abiotic parameters used to interpret the flow cell data were then used to simulate a field site with a 300 cm thick LPZ. Abiotic processes contributed to a 2% reduction in TCE flux after 730 days. When abiotic rate constants were changed to that observed in batch, or to rate constants previously reported for a pyrite rich mudstone, the TCE flux reduction was 21% and 53%, respectively, after 730 days. Though biotic processes dominated TCE transformation in the flow cell experiment, the simulations indicate that abiotic processes have potential to significantly contribute to TCE attenuation in electron donor limited environments provided suitable reactive minerals are present.

Electrochemical Detection of Tripelennamine Hydrochloride Voltammetrically at Glassy Carbon Electrode

Tripelennamine hydrochloride (TPA) primarily acts as first generation antihistamine psychoactive or H1 receptor antagonist and an antipruritic drug. In the present study, the voltammetric behavior of TPA was studied using glassy carbon electrode with pH ranging from 4.2 to 10.4. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and Differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) techniques have beenemployed in order to elucidate an irreversible electrodic reaction with maximum anodic peak current at pH 7.0. Surface area of the electrode was calculated and was found to be 0.0202 cm². Scan rate variation shows that electrodic reaction involves electron transfer with diffusion controlled mass transfer process. The heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k⁰) was obtained to be 1.332× 10³ s^-1. A linear relationship between peak current and TPA concentrations was obtained from 0.9×10^-7 M to 10.0 × 10^-5 M by using DPV and limit of detection of 9.7 × 10^-8 M was estimated. In addition, a sensitive voltammetric method was developed, and it was successfully applied for TPA determination in pharmaceutical sample and human urine samples.The present method was also applied for the determination of TPA in pharmaceutical samples, with satisfactory recoveries from 95.32 % to 100.12 %.

Research on the Electrochemical Behavior of Si(IV) on the Tungsten Electrode in CaCl2–CaF2–CaO Molten Melt

At 1023 K, the electrochemical behavior of Si(IV) on the tungsten electrode in CaCl2–CaF2–CaO–SiO2 molten salt was studied by cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry and open-circuit chronopotentiometry. The reduction potential of Si(IV) started at –0.68 V, and the intermediate product CaC2 was observed at –1.78 V. The reduction of Si(IV) on the tungsten electrode was a one-step four-electron transition, which was a diffusion-controlled mass transfer process. The diffusion coefficient for the reduction process of Si(IV) ions was estimated to be 3.22 × 10–5 cm2 s–1 at 1023 K. With the temperature interval from 993 to 1183 K, the diffusion activation energy was calculated to be 4.425 kJ mol–1. Moreover, the deposition of Si(IV) occurs when the applied potential is less than –0.6 V (vs. Pt wire). The present electrochemical study on Si(IV) in the molten salt will be a theoretical reference for future silicon electrorefining.

Dynamics of diffusive and convective transport in porous media: A fractal analysis of 3-D images obtained by laser technology

The objective of this paper was to use laser imaging technique to visualize the diffusion controlled mass transfer process in porous media. Cubical models made of different materials (oil-wet plexiglass and water wet glass) and filled with 1mm and 4mm glass beads and different types of oils were used to visualize the -Fickian- diffusion of solvent with different densities and viscosities. 3-D visualization technique with laser sheet scanning of refractive index matched glass-bead-pack model was used to study the effect of permeability, solvent density, viscosity and boundary effect on mixing by diffusion. Three types of solvents were used: (1) solvent with density higher than oil but low viscosity, (2) solvent lighter than oil but has high viscosity, and (3) solvent lighter but less viscous than oil.It was observed through 3-D images obtained from the experiments that the width (area) of the solvent swept region and fingering depended on the density of the solvent and the speed of the process was higher in the high permeability porous media (4mm glass beads). Wider fingers and swept areas were observed for less viscous solvent. Solvents 1 and 2 slowly mixed and rose to the top of the model filling most of the pores in the model, and then diffused into the unswept region. Solvent 3 reached the top of the model in an extremely short time along the boundary with thin fingering and displaces downward afterwards. The frontal progresses of solvent-oil interfaces (mixing zone) were analyzed quantitatively through the change of the fractal dimension during the process. The fractal dimension increased before the solvent reached at the top of the model. For solvents 1 and 2, the fractal dimension decreased afterward. For solvent 3, the value declined rapidly because the solvent took time to spread along the top of the model due to its extremely low viscosity and density.

Polyaniline–bismuth oxide nanocomposite sensor for quantification of anti-parkinson drug pramipexole in solubilized system

Abstract In this study, a new sensor polyaniline–bismuth oxide (PANI–Bi 2 O 3 ) nanocomposite has been fabricated and characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). SEM was used to provide information about the morphology of the PANI–Bi 2 O 3 nanocomposite. Cyclic voltammetric studies of electroactive species i.e. K 3 Fe(CN) 6 demonstrate almost reversible electrochemical behaviour, with diffusion controlled mass transfer process in the double layer region of the electrode. EIS studies revealed that PANI–Bi 2 O 3 /GCE having lower charge transfer resistance which leads to higher electrocatalytic activity. This modified electrode was successfully used for the detection of pramipexole in pharmaceutical formulation in sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in Britton Robinson (BR) buffer at pH 4.5. The ease of fabrication, excellent electrochemical performance and high electroactive surface area are the promising features of the fabricated sensor.

Electrochemical Behavior of Silicon (IV) Ion in BaF2-CaF2-SiO2 Melts at 1573K

Studies were performed to investigate the cathodic behavior of silicon (IV) ion in a BaF2-CaF2-SiO2 melt at a temperature of 1573 K. The results obtained show that the silicon (IV) ion was reduced through a single-step from Si4+ + 4e = Si, which was an irreversible process with diffusion-controlled mass transfer. The diffusion coefficient (D) for the reduction process of silicon (IV) ion in BaF2-CaF2-SiO2 melt was 9.76×10−5 cm2 s−1, at 1573 K. Furthermore, galvanostatic electrolysis performed on a molybdenum electrode, which further presents the feasibility of electro-depositing silicon in molten BaF2-CaF2-SiO2 system.

Predicting long-term geochemical alteration of wellbore cement in a generic geological CO 2 confinement site: Tackling a difficult reactive transport modeling challenge

The safety of the future CO2 geological storage is largely dependent on the integrity of existing surrounding wells. Well integrity is of major concern in confinement sites where the number of abandoned wells is particularly high, such as it often occurs in depleted gas and/or oil fields. The degradation of the cement filling of these wells is a key issue to insure the confinement of the CO2. Laboratory experiments are unable to produce data for long periods of interaction; therefore, numerical modeling stands as a powerful means to predict the long-term evolution of the cement plugs, and to assess well integrity and leakage risk for the confining system. We thus present the results of a set of numerical simulations that predict the evolution of fluid chemistry and mineral alteration in the cement of an idealized abandoned wellbore at the top of the Dogger aquifer in Paris Basin, France, where CO2 geological disposal is currently under consideration. A continuum-based reactive transport formulation has been adopted which accounts for multi-component reactivity under water saturated and diffusion-controlled mass transfer conditions. Simplified two-dimensional models have been applied to simulate the complex geochemical interactions occurring at the interfaces between cement, aquifer and caprock domains. The simulations predict a two-stage evolution of the cement porous matrix, after interaction with acid fluids from reservoir: (i) a first, “clogging” stage, characterized by a decrease in porosity due to calcite precipitation, and (ii) a second stage of porosity reopening, related to the disappearance of primary cement phases, and the re-dissolution of secondary minerals, such as zeolites. Overall, the interaction with acid fluids causes a severe mineralogical alteration of the cement and the development of a carbonated, low-porosity layer near the reservoir interface. As the caprock imposes a high partial pressure of CO2, some mineralogical alteration of the cement is promoted also at the interface with the caprock. This pattern of reaction results in a large increase in porosity that might lead to the formation of vertical ascent route for reservoir fluids.

Solid–liquid mass transfer in a gas sparging contactor equipped with a tube of circular fins

The solid–liquid mass transfer rate at a stack of circular fin surfaces in a gas sparging contactor was investigated. A diffusion-controlled dissolution technique of copper in an acidified chromate solution was employed. Variables studied included the number of actively exposed fins ranging from 5 to 20, pertinent physical properties of the solution, and air superficial velocity. Experimental data showed that the rate of the diffusion-controlled mass transfer increases with increasing superficial air velocity and decreases with increasing chromate solution acid concentration. Moreover, at relatively low superficial air velocity, increasing the number of actively exposed fins results into a continuous increase in the mass transfer coefficient. At relatively higher superficial air velocity, however, the mass transfer coefficient decreases in the 5–10 range of actively exposed fins and then reverts to increase in the 15–20 range. An empirical correlation relating the mass transfer j factor to Reg, Fr, and a dimensionless height defined as the ratio of the height of actively exposed fins to the column equivalent diameter was developed based on the data generated in this study, with ±6.45% average deviation.

Characteristics of Liquid–Solid Mass Transfer in a Bubble Column Equipped with a Vertical Tube of Circular Fins

The solid-liquid mass transfer rate at a stack of circular fin surfaces in a bubble column was investigated. A diffusion-controlled dissolution technique of copper in an acidified chromate solution was employed. Variables studied included the number of actively exposed fins ranging from 5 to 20, pertinent physical properties of the solution, and air superficial velocity. Experimental data showed that the rate of the diffusion-controlled mass transfer increases with increasing superficial air velocity and decreases with increasing chromate solution acid concentration. Moreover, at relatively low superficial air velocity, increasing the number of actively exposed fins results into a continuous increase in the mass transfer coefficient. At relatively higher superficial air velocity, however, the mass transfer coefficient decreases in the 5 to 10 range of actively exposed fins and then reverts to increase in the 15 to 20 range.

Synthesis, H- or J-type aggregations, electrochemistry and in situ spectroelectrochemistry of metal ion sensing lead(II) phthalocyanines

We report, in this study, peripherally 3- and 4-substituted functionalized ionophore ligands ( 1– 3) and their α- and β-tetra polyalcohol substituted lead(II) phthalocyanines M{Pc[S–CH(C 3H 7)(C 2H 5OH)] 4} ( 7, 9 and 11) and M{Pc[S–C 6H 12(OH)] 4} ( 8, 10 and 12) which are a mixture of different isomers. The complexes have been fully characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS (MALDI-TOF) and UV–Vis spectral data. These complexes induced H-type (face-to-face fashion) or J-aggregate (edge-to-edge) dimers when titrated with AgNO 3 or Na 2PdCl 4 in a THF–MeOH solution. Cyclic and square wave voltammetry studies showed that the complexes gave three one-electron ligand-based reductions and two one-electron oxidation couples having diffusion controlled mass transfer character. Assignments of these redox couples were confirmed by spectroelectrochemical measurements. The observation of split Q bands, which are characteristic spectral behavior of metal-free phthalocyanines, indicates demetallization of the complexes during the spectroelectrochemical measurement under the applied potentials. The types of the substituents on the ring of the phthalocyanines affect the demetallization process of the complexes.

Cyclic Voltammetric Studies of Electropolymerized Films Based on Ruthenium(II/III) Bis(1,10 phenanthroline) (4-methyl-4’vinyl-2,2’-bipyridine)

A ruthenium complex of bis(1,10-phenanthroline)(4-methyl-4’vinyl-2,2’-bipyridine) was used to modify glassy carbon electrodes during cyclic voltammetry. The modification procedure is rapid and produces a polymer film on the glassy carbon electrode. Characterization cyclic voltammograms of the ruthenium-based polymer films in supporting electrolyte solutions are very similar to the electropolymerization cyclic voltammograms. The polymer thin films derived from the ruthenium complex exhibit Nernstian electron transfer with respect to the applied potential at low scan rates. This is shown by the small peak separation between the cathodic and anodic peaks during characterization. At scan rates greater than 1.00 V/sec, the films model the Randles-Sevcik equation for diffusion-controlled mass transfer processes. Surface coverage ranges from 9.42 x 10-11 mol/cm2 to 4.76 x 10-10 mol/cm2 and was calculated by integrating the area under the anodic peak of the characterization cyclic voltammograms.

A study of lithium transport in aluminum membranes

We employed the Devanathan–Stachurski experimental methodology for direct measurement of the rate of lithium transport in metals that can be used as negative electrodes in lithium–ion batteries. The measured Li transport rate in aluminum appears to be in relatively good agreement with previously reported results obtained using standard electrochemical techniques. However, Li transport rate measurements in aluminum membranes of different thicknesses reveal anomalies with regard to the standard diffusion controlled mass transfer model. We attribute this effect to a complex Li transport mechanism in Al membranes upon alloying.