Agar Diffusion Method Research Articles

Resistance Profile of Strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Isolated from Raw Cow Milk Sold in the Department of Vina in Cameroon

Aims: Antimicrobial resistance, defined by the WHO as “resistance of a micro-organism to an antibiotic to which it was previously sensitive”, results from the ability of the bacterium to withstand the attack of antibiotics. This resistance is a major factor in the risk of therapeutic failure and the spread of multidrug-resistant strains from animals to humans. The present study was aimed to assess the antibiotic resistance of strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Isolated from cattle farms in the Department of Vina, Cameroon. Place and Duration of Study: The study involved 30 strains of Salmonella (05) and Escherichia coli (25) isolated from 60 samples of raw cow milk, collected from July to August 2021 in Vina, Adamawa Province. The samples were each made up of 15 ml of milk, taken aseptically from cattle farms and sales depots. Methodology: Antibiotic susceptibility of 25 strains of Escherichia coli and 5 Salmonella sp. strains was wanted, according to the standard Mueller-Hinton agar diffusion method 16 antibiotic discs. Results: The diameters of the inhibition zones formed showed fairly high resistance rates, 87.5% for Salmonella sp. and 75% for E. coli. Bacterial strains are all resistant to the Penicillin, Macrolides and Diaminopyrimidines tested. Good sensitivity was observed with levofloxacin (100%), cefixime (82.14%) and gentamycin (78.60%). Conclusion: The importance of these resistances reflects the intensive previous use of antibiotics in livestock farming as growth-promoting additives.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities In vitro and In silico of Novel Morpholinoalkoxychalcones

Introduction: Chalcone compounds exhibit diverse bioactivities, attracting significant interest. Morpholine is a heterocycle commonly used in medicinal chemistry. It could enhance the potency, pharmacokinetics, and bioactivities of its compounds. Methods: Adding morpholine into the chalcone scaffold could help create new compounds with favorable bioactivities. In this study, a new parallel synthesis procedure has been developed. Using this procedure, 18 novel morpholinoalkoxychalcones have been successfully synthesized. They had chains with morpholine appended on ring A or ring B. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for the antibacterial and antifungal activities by agar diffusion method on 5 bacteria and 2 fungi strains. Results: The compounds with good inhibition were determined with respect to the MIC values by the agar dilution method. Among the tested compounds, B.21 was found to be the best against E. faecalis, with an MIC value of 0.6 mM. B.43 with an MIC value of 2.04 mM has displayed its potential in inhibiting A. niger and C. albicans the best among other compounds. Conclusion: The in silico study has revealed two targets to align with the in vitro results. Longer alkyl chains have enhanced the activity, along with the presence of OH, NH2, and halogen groups on both rings A and B.

SYNTHESIS, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF PLATINUM (II) AND PALLADIUM (II) COMPLEXES

The aim of the work is the synthesis of mono- and binuclear complexes of platinum (II) and palladium (II) containing terminal and bridging atoms of chlorine and sulfur as ligands and the study of their biological activity in relation to test cultures of Bacillus subtilis B4647, Aspergillus brasiliensis (niger) F679, Pseudomonas aeruginosa B8243, Escherichia coli. The composition and structure of the synthesized platinum (II) and palladium (II) complexes were established by methods of elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, which correspond to our results on the X-ray structural analysis of these complexes. Antimicrobial and antifungicidal properties were assessed by the ability of the synthesized complexes to suppress the vital activity of bacteria and fungi using the agar diffusion method and the in vitro dilution method. The results obtained showed high activity of the binuclear complex of palladium (II) (μ-S)[Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+ 3)2Cl4] and platinum (II) (μ-Cl)[Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]∙3H2O of non-electrolyte type. Binuclear complexes of palladium and platinum, in contrast to mononuclear trans-[Pd(SCH2CH2NH2)2] and cis-[Pt(SCH2CH2NH2)2], exhibit higher antibacterial activity. The effectiveness of the antibacterial action of the non-electrolyte palladium complex against the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and fungi Aspergillus niger was more pronounced. The results of our study showed that by changing the structure of the complex, the composition and charge of the inner sphere, the number of coordination centers, the nature and dentacy of the ligands, it is possible to achieve a higher toxic effect of the complexes (μ-S [Pd2(SCH2CH2NH+ 3)2Cl4], μ-Cl [Pt2(SCH2CH2NH2)2Cl2]∙3H2O) in relation to bacteria and fungi.

Suspensions of antibiotics in self-emulsifying oils as a novel approach to formulate eye drops with substances which undergo hydrolysis in aqueous environment

The aim of this study was to develop eye-drops with cefuroxime (CEF) sodium or vancomycin (VAN) hydrochloride, antibiotics that are instable in water. Anhydrous self-emulsifying oils (SEO) are proposed as a carrier and antibiotics are suspended. In the contact with tear fluid, the formulation should transform into emulsion, with fast dissolution of an antibiotic. CEF or VAN (5% w/w) was suspended in SEO carriers prepared by dissolving surfactants (Tween 20 or Span 80 5% w/w) in Miglyol, castor oil, or olive oil. Formulations with or without sodium citrate (2% w/w) were compared. Six-months or 1-year stability tests were carried out at 40 °C. The content of CEF and VAN was evaluated using HPLC and the potency of the antibiotic was assessed with agar diffusion method. In contact with water, drug particles suspended in SEO dissolved rapidly and o/w emulsion was formed. After 1-year at 40 °C, the content of degradation products was at most 0.5% in CEF and 4.0% in VAN formulations. The agar diffusion assay has shown that CEF and VAN loaded into SEO retained its potency against the sensitive microorganisms comparable to an aqueous solution. Therefore, SEO can be used as a novel carrier for the active substances which may not require improved solubility or absorption but need to be protected from moisture. This is a formulation that can be produced on industrial scale, with no limitation of stability or drug concentration.

Comparative in Vitro Study on the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Endodontic Sealers Against Common Oral Pathogens

Background/Objectives: Microorganisms are the leading cause of infections in the root canal system, contributing to the failure of endodontic treatments. This in vitro study aimed to compare the antimicrobial effects of four different endodontic sealers: Endomethasone N (Septodont, Saint Maur-des-Fossés, France), Sealapex (Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA), AH Plus Jet (Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany), and MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Londrina, Brazil). Methods: The sealers were tested against common oral pathogens, including Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus mutans, using the agar diffusion method. Inhibition zones were measured at 24, 48, and 72 h to assess antimicrobial efficacy. Results: The results showed that Endomethasone was the most effective sealer against all tested microorganisms, demonstrating consistent inhibition across all time intervals. MTA Fillapex also exhibited a significant antimicrobial effect, particularly against Streptococcus mutans, with its efficacy increasing over time. AH Plus Jet displayed limited effectiveness, showing significant results only against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: Overall, this study confirms the superior antimicrobial performance of Endomethasone, while the other materials, particularly MTA Fillapex and Sealapex, also showed notable effects in experimental conditions. The antimicrobial activity of all materials, except AH Plus Jet, increased over the 72-h period.

Novel coumarin linked pyrazoles, thiazoles, and thiadiazoles: synthetic strategies and in vitro antimicrobial investigation.

Emerging resistance among pathogens necessitates the development of novel antimicrobial agents. As a result, we aimed to synthesize new coumarins and study their antimicrobial activity with the hope of obtaining effective drugs. A series of coumarins were synthesized, characterized, and assessed for antimicrobial activity using broth microdilution and agar diffusion methods against Gram-positive (Bacillus pumilis, Streptococcus faecalis), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae) bacteria, and fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans). Pyrazoles 15 and 16 revealed promising activities against all bacterial strains with MIC values ranging from 1.95 to 15.6 µg/ml. Notably, pyrazole 15 with CF3 in 3-position of pyrazole ring demonstrated higher ability to inhibit Streptococcus faecalis strain with MIC value equal to penicillin G (3.91 µg/ml). It also exhibited the best bactericidal potency against Escherichia coli with MBC value of 15.6 µg/ml while, pyrazole 16 recorded the same MBC value against Enterobacter cloacae. Pyrazole 15 demonstrated the strongest antifungal activity against both fungal strains with MIC and MFC values of 15.6, 7.81, 62.5, and 31.3 µg/ml against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, respectively. These findings underscore the potential of coumarins, particularly compounds 15 and 16, as effective antimicrobial agents and provide critical insights into the design of bioactive molecules.

Prevalence and Antibiogram of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Urine and Sputum Specimen in Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Klebsiella pneumoniae is considered as the second leading cause of hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections globally and antibiotic resistance which has contributed to the high motality rate. This research focused on the isolation and antibiogram of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in urine and sputum specimen in Nasarawa State. From March to April 2024, a total of 210 urine and sputum samples were collected from one hospital in each of the three districts of Nasarawa State. Specimens were collected in sterile universal containers and cultured on MacConkey agar and cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agar. The biochemical characterization of the isolates were done. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disk agar diffusion method. The study identified Klebsiella pneumoniae in 28 out of 210 samples, resulting in a prevalence rate of 13.3%. Specifically, 18 (15.0%) of the urine samples tested positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae, while 10 (11.1%) of the sputum samples were also positive. Among the patients, 10 (10.2%) males were infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae, whereas 89 (89.8%) males were not infected. In contrast, 18 (16.1%) females had Klebsiella pneumoniae infections, while 94 (83.9%) females did not. Patients aged 30-39 had the highest 10(16.1%) prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antibiotics susceptibility testing showed meropenem, amikacin and gentamicin exhibited the highest sensitivity outcomes as compared to other antibiotics while Klebsiella pneumoniae were highly resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin. There were statistically significant difference in antibiotics resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates at 5% level of significance.

Chemical Profile of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of Aspergillus sydowi, 22-PLP1-F1, as Antibacterial Agent Against Clinically Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mangrove endophytic fungi can produce bioactive substances with diverse biological functions. This study aims to evaluate the chemical profile of mangrove fungal endophytic extracts that inhibit clinical pathogenic bacteria resistant to various antibiotics. The fungi were collected from Petangoran mangrove forest, Lampung Province. Fungal isolates were grown on shrimp shell media using solid-state fermentation for 14 days. The fungal biomass was extracted using ethyl acetate, and the active components were evaluated using thin layer chromatography. The extract was partitioned with dichloromethane/water and its bioactivity was tested using TLC-bioautography and agar diffusion methods. The active fraction was identified using LC-MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS data was interpreted with SIRIUS 5.8.6, and the drug-likeness and toxicological characteristics were assessed using ADME/Tox and STopTox machine learning tools. Morphological analysis showed that isolate 22PLP1F1 was an Aspergillus sp., with spherical conidia at the hyphae tips. Through phylogenetic analysis it was confirmed that isolate 22PLP1F1 is Aspergillus sydowii with similarity 98.9%. Initial TLC examination indicated the production of alkaloids, polypeptides, and steroids. Antibacterial assays showed that the polar portion inhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, while the active fraction at 2 mg/mL inhibited MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed a major chromatogram peak at a retention time of 8.67; m/z 488.2196, suggesting a novel derivative of a compound at a retention time of 7.82; m/z 446.208. ADME/Tox analysis indicated that the compounds do not penetrate the BBB but remain in the GI absorption region. Further research is needed to elucidate the active compounds’ mechanism of action and conduct bioengineering studies.

Detection of Antibiotic Residues in Beef and Beef Liver in Gorontalo City

This study aims to determine the presence of antibiotic residues in beef and beef liver sold at the slaughterhouse (TPH) in Gorontalo City. The total of the samples are 34 samples, there are 20 samples of beef and 14 samples of beef liver in Gorontalo City. Testing of beef and beef liver samples using agar diffusion method. The presence of antibiotic residues can be seen from the formation of an inhibitory zones around the disc paper. The results of the study found that in sampling from the slaughterhouses in Gorontalo City, samples of beef liver from TPH Andalas gave a diameter of inhibitory zones about 11.37 mm. Beef liver samples from Padebuolo TPH gave an inhibitory zones about 8.12 mm, while beef liver samples taken from TPH Moudu gave a diameter of inhibitory zones about 15.39 mm and 10.99 mm. Then the second sample, the samples of beef from TPH Andalas gave a diameter of inhibitory zones about 12.68 mm and 9.95 mm. Beef samples from Padebuolo TPH gave inhibitory zones about 9.12 mm and 12.44 mm, while beef samples taken from TPH Moudu gave a diameter of inhibitory zones about 11.69 mm and 8.42 mm. As for TPH Biau, beef samples gave inhibitory zones about 9.86 mm and 8.11 mm. The results at each time of collecting the samples showed that most of the samples contained antibiotic residues with a weak category with the average diameter about 12.3 mm. The conclusion from the laboratory tests on 26 samples, they are 14 samples of beef and 12 samples of beef liver which were analyzed qualitatively using methanol solution showed that some of the samples were identified as antibotic residues, which were shown by the formation of inhibitory zones in each sample.

Effect of Silver Complex on Graphene Oxide Alginate (GOAlgAg) for Antibacterial Studies

The effect of the silver complex on graphene oxide and its antibacterial studies was reported in this work. Graphene oxide (GO) has a high specific surface area and is well-known for being an ideal substrate material for growing silver nanoparticles. The simplified Hummer's method was chosen to prepare GO and Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have been decorated on the surface of GO during the reduction of silver complex solution [Ag(NH3)2OH] in GO aqueous solution. The obtained nanocomposite was analyzed by using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The antibacterial performance against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (B. subtilis) was investigated using the disk agar diffusion method. The diameter of the inhibition zone indicates the effectiveness of GOAlgAg in preventing these bacteria from growing while displaying the nanocomposite as a promising material for antibacterial-related applications. The best antibacterial properties were found in a sample of 5.0:2.5ml GOAlgAg, which shows the highest inhibition zone, 0.85cm toward Escherichia coli and 1.03cm toward B. subtilis.

Antibacterial Activity Of Sago Caterpillar Oil (Rhynchoporus bilineatus L.) From Minahasa Against Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus

Sago caterpillars are ethnomedically used as food and medicine by the people of several tribes in Indonesia. Sago caterpillar oil contains active compounds, especially fatty acids that have antibacterial potential. Research has been carried out which aims to obtain the bioactive content of sago worm oil and the antibacterial activity of Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Sago caterpillars are obtained from the Minahasa region. Four to six instar sago caterpillars are used for oil isolation. Analysis of the content of sago worm oil using the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry method. Meanwhile, the antibacterial test used the agar diffusion method using pure cultures of Salmonella thypii and Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that the average sago caterpillar oil was 0.26 to 0.28 ml per head. The results of the antibacterial test showed the highest inhibition of S. aureus at a concentration of 1000 mg/L, namely 8.04 mm, while the inhibition of growth of S. thypii was highest at a concentration of 1000 mg/L, namely 7.69 mm. Sago caterpillar oil has antibacterial potential.

Karakterisasi dan Potensi Antibakteri Ekstrak Kapang Endofit Hasil Isolasi dari Sargassum sp.

The bioactive potential in Sargassum sp. and its direct use is expected to reduce its population in nature if used continuously. Using endophytic fungi from the host is a solution for obtaining bioactive compounds from Sargassum sp. The purpose of this study was to characterize endophytic fungi in Sargassum sp. and its potential as an antibacterial agent. Endophytic fungi were isolated using the direct planting technique, endophytic fungi were characterized through microscopic and macroscopic observations. Extraction was performed with two organic solvents, namely ethanol and ethyl acetate. Antibacterial potency was tested using the agar diffusion method using Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. Based on the results, two mold isolates, D3P1 and D4P1, were obtained. The ethyl acetate extract of D3P1 had the highest inhibition zone for Bacillus subtilis bacteria, with the highest inhibition zone being 23.2 mm for Bacillus subtilis and the smallest being 17 mm for Escherichia coli. The ethyl acetate extract of D3P1 had the highest inhibition zone compared to the ethyl acetate extract of D4P1 and the ethanol extract of D3P1 and D4P1. The GC-MS analysis identified four compounds that have been identified in the ethyl acetate extract of D3P1 isolates, among others, 2,3-Butanediol, Phthalic acid, 1,2-Benzenedicarbocylic acid, and 1-Anthracenamine. Phthalic acid and 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid compounds have the potential as antibacterial.

Hemostatic Antimicrobial Hydrogels Based on Silicon, Iron, Zinc, and Boron Glycerolates for Wound Healing Applications.

The use of glycerolates of biogenic elements as biocompatible precursors in sol-gel synthesis is an innovative direction and opens up new scientific and practical prospects in chemistry and technology of producing practically important biomedical materials, including hemostatic, antimicrobial, and wound healing materials. Using biocompatible precursors, silicon, zinc, boron, and iron glycerolates, new bioactive nanocomposite hydrogels were obtained by the sol-gel method. The composition and structural features of the hydrogels were studied using a complex of modern analytical techniques, including TEM, XRD, AES, and ESI MS. Hemostatic activity of the hydrogels was studied in the in vivo experiments; using the example of silicon-iron-zinc-boron glycerolates hydrogel, primary toxicological studies were carried out. Antimicrobial properties of hydrogels were studied using the agar diffusion method. The structural features of hydrogels and their relationship to medical and biological properties were revealed. It was shown that glycerolates hydrogels are non-toxic, and exhibit pronounced hemostatic activity, generally comparable to the commercial hemostatic drug Capramine. Antimicrobial activity is more pronounced for silicon-iron-zinc-boron and silicon-iron-boron glycerolates gel. The results obtained indicate that these glycerolates hydrogels are potential hemostatic and antibiotic-independent antimicrobial agents for topical wound healing applications in medical and veterinary practice.

Plant Species with Antimicrobial Effects and the Importance of a Standardization of Protocols for Antimicrobial Agents

In modern times, microbial resistance is a global threat to health and development. The misuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials is the main cause of developing drugresistant pathogens. It requires multiple areas in direction to attain sustainable advance goals. As a result of microbial resistance, the necessity for costly medications and expenses are obstructed worldwide. Due to rising attention in the research of new antimicrobial medicaments from a variety of natural or synthetic sources to fight microbial resistance. Thus, natural antimicrobial agents have been used to a great extent nowadays because plant-derived antimicrobial agents are considered to be safer alternatives for health as compared to those synthetic antimicrobial agents. Overall, the active ingredients, water, essential oils, and ethanolic extracts from selected plants and the mixture of a variety of these natural extracts have been used for centuries, because they possess antimicrobial activity which inhibits the growth of microbes. Natural plants as an antimicrobial agent, like extracts of Curcuma longa L., Piper nigrum L., Vachellia leucophloea, Eclipta prostrata, Ocimum sanctum L., Terminalia arjuna, Manihot esculenta Crantz, Lawsonia inermis L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Coriandrum sativum L., Carica papaya L., Cinnamomum tamala, and many others have been preferred and used for ages because they are easily available worldwide. They are usually of low cost and have little or no side effects. Several antimicrobial screening approaches like the disk-diffusion method, well diffusion method, micro broth dilution assay, sterile disk method, and agar diffusion method are generally cast off for measurement of reproducibility and standardization of these antimicrobial agents. This review article is a comprehensive description of natural plants like Coriandrum sativum L., Carica papaya L., Cinnamomum tamala, etc., containing those extracts used as antimicrobial agents listed, and numerous in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods are reported. These identified plant species and antimicrobial screening techniques hold the potential for formulating these plants into antimicrobial drugs, warranting further study and exploration in the field of medicine.

Synthesis, computational, and spectral investigation of cinnamate derivatives/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes studies for biological applications

Methyl cinnamate is a derivative of cinnamic acid which is a natural organic phenolic compound with significant potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The synthesis of methyl cinnamate derivatives, para-hydroxy methyl cinnamate (PHMC), and para-ethoxy methyl cinnamate (PEMC) was confirmed by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Additionally, cinnamic acid derivatives are encapsulated in the hydrophobic cavity of an aqueous supramolecular host-guest complex. The effect of solvent, different pH and β-Cyclodextrin on the absorption and fluorescence spectra of PHMC and PEMC have been investigated. pH studies, PHMC's pKa and pKa* values of neutral and monoanion forms are studied in detailed. Both the compounds inclusion with cyclodextrin and the complexes are characterized by experimental (absorption, emission) and computational (DFT) to be determined the binding constant. The stoichiometric ratio determined by the Benesi-Hildebrand equation with their respective linear graph shows the 1:1 inclusion of complex formations. The solid inclusion complex PHMC/ β-CD, PEMC/ β-CD were prepared by Co-precipitation method and characterized by different analytical methods using FT-IR, 1HNMR, 2D-NMR- ROESY, XRD, and SEM. Furthermore, the antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of the prepared inclusion complexes were investigated, antioxidant activity analysed through the DPPH radical scavenging assay, antibacterial activity accessed through the disc agar diffusion method and biofilm growth inhibition was analysed through crystal violet assay. Furthermore the synthesized compounds and their inclusion complexes shows the good biocompatible on brine shrimp (Artemia) nauplii treated with 100μg/ml at 24 h incubation.

Novel Antimicrobial and Antitumor Agents Bearing Pyridine-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione-hydrazone Scaffold: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Investigation.

A series of target 4-substituted-5-(2-(pyridine-2-ylamino)ethyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and their chloro analogs 7-21 were synthesized in a reaction of the selected aldehydes with the corresponding 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones 5 and 6, which were obtained from 3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)propanoic acid (3) or 3-((5-chloropyridin-2-yl)amino)propanoic acid (4), respectively, with thioacetohydrazide. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized hydrazones were screened against the bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium luteum and the fungi Candida tenuis and Aspergillus niger by agar diffusion and serial dilution methods. 4-Amino-5-(2-((5-chloropyridin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (6) and 4-(benzylideneamino)-5-(2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)ethyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (7) were identified as exceptionally active (MIC 0.9 µg/mL) against the fungus C. tenuis. 5-Chloropyridine derivatives bearing 4-benzylidene 8, 2-nitrobenzylidene 10, pyridinylmethylene 16, and 4-methylthiobenzylidene 21 moieties showed very high antibacterial activity (MIC 3.9 µg/mL) against the M. luteum strain. The cell viability screening of the synthesized compounds using triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and glioblastoma U-87 cell lines by MTT assay identified three active hydrazones, of which 5-(2-(pyridin-2-ylamino)ethyl)-4-((pyridin-3-ylmethylene)amino)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (15) had the highest effect on the viability of cells (IC50 value 39.2 ± 1.7 μM against MDA-MD-231). The in silico molecular modeling results suggested that these three most active hydrazones might have influenced the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway through the inhibition of BRAF and MEK serine-threonine protein kinases. 5-(2-((5-Chloropyridin-2-yl)amino)ethyl)-4-((4-(methylthio)benzylidene)amino)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (21) demonstrated the highest affinity among them.

Multidrug-resistant keratinolytic dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes causing onychomycosis in outpatients.

This study identified and determined antibiograms of keratinolytic dermatophytes (DM), non-dermatophytic molds (NDM), and yeasts causing onychomycosis. Morphological, cultural, and biochemical characteristics were used to identify DM and NDM. The keratinolytic activity (KA) and antibiograms were conducted with keratin azure and the agar diffusion method, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using the microdilution method. Onychomycosis was more prevalent in males (53%) than females, toenails (57%) than fingernails, and commercial employees (40%) than other employees or unemployed. Fungal growth was observed in 92.5% nail samples. DM, NDM, and yeasts caused 46%, 35%, and 19% onychomycosis, respectively. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were the common DM. Five different genus of NDM and three different yeasts were isolated. The KA of DM was 30-45% higher than that of NDM and yeasts. All fungal isolates (FI) were resistant to griseofulvin and fluconazole. However, 71%, 64%, and 36% of FI were sensitive to terbinafine hydrochloride, nystatin, and ketoconazole, respectively, while 84% of DM and 46% of NDM were multidrug-resistant. The MIC and MFC of these antifungals against FI ranged from micrograms to milligrams. Multidrug resistance is growing in keratinolytic DM and NDM.

Results of the experimental study of the antimicrobial activity of therapeutic waters from various wells managed by the federation of trade unions of Uzbekistan

Introduction. Currently, in addition to the traditional use of mineral waters (MW) for the treatment of gastrointestinal tract and renal diseases, they are also used to correct metabolic disorders, normalize lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. However, many of its properties remain poorly studied, and there is a very limited number of works in the scientific literature concerning the analysis of their antibacterial action. Aim. Study of sensitivity of common microorganisms to the action of some MW. Materials and methods. The following test samples from different wells (DW) served as materials for determining the antimicrobial activity of mineral waters: Sample 1. Sodium bicarbonate weakly alkaline mineral water from SW No. 7 (Chinobod Sanatorium, Tashkent); Sample 2. Radon mineral water mineral water from SW No. 2 (Abu Ali ibn Sino Sanatorium, Samarkand Region); Sample 3. Iodine-bromine mineral water from SW No. 4 (Chartak Sanatorium, Namangan Region); Sample 4. Sulfate-sulfur mineral water from SW No. 14 (Chimen Sanatorium, Fergana Region); Sample 5. Concentrated iodine-bromine brine from SCW No. 2 (Chartak Sanatorium, Namangan Region). Results and discussion. Sample No. 5 (concentrated brine) showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the diameter of the growth inhibition zone was 22 ± 0.26 and 18 ± 0.35 mm, respectively. Also, sample No. 4 (Sanatorium Chimen DW No = 14, sulfate-sulfur mineral water) showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, the diameter of the growth inhibition zone was 16 ± 0.11 mm. The samples did not show antimicrobial activity against the other test cultures. The antimicrobial action of water samples was determined by the agar diffusion method against some types of opportunistic bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and the yeast fungus Candida albicans. All microorganism cultures were obtained from the collection of the Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The determination was achieved through the use of the agar diffusion method on a dense nutrient medium. Conclusion. It was found that sample No. 5 concentrated brine «Iodine-shifo» from the Chartak Sanatorium showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, i. e. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the diameter of the growth inhibition zone was 22 ± 0.26 and 18 ± 0.35 mm, respectively. Also, sample No. 4 sulfate-sulfur mineral water from the Chimen Sanatorium showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, the diameter of the growth inhibition zone was 16 ± 0.11 mm. The samples did not show antimicrobial activity against the other test cultures.

Corrosion resistance of Si-Zn composite coating on AZ31 alloy

To elevate the resistance to corrosion of magnesium alloys, silicon and zinc were simultaneously coated on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy using magnetron sputtering. The corrosion characteristics of the coated and uncoated samples were evaluated using electrochemical tests. Additionally, the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli pathogens was assessed through the agar diffusion method. Compared to the AZ31 substrate and the sequentially sputtered Si and Zn coated samples, the Si-Zn composite coating specimens exhibited the minimal corrosion current density, and elevated charge impedance modulus (Z), transfer resistance (Rct), and phase angle. The simultaneous sputtering of Si-Zn composite coatings significantly slowed down the transmission of corrosive ions to the magnesium alloy surface, markedly enhancing the resistance to corrosion of magnesium alloy in SBF solution. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the simultaneously sputtered Si-Zn composite coating samples was superior to that of the AZ31 matrix. Therefore, the Si-Zn composite coating prepared by simultaneous sputtering possesses excellent corrosion resistance and antimicrobial properties.

Synthesis, In-Silico Biochemical Properties, and In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Some Farmazans-Sulfonamide Derivatives.

The low effectiveness of currently available antibiotics is driving efforts worldwide to generate new antimicrobial drugs. So, we synthesized some new formazan derivatives containing sulfonamide moiety, and assessed their in-silico biochemical properties as well as in-vitro antibacterial activity against some pathogenic Gram-positive (B. subtilis and S. aureus) and Gram-negative (E. coli and S. thyphi) bacteria and fungi (C. albicans and A. niger). These formazan derivatives were synthesized by condensing sulphanilamide with benzaldehyde in the presence of glacial acetic acid and ethanol produced a Schiff base of sulfonamide (1). After this compound 1 was reacted with substituted benzene diazonium chlorides (2a-g) by condensation reaction yields formazan derivatives (3a-g). The structures of synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis analytical and spectral (IR, 1H-NMR, and mass) data. Agar diffusion method was utilized to assess the antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds by measuring the zone of inhibition against tested strains of bacteria and fungi. Ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole were used as reference drugs. The result exhibited that synthesized compounds have demonstrated satisfactory in-silico biochemical properties as well as significant level of antibacterial activity.