X-ray Diffraction Research Articles

Structural and Optical Properties of Hydrothermally Synthesized Co0.3Zn0.7AlxFe2−𝑥O4 (x = 0.2 – 0.8) Nanoparticles

Objectives: Investigations on structural and optical studies of Co0.3Zn0.7AlxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.2 – 0.8)/CZAFO nanoparticles synthesized through hydrothermal method are presented in this paper. Methods: Co0.3Zn0.7AlxFe2-xO4 (x = 0.2 – 0.8) samples are synthesized by hydrothermal method. Structural and Optical characterization of the samples is done by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), UV-Vis spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Findings: The spinel cubic structure is established with the X-Ray Diffraction pattern. The crystallite size values range from 5.610 to 6.188 nm increasing with substitution Al3+ concentration x, according to the Debye-Scherer formula. Photoluminescence emission between 360 nm and 615 nm exposes the radiative deficiencies and oxygen vacancies by the effect of Al3+ substituting CZFO nanoparticles at room temperature. FT-IR confirms the existence of metal oxides. Using the UV-visible spectrophotometer and the impact of Al3+ substitutions on Co-Zn ferrite nanoparticles, optical energy band gap in the samples was investigated. Samples' energy band gap decreases as the Al3+ content rises, from x = 0.2 to 0.8. Novelty: Investigations on the effect of Al substitution on structural and Optical properties of Co0.3Zn0.7AlxFe2-xO4 nanoparticles were optical band gap energies ranging from 1.647 eV to 1.487 eV, depending on the composition (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8), hold promise for sort of optoelectronic applications and including photocatalysis, optical sensors and biomedical imaging. Also, optical band gap energy (Eg) values were provided to indicate the semiconductor nature of CZAFO nanoparticles. Keywords: Aluminum, Nanoparticles, Hydrothermal Method, Optical Property, Cobalt-Zinc ferrite (CZFO)

Synergetic effects of cerium and titanium on the catalytic performance of NiMn2O4 for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3.

In this work, NiMn2O4/TiO2-CeO2 (Ce = 1.15, 2.5, 5, 7.5%) nanocomposites were prepared by the co-precipitation method and evaluated for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. The physical and chemical properties of the synthesized catalysts were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), temperature programmed desorption (TPD), temperature-programmed reduction of H2 (H2-TPR), and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP). The activity of NiMn2O4 catalysts was greatly enhanced by the addition of TiO2 and CeO2 in the temperature window of 200 to 400°C and the space velocity of 10,000 to 40,000h-1; NiMn2O4/TiO2-CeO2 (Ce = 5%) demonstrated the highest catalytic activity.

Core–Shell Composite GaP Nanoparticles with Efficient Electroluminescent Properties

Gallium-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs), including AlGaInP and GaN, have become the most widely used light-emitting devices in modern scientific research and practical applications. However, structures like carrier injection layers, active layers, and quantum well layers ensure the high luminescence efficiency of LEDs but also limit their applications at the micro- and nanoscale. Although the next generation of micrometer-scale light-emitting diodes (Micro-LEDs) has alleviated these issues to some extent, challenges such as edge effects and etching damage caused by size reduction lead to lower luminous efficiency and shorter lifetimes. Inspired by LED structure, this study designed and synthesized core–shell composite GaP:Zn/GaP/GaInP and GaP:Te/GaP nanoparticles using a thermal injection method. After high-temperature annealing, these composite materials demonstrated efficient electroluminescent performance under electric field excitation through band-edge transitions and the ZnGa-OP recombination mechanism. Experimental results show that the GaP:Zn/GaP/GaInP-GaP:Te/GaP composite samples with doping concentrations of 15%Zn-8%Te, a core–shell precursor ratio of 1:1:1, and reaction times of 1 h:20 min:20 min exhibit the best electron–hole injection efficiency and bound-recombination efficiency. Under excitation by an external electric field, they demonstrated optimal electroluminescence performance, with a relative luminous intensity of 11,109.21 at 600 nm, approximately 15 times higher than that of the initial condition samples. In addition, this study systematically investigated the structure, morphology, and elemental composition of the composite materials using various characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These GaP-doped nanoparticles with a core–shell composite structure, inspired by LED design, exhibited outstanding electroluminescent performance, providing new insights into the development of novel micro- and nanoscale electroluminescent materials.

Efficient hydrogen peroxide reduction in glutathione peroxidase cycle using cost-effective FeSe2 nanospheres

IntroductionHydrogen peroxide plays a crucial role in melanogenesis by regulating tyrosinase activity, the key melanin-forming enzyme responsible for the browning of fruits, vegetables, and seafood. The need for effective solutions to mitigate such browning processes highlights the significance of developing advanced catalytic agents.MethodsWe synthesized highly effective FeSe2 nanospheres using a one-step solvothermal process. The nanospheres were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Enzymatic activity was evaluated by plotting Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burk graphs to calculate the Vmax and Km parameters. Comparative analyses with a control sample and other known enzymes were performed to assess the catalytic efficiency.Results and discussionFeSe2 nanospheres successfully catalyzed the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water and alcohol, demonstrating enzyme-like activity. The initial reaction rate was 11 times higher than the control sample and significantly outperformed other enzymes, except for those relying on expensive noble metals. These nanospheres (termed Nanozymes) mimic the enzymatic action of natural antioxidants, such as the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme, in biological systems. Their exceptional efficiency makes them a strong candidate for practical applications in mitigating early browning caused by melanogenesis.ConclusionsFeSe2 nanozymes exhibit great promise as a biocatalyst for enhancing the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by reducing damage due to early melanogenesis. This cost-effective and efficient alternative to natural or noble metal-based enzymes offers significant potential for applications in food preservation and other industries.

Oxygen Nonstoichiometry, Electrical Conductivity, Chemical Expansion and Electrode Properties of Perovskite-Type SrFe0.9V0.1O3−δ

X-ray diffraction analysis of the pseudo-binary SrFe1−xVxO3−δ system showed that the solid solution formation limit at atmospheric oxygen pressure corresponds to x ≈ 0.1. SrFe0.9V0.1O3−δ has a cubic perovskite-type structure with the Pm3¯m space group. The oxygen nonstoichiometry variations in SrFe0.9V0.1O3−δ, measured by coulometric titration in the oxygen partial pressure range of 10−21 to 0.5 atm at 1023–1223 K, can be adequately described using an ideal solution approximation with V5+ as the main oxidation state of vanadium cations. This approach was additionally validated by statistical thermodynamic modeling. The incorporation of vanadium decreases both oxygen deficiency and the average iron oxidation state with respect to undoped SrFeO3−δ. As a result, the electrical conductivity, thermal expansion and chemical expansivity associated with the oxygen vacancy formation all become lower compared to strontium ferrite. At 923 K, the conductivity of SrFe0.9V0.1O3−δ is 14% lower than that of SrFeO3−δ but 21% higher compared to SrFe0.9Ta0.1O3−δ. The area-specific polarization resistance of the porous SrFe0.9V0.1O3−δ electrode deposited onto 10 mol.% scandia- and 1 mol.% yttria-co-stabilized zirconia solid electrolyte with a protective Ce0.9Gd0.1O2−δ interlayer, was 0.34 Ohm×cm2 under open-circuit conditions at 1173 K in air.

The impact of Jordanian natural zeolite and silica fume on concrete performance sustainability

This study evaluates the combined impact of Jordanian natural zeolite and silica fume as additional cementitious materials (SCMs) on concrete mixtures. A normal mix, special concrete with natural zeolite, and other concrete with zeolite and silica fumes were prepared, focusing on various cement replacement percentages. The research emphasizes sustainability through efficient energy use and environmental preservation. Concrete specimens were tested for tensile splitting, compressive, and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. Additionally, the study assessed permeability (water absorption), durability (sulfate resistance), and carbon footprint reduction using environmental impact assessment (EIA) methods for better performance investigation. Results showed that a 10% cement replacement with natural zeolite significantly improved permeability and durability compared to the normal mix. In contrast, combining silica fume and zeolite in concrete adversely affected concrete strengths. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopic images and X-ray diffraction analyzed mixture compositions with a significant reduction in microcracks. These results highlight the challenges of SCMs to improve concrete durability and strength in rigid pavement applications, presenting realistic paths for the development of sustainable infrastructure with high-performance concrete.

A Study of Structural, Optical and Photoluminescence Properties of Pr3+ Ions Doped Sodium Bismuth Borosilicate Glasses.

In this work, the conventional melt quenching approach is used to synthesize the Pr3+ doped NaF-Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 (NBBS) glasses. The influence of Pr3+ ions on their spectroscopic and structural characteristics in glass network is investigated. The amorphous nature of the samples has been amply verified by X-ray diffraction patterns. FTIR spectra show distinct basic vibrational bands in borate and silicate structural components (in the range from 500 to 3750cm- 1). In the UV-visible range, the absorption spectra showed four Pr3+ ion absorption bands. Furthermore, in the absorption spectra, four Pr3+ ion absorption bands were observed in the NIR regions (1300-2470nm). While utilizing Tauc plots to assess optical bandgap (Eg), it is observed that as the concentration of Pr3+ increases from 0mol% to 1.5mol%, the bandgap decreases from 3.67eV to 3.50eV. In luminescence spectra, seven bands can be observed at about 483, 524, 534, 580, 604, 643, and 682nm as a consequence of Pr3+ ion transitions. Strong variations in the emission band's intensity are seen at around 604nm (3P0→3H6), after a progressive increase in Pr mol% in the glass matrix. According to CIE coordinates, emission changes from orange to reddish-orange as the quantity of Pr3+ ions rises.

Efficient Carbon-Based Optoelectronic Synapses for Dynamic Visual Recognition.

The human visual nervous system excels at recognizing and processing external stimuli, essential for various physiological functions. Biomimetic visual systems leverage biological synapse properties to improve memory encoding and perception. Optoelectronic devices mimicking these synapses can enhance wearable electronics, with layered heterojunction materials being ideal materials for optoelectronic synapses due to their tunable properties and biocompatibility. However, conventional synthesis methods are complex and environmentally harmful, leading to issues such as poor stability and low charge transfer efficiency. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a more efficient, convenient, and eco-friendly method for preparing layered heterojunction materials. Here, a one-step ultrasonic method is employed to mix fullerene (C60) with graphene oxide (GO), yielding a homogeneous layered heterojunction composite film via self-assembly. The biomimetic optoelectronic synapse based on this film achieves 97.3% accuracy in dynamic visual recognition tasks and exhibits capabilities such as synaptic plasticity. Experiments utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirms stable π-π interactions between GO and C60, facilitating electron transfer and prolonging carrier recombination times. The novel approach leveraging high-density π electron materials advances artificial intelligence and neuromorphic systems.

Reinvestigating atomic ordering in K0.5Na0.5NbO3 and its impact on ferroelectric properties

In the present work, we reinvestigate the atomic ordering of a Pb-free morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) compositionviz.,K0.5Na0.5NbO3(KNN50) and its vicinity at various length scales using high-resolution x-ray diffraction and pair distribution function data. We have observed a monoclinic phase (Space Group: Pm) at long/short ranges differing from a very recent report by Sahaet al2024J. Phys.: Condens. Matter36425703. Moreover, the ferroelectric (polarization) dominance of short-range ordering (SRO) over long-range ordering (LRO) has been observed and quantified for the very first time using the amplitude of the ferroelectric frozen phonon mode (Γ4-) (corresponding to the high symmetry cubic phase), thereby structure is linked with ferroelectric (or polarization) property for a widely studied MPB systemviz.,KxNa(1-x)NbO3(KNNxforx= 0.40, 0.50, and 0.60). Two uniquely identified monoclinic phases has been observed for SRO (MSRO) and LRO (MLRO) for all the compositions. The amplitude of ferroelectric frozen phonon mode (Γ4-) corresponding toMSROis significantly higher (≈150%-180%) thanMLRO. A peak is observed in the amplitude ofΓ4-and intensity of prominent Raman peaks (ν1andν5) forx= 0.50, which is held responsible for high physical propertiesviz.,dielectric permittivity, piezoelectric coefficient, remnant polarization, electromechanical coupling coefficient, and many more widely reported in literature for KNN50.

A New Synthetic Route for Preparation of 5-Methyl-5-Benzylhydantoin: X-Ray Analysis and Theoretical Calculations

The aim of this study was to use a different synthetic route for the preparation of 5-methyl-5-benzyl hydantoin by modifying the Bucherer–Berg reaction. This different route for the synthesis led to improvement in reaction time, purity of the compound, and practical yield. The synthesized compound was characterized spectroscopically by IR, 1H, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. The X-ray diffraction method was used to determine the chemical structure. The experimental data from X-ray analysis were compared with theoretically calculated data by DFT analysis.

Exploring Lifshitz Transition and Superconductivity in 3R-NbS2 under Pressure

Abstract The interplay among electronic topological phase transitions and superconductivity in the field of condensed matter physics has consistently captivated researchers. Here we have succeeded in modulating the Lifshitz transition by pressure and realized superconductivity. At 25.7 GPa, superconductivity with a transition temperature of 1.9 K has been observed in 3R-NbS2. The Hall coefficient changes from negative to positive at 14 GPa indicating a Lifshitz transition in 3R-NbS2, and the carrier concentration continues to increase with pressure. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the appearance of superconductivity is not attributable to structural transitions. Based on theoretical calculations, the emergence of new band is attributed to a Lifshitz transition and the new band coincide with the Fermi surface at a pressure of 30 GPa. These findings provide new insights into the relationship between the Lifshitz transition and superconductivity.

Wear and corrosion resistant iron-based amorphous coating in diluted biodiesel environment

Biodiesel is an eco-friendly source of energy that is synthesized from plant or animal-based oils and fats. However, the commercial use of biodiesel is limited due to its drawbacks such as auto-oxidation and moisture absorption, leading to accelerated corrosion of the metallic parts and degradation of wear resistance. In this work, a novel amorphous metal coating was proposed to promote the wear and corrosion resistance under multigrade diesel engine oil (15W-40) diluted with 7% palm oil-based biodiesel (B30). The coating was performed using laser cladding technique at different scanning speeds (40 and 60 mm/s) and constant laser power 280 W. Microstructure investigation and X-ray diffraction confirmed amorphous structure and crystalline phase (FeCr). It was found that the wear rate was reduced for the coated specimens by about 90% compared to the uncoated samples. The corrosion rates decreased by 54.74% and 69.96% for scanning speeds 40 and 60 mm/s, respectively. Thanks to the reduced microstructural defects such as grain boundaries in the amorphous structure of the coating. These findings showed that amorphous metal coating provides promising solutions to increase the reliability of using biodiesel without the need for corrosion inhibitors which reduce the combustion efficiency.

Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Correlated Studies of AlGaN-GaN HEMTs Prepared by MOCVD

A series of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structures, with an AlN thin buffer, GaN thick layer and Al0.25Ga0.75N layer (13–104 nm thick), is prepared by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition and investigated via multiple techniques. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and temperature-dependent measurements and penetrative analyses have achieved significant understanding of these HEMT structures. Bandgaps of AlGaN and GaN are acquired via SE-deduced relationships of refraction index n and extinguish coefficient k vs. wavelength λ in a simple but straightforward way. The optical constants of n and k, and the energy gap Eg of AlGaN layers, are found slightly altered with the variation in AlGaN layer thickness. The Urbach energy EU at the AlGaN and GaN layers are deduced. High-resolution X-ray diffraction and calculations determined the extremely low screw dislocation density of 1.6 × 108 cm−2. The top AlGaN layer exhibits a tensile stress influenced by the under beneath GaN and its crystalline quality is improved with the increase in thickness. Comparative photoluminescence (PL) experiments using 266 nm and 325 nm two excitations reveal and confirm the 2DEG within the AlGaN-GaN HEMT structures. DUV (266 nm) excitation Raman scattering and calculations acquired carrier concentrations in compatible AlGaN and GaN layers.

Ultrafast Preparation of High-Entropy NASICON Cathode Enables Stabilized Multielectron Redox and Wide-Temperature (-50-60°C) Workability in Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Avoiding severe structural distortion, irreversible phase transition, and realizing the stabilized multielectron redox are vital for promoting the development of high-performance NASICON-type cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, a high-entropy Na3.45V0.4Fe0.4Ti0.4Mn0.45Cr0.35(PO4)3 (HE-Na3.45TMP) cathode material is prepared by ultrafast high-temperature shock, which inhibits the possibility of phase separation and achieves reversible and stable multielectron transfer of 2.4/2.8 e- at voltage range of 2.0-4.45/1.5-4.45 V versus Na+/Na (the capacity of 137.2/162.0 mAh g-1). The galvanostatic charge/discharge and in-situ X-ray diffraction tests indicate the sequential redox reactions and approximate solid solution phase transition behavior of HE-Na3.45TMP. Density functional theory calculations analyze the migration pathways and energy barriers, further confirming the superior reaction kinetics of HE-Na3.45TMP. Accordingly, the HE-Na3.45TMP exhibits outstanding wide temperature applicability and can operate stably in the temperature range of -50-60°C, accompanied by a capacity retention of 92.8% after 400 cycles at -40°C and a capacity of 73.7 mAh g-1 even at -50°C. The assembled hard carbon//HE-Na3.45TMP full-cell offers an energy density of ≈301 Wh kg-1 based on total cathode and anode active mass, verifying the application feasibility of HE-Na3.45TMP. This work provides an innovative and ultrafast pathway to rationally fabricate high-performance cathodes for SIBs.

Synthesis of Layered Gold Tellurides AuSbTe and Au2Te3 and Their Semiconducting and Metallic Behavior.

Previous studies on natural samples of pampaloite (AuSbTe) revealed the crystal structure of a potentially cleavable and/or exfoliable material, while studies on natural and synthetic montbrayite (Sb-containing Au2Te3) claimed various chemical compositions for this low-symmetry compound. Few investigations of synthetic samples have been reported for both materials, leaving much of their chemical, thermal, and electronic characteristics unknown. Here, we investigate the stability, electronic properties, and synthesis of the gold antimony tellurides AuSbTe and Au1.9Sb0.46Te2.64 (montbrayite). Differential thermal analysis and in situ powder X-ray diffraction revealed that AuSbTe is incongruently melting, while Au1.9Sb0.46Te2.64 is congruently melting. Calculations of the band structures and four-point resistivity measurements showed that AuSbTe is a semiconductor and Au1.9Sb0.46Te2.64 a metal. Various synthesis attempts confirmed the limited stable chemical composition of Au1.9Sb0.46Te2.64, identified successful methods to synthesize both compounds, and highlighted the challenges associated with single-crystal synthesis of AuSbTe.

Magnetic polydimethylsiloxane microspheres as hydrophobic collectors for oil removal

Abstract Oil spills represent a significant environmental challenge, requiring materials that are efficient, cost-effective, and reusable for oil-water separation. This study presents a scalable method for fabricating magnetic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microspheres using commercially available oil-based ferrofluid. The choice of ferrofluid simplifies synthesis by providing pre-dispersed superparamagnetic nanoparticles, ensuring compatibility with PDMS. The ferrofluid-PDMS mixture was emulsified in warm water containing a surfactant, stabilizing the microparticles during polymerization. The resulting microspheres were characterized by optical microscopy, and magnetic hysteresis measurements confirm that the microspheres are superparamagnetic. X-ray diffraction confirmed the ferrofluid had magnetite nanoparticles. Oil absorption tests revealed that the microspheres achieved an absorption capacity of up to 580% of their weight. Moreover, the microspheres retained nearly 90% of their original absorption capacity after 10 reuse cycles, demonstrating excellent durability and reusability. This approach combines simplicity, scalability, and cost-efficiency while achieving high performance in oil absorption and magnetic separability. By exploiting the compatibility of ferrofluid and PDMS, the study provides a practical and effective solution for environmental remediation. These microspheres offer an attractive alternative to traditional methods, addressing the need for advanced materials that combine high efficiency with low operational costs and reusability.

Nanocellulose prepared from shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) stipe by high pressure homogenization and the gel-like emulsions stabilized by them.

Shiitake mushroom is popularly consumed thanks to its umami taste and good flavor, but its stipe is often discarded due to the rough texture and poor chewiness. In the study, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) was applied to modify the physiochemical properties of shiitake mushroom nanocellulose (SMNC), and the SMNCs were used to constructing gel-like emulsions (EGs). Atomic force microscope and cryo-scanning electron microscope observations showed that SMNCs had shorter length after HPH treatment. They exhibited improved dispersion, increased gel strength and was able to form dense network structure. Interfacial property analysis revealed that HPH increased the hydrostatic contact angle of SNMCs but lower the interfacial tension. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction investigation confirmed that HPH stripped partial amorphous regions and increased crystal area proportion. SMNCs could be used to prepare EGs with 50 % oil phase content. EGs prepared from SMNCs treated with >40 MPa exhibited smaller emulsion size, higher emulsion densities and storage modulus. Stability test suggests that they had higher storage stability and lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value. Thus, HPH can provide SMNCs with good interfacial properties, and they can be used to prepare highly stable EGs, which are expected to be applied in foods.

Exploring the correlation between chemical bonding and structural distortions in TbCu0.33Te2

The design of solid-state materials requests a thorough understanding of the structural preferences among plausible structure models. Since the bond energy contributes to the formation energy of a given structure model, it also is decisive to determine the nature of chemical bonding for a given material. In this context, we were motivated to explore the correlation between chemical bonding and structural distortions within the low-dimensional tellurium fragments in TbCu0.33Te2. The ternary telluride was obtained from high-temperature solid-state reactions, while structure determinations based on x-ray diffraction experiments did not point to the presence of any structural distortion above 100 K. However, the results of first-principles-based computations indicate that a potential structural distortion within the low-dimensional tellurium fragments also correlates to an optimization of overall bonding.

Structural characteristics of linear dextrin and in vitro digestion of lauric acid complexes generated via gradient alcohol precipitation.

Linear dextrin (LD), a low-molecular-weight carbohydrate, regarded as a type of short amylose, can form resistant starch when combined with fatty acids. This study investigated the structural properties and in vitro digestion of linear dextrins and their complexes with lauric acid (LA). Four groups of linear dextrins were prepared by pretreating gelatinized high-amylose maize starch (HAMS) with pullulanase followed by gradient ethanol precipitation at concentrations of 0 %, 50 %, 60 %, and 70 % (v/v). The GPC results showed that the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of these linear dextrins were 425.88 kDa, 189.68 kDa, 3.77 kDa and 2.01 kDa, respectively. After linear dextrins were complexed with lauric acid through co-precipitation treatment, the X-ray diffraction data revealed that, except for LD-70-LA, all other complexes formed a V-type structure. The complexing index of the complexes initially increased and then declined with increasing ethanol concentration, reaching a peak value of 41.54 % for LD-50-LA. The LD-0-LA, LD-60-LA and LD-70-LA complexes exhibited weaker anti-digestion properties compared to LD-50-LA, which demonstrated the highest resistant starch content at 52.43 %. This study offers a new approach and application potential for the efficient production of resistant starch.

Formation and stability of green and low-cost magnetoliposomes of the soy lecithin, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol for hyperthermia treatments

Magnetoliposomes containing magnetite, soy lecithin, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol of the mean size minor than 160 nm were obtained by a scalable and green process using autoclave and sonication without organic solvents. The formation, size of the liposome, linkage, and encapsulation of the magnetite were evaluated by Cryo-TEM. The stability of magnetoliposomes after storage for 6 months at 4 °C was improved by liposome size, the ability of soy lecithin to preserve the magnetite phase against oxidation, pH, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The iron oxide phase stability was assessed using no conventional X-ray diffraction (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy), energy loss electron spectroscopy, and selected area electron diffraction) in time zero (fresh sample) and 6 months. The high zeta potential measured for magnetoliposomes, │53│ mV, indicated a low tendency to agglomerate. Lip-Fe3O4@lecithin with concentrations of 0.58 mg mL−1 of liposome showed high cell viability and are potential candidates for drug delivery and hyperthermia treatments in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays.