Ultraviolet-visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Research Articles

Enhanced Specific Capacitance and Cycling Stability of Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 of NASICON Family of Supercapacitor Applications

AbstractNASICON electrode materials exhibit a broad spectrum of electrochemical potentials, robust ionic conductivity, and structural and thermal stabilities. Using solid state reaction method, Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 was synthesized, a member of NASICON family of compounds based on molybdenum. Various analytical techniques employed to assess structural and morphological properties of synthesized nanomaterial. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicated that generated Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 nanomaterial exhibited orthorhombic crystalline structure, with crystallite size of approximately 48 nm. The nanomaterial morphology was evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), showing columnar‐ or fiber‐like morphology composed of some conductivity points. The elemental composition of Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 was analyzed by EDAX analysis, confirming the presence of elements lithium, copper, molybdenum, and oxygen. The optical properties and band gap of Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 were analyzed by ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UVDRS). Elemental composition of surface along with electronic states and oxidation states of component present in the nanomaterial Li2Cu2(MoO4)3 were investigated from X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical evaluation using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) showed a specific capacitance of 250 F g−1 at 3.5 A g−1 with the high retention rate of 95.82% after 3000 cycles, indicating its potential for high performance supercapacitors.

Synthesis of tin selenide nanoparticles using Polygonum avicular extract decorated on graphitic carbon nitride for enhancing photodegradation of amoxicillin trihydrate and photoproduction of hydrogen peroxide

In this research, tin selenide nanoparticles (SnSe-NPs) were synthesized using Polygonum avicular extract via the hydrothermal method and decorated on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) by the simple sonicated method to produce SnSe/g-C3N4 composites. The characterization and properties of the SnSe/g-C3N4 composites, as compared to pristine SnSe and g-C3N4, were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Mott-Schottky, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. As a result, the SnSe-NPs possessed the rod-like shape and after the decoration onto the g-C3N4 sheet surface, it reduced the bandgap energy of the g-C3N4 from 2.58 downward 1.43 eV. Besides, the photoactivities of the 10-SnSe/g-C3N4 catalyst were investigated via both sides of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMXT) photodegradation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photoproduction, in which the results were achieved 87.84 % AMXT and 85.48 μM H2O2, respectively, under visible light. Furthermore, the photodegradation was consistent with the pseudo-first-order kinetics and it performed the highest photodegradation at pH ∼5, while the importance of isopropyl alcohol as a trapping agent and •O2− radicals was affirmed in the H2O2 photoproduction. Moreover, the photoproduction of H2O2 was remained after 4 cycles achieved at 62.70 % in the final cycle, which demonstrated the stability and reusability of the 10-SnSe/g-C3N4. These aforementioned results demonstrate that the SnSe/g-C3N4 material is a promising candidate for addressing environmental pollution and energy scarcity issues.

Toward combined photo-electrochemical system for degradation of ceftriaxone contaminated water over Ti-based mixed metal oxide photoanodes performance evaluation and mechanism insights

BackgroundAs a growing environmental concern over the accumulation of antibiotics in aquatic environmets, the development of an efficient degradation process has been addressed. In this study, the application of the photo-electrochemical oxidation (PEO) process for the degradation of ceftriaxone was evaluated. MethodsExperiments were performed in an undivided cell equipped with Ti/IrO2 (0.1)-Ta2O5 (0.1)-TiO2 (0.8) and Ti/IrO2 (0.2)-Ta2O5 (0.2)-TiO2 (0.6) as anodes and Platinum (Pt) sheet as the cathode of the degradation process. Anodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mapping energy dispersive X-ray (EDS-mapping), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and photocurrent analysis were performed to consider the photo-electrochemical behavior of anodes. The effect of operational parameters, including initial pH (3–9), ceftriaxone initial concentration (C = 10–50 mg L−1), current density (I = 100–500 mA cm−2), and Na2SO4 as electrolyte concentration (Celectrolyte = 0.05–0.25 mg L−1) on ceftriaxone removal efficiency were determined. Significant findingsOutcomes of experiments revealed that under optimum conditions (pH = 6, C = 30 mg L−1, Celectrolyte = 0.1 mg L−1, and I = 300 mA cm−2), 98.6 % of degradation efficiency was achieved. The combined process resulted in 77.6 and 69.3 % total organic carbon removal of ceftriaxone on Ti/IrO2 (0.1)-Ta2O5 (0.1)-TiO2 (0.8) and Ti/IrO2 (0.2)-Ta2O5 (0.2)-TiO2 (0.6) after five hours of PEO process, respectively. Additionally, the feasible intermediates of ceftriaxone degradation were identified using Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis.

Direct synthesis of Cu-TiO<sub>2</sub>-SBA-16 photocatalysts and its application for the oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil model

In this study, the Cu-TiO2-SBA-16 photocatalytic materials were successfully prepared by direct hydrothermal synthesis method. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The analysis illustrated that Cu-TiO2 nanocrystals were successfully incorporated into the SBA-16 mesopores. The photocatalytic activity of these Cu-TiO2-SBA-16 mesoporous materials have been tested by the oxidative desulfurization reaction of dibenzothiophene (DBT) using H2O2 as an oxidant under UV light irradiation. The results showed that the Cu-TiO2-SBA-16 mesoporous materials prepared at the Cu/Ti mole ratios of 0.05 showed higher photocatalytic activity than the rest due to the decrease in band gap energy.

Development of Z-scheme BiVO4/g-C3N4/rGO heterojunction nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic degradation and antibacterial activity

In this study, we synthesized a novel BiVO4/g-C3N4/rGO (BGR) heterojunction photocatalyst using the hydrothermal method. The synthesized catalysts were characterized through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS) to analyze their structural, morphological, and optical properties. The hybrid BGR nanocomposite displayed remarkable absorption characteristics, photocatalytic activity, and notable stability. Photocatalytic degradation performance was evaluated against methylene blue (MB) and indigo carmine (IC) dyes. The BGR ternary hybrid nanocomposites demonstrated significant photocatalytic degradation efficiency, achieving removal rates of 95.6 % for MB and 97.5 % for IC dyes within 120 min. The improved photocatalytic efficiency of the ternary photocatalyst is attributed to superior electron-hole pair separation and the formation of the heterojunction structure. The BGR nanocomposite exhibited excellent recyclability, maintaining its activity and crystalline characteristics over five photodegradation cycles. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the BGR nanocomposites against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was evaluated under UV–visible light exposure. This study provides insights for designing efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for environmental remediation purposes.

Biosynthesis of TiO2/CuO and Its Application for the Photocatalytic Removal of the Methylene Blue Dye.

In this study, we successfully synthesized a TiO2/CuO nanocomposite using the aqueous extract of Impatiens tinctoria A.rich. leaf extract as a capping, reducing, and stabilizing agent for the first time in an environmentally friendly, low-cost, straightforward, and sustainable technique. Numerous characterization techniques such as ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis-DRS), photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and high resolution TEM (HRTEM) were used to characterize the obtained TiO2/CuO nanocomposite. XRD verified that the TiO2/CuO nanocomposite has an average crystallite size of about 21 nm. The TEM result revealed an average particle size of 29 nm for the biosynthesized TiO2/CuO NC. The HRTEM analysis showed the presence of polycrystalline structures with the predominant lattice fringes 0.352 and 0.19 which were attributed to anatase phase TiO2 in the crystal plane of (101) and (200), respectively. The lattice fringes for monoclinic CuO were observed with values of 0.213 and 0.252 for the lattice planes of (111) and (111̅), respectively. The photoluminescence spectroscopic analysis revealed that the TiO2/CuO NC showed the lowest intensity compared to the pristine TiO2 and CuO indicating the reduction of exciton recombination in the case of the TiO2/CuO NC. The BET analysis showcased the formation of mesoporous materials with a surface area of 87.5 m2/g. The photocatalytic degradation performance of the biosynthesized TiO2, CuO, and TiO2/CuO nanomaterials against the potentially harmful MB dye was tested using the light source of a 150 tungsten-halogen lamp with a wavelength range of 360-2800 nm. The factors affecting photodegradation efficiencies like catalyst dose (20 mg), dye concentration(15 ppm), pH (9), and reaction time (90 min) were optimized for the degradation of the MB dye. The TiO2/CuO catalyst showed the highest degradation efficiency of 99% under the optimized conditions. The degradation rate of the MB dye in the presence of the TiO2/CuO NC was evaluated and found to be fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.03 min-1. The reusability test of the TiO2/CuO catalyst showed its good stability.

Biosynthesis of Ag‐CuO Nanocomposites: Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Schiff Bases, Photodegradation of Congo Red Dye and Their Cytotoxicity Evaluation on MCF‐7 Cell Line

ABSTRACTAmid growing environmental concerns and the need for a sustainable future, green synthetic methodologies are gaining popularity for their simplicity and nontoxicity. In pursuit of the eco‐friendly synthesis of nanomaterials, the study reports an innovative synthesis of Ag‐CuO nanocomposites via the coprecipitation method utilizing Citrus limetta fruit juice extract as the bioreductant and stabilizing agent. The morphological and structural characteristics of the fabricated nanocomposites were evaluated by ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The nanocomposites were crystalline with particle sizes ranging from 15 to 24 nm and exhibited spherical and rod‐like shapes. The band gap value and specific surface area of the nanocomposites were found to be 1.5 eV and 25.50 m2/g, respectively. The photoluminescence (PL) analysis and electrochemical studies revealed significant charge separation and effective charge migration behaviour of the nanocomposites, respectively. The nanocomposites effectively catalysed the synthesis of Schiff bases from aryl aldehydes and aromatic amines at room temperature and without solvents. The reactions proceeded in a brief time with excellent product yields, and the nanocatalyst retained its activity for five consecutive cycles. The nanocomposites also efficiently catalysed the photodegradation of Congo red dye under visible light. A significant degradation of 94.33% was attained in 55 min, and the nanocatalyst maintained its efficacy over four consecutive reaction cycles. Moreover, the nanocomposites exhibited notable anticancer properties against the MCF‐7 (human breast) cell line, demonstrating a remarkable cytotoxicity rate of 87.79%. The findings highlight the efficacy of the biosynthesized nanocomposites in catalysis, environmental remediation and biological applications.

Preparation of Bi@Ho3+:TiO2/Composite Fiber Photocatalytic Materials and Hydrogen Production via Visible Light Decomposition of Water

Using electrospun nanofibers doped with TiO2 and rare-earth ion Ho3+ as the matrix, and sodium gluconate as the reducing agent, Bi(NO3)3 was reduced using hydrothermal technology to produce Bi@Ho3+:TiO2 composite fiber materials. The materials’ phase, morphology, and photoelectric properties were characterized using various analytical testing methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and transient photocurrent (IP). During the hydrothermal process, it was confirmed that Bi3+ was reduced by sodium gluconate to form pure Bi nanoparticles, which combined with Ho3+:TiO2 nanofibers to form heterojunctions. By leveraging the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of metallic Bi and the abundant energy level structure and 4f electron transition properties of rare-earth Ho3+, the TiO2 nanofibers underwent dual modification, effectively enhancing the photocatalytic activity and stability of TiO2. Under visible light irradiation, the rate of hydrogen production through water decomposition reached 43.6 μmol·g−1·h−1.

Advanced Z-scheme H-g-C3N4/Bi2S3 nanocomposites: Boosting photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics under visible light exposure

Abnormal concentrations of antibiotics found in aquatic environments have raised serious environmental concerns. For the efficient degradation of antibiotics, it is necessary to develop photocatalysts that react to visible light. In this work, calcination and hydrothermal methods were used to synthesize bare H-g-C3N4 and Bi2S3, respectively. Various analytic methods, such as XRD, XPS, FT-IR, HR-SEM, and HR-TEM, were utilized to verify the accomplished synthesis of the materials produced. The results of ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–DRS) showed that the synthesized nanocomposites exhibited a lower band gap than the bare materials and thus greater visible-light absorption. The degradation efficacy of the bare materials and hydrothermally synthesized nanocomposites over ciprofloxacin were investigated. A high degradation efficiency of 92 % was demonstrated for ciprofloxacin using the H-g-C3N4/Bi2S3 (5 %) nanocomposite. This remarkable efficiency underscores the potential of this nanocomposite in removing antibiotic pollutants from wastewater. In addition, the electron transfer dynamics amid the two materials (H-g-C3N4 and Bi2S3) within the heterojunction was elucidated. The findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the enhanced photocatalytic activity of nanocomposites, paving the way for further optimization and development of advanced photocatalytic systems for environmental remediation.

Synthesis of NiFe₂O₄ Magnetic Using Artocarpus altilis Leave Extract for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye and Antibacterial Applications

The green synthesis method is an economical and eco-friendly approach to synthesizing materials. This study effectively synthesized magnetic NiFe2O4 by Artocarpus altilis extract leave for the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue dye and exhibited antibacterial properties. The phytochemical compounds found in plants act as agents for reducing and stabilizing NiFe2O4. The synthesized NiFe2O4 was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The variables in degradation include solution pH, dye concentration, catalyst dose, and irradiation time. The synthesized NiFe2O4 has a 12.4 nm crystallite size, a saturation magnetization (Ms) of 44.56 emu/g, and a band gap of 1.68 eV. The degradation efficiency of methylene blue dye was 98.2% under the following conditions: a solution pH of 10, a concentration of 10 mg/L, a dose of 0.1 g/L, and an irradiation time of 90 min. The degradation mechanism of Methylene blue dye may be accurately described by pseudo-first-order kinetics, with a kapp value of 0.0443 min-1. NiFe2O4 has high stability; after five degradation cycles, the degradation efficiency decreased by 4.45%. Additionally, NiFe2O4 demonstrates significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

Controllable preparation of YPrO3 photocatalystvia sol-gel method with enhanced photocatalytic performance under ultraviolet light

In this work, an ultraviolet light-driven YPrO3 photocatalyst was successfully synthesized via the sol-gel method, utilizing yttrium nitrate hexahydrate (Y(NO3)3·6H2O) and praseodymium nitrate hexahydrate (Pr(NO3)3·6H2O) as the yttrium and praseodymium sources, respectively, with oxalic acid dihydrate (H2C2O4·2H2O) serving as an auxiliary solvent. In addition, the prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), ultraviolet visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV VisDRS), and an electrochemical workstation. Also, the photocatalytic activity of YPrO3 samples was explored by using methyl orange (MO) solutionas a model pollutant to simulate wastewater under varying synthesis temperatures and illumination durations. The material with the highest degradation efficiency was subjected to cycling and recovery experiments to assess its stability. Furthermore, the photocatalytic mechanism of YPrO3 was investigated. Experimental results revealed that pure YPrO3 samples could be effectively synthesized at calcination temperatures ranging from 850 °C to 1000 °C, with the sample prepared at 900 °C exhibiting the optimal photocatalytic activity. This sample possessed an average grain size of 4–5 μm. Under UV light irradiation for 90min, the YPrO3 sampleprepared at 900°Cachieved approximately 80 % degradation of methyl orange at an initial concentration of 5 mg/L. After five consecutive cycles, the degradation rate remained as high as 70.39 %, with no change in the crystal structure, indicating excellent stability. The photocatalytic mechanism of YPrO3 was found to involve the synergetic effect of superoxide radicals and photogenerated holes in degrading pollutants. In conclusion, YPrO3could be a promising photocatalyst with excellent performance, holding broad application prospects.

Analysis of catalytic sites in FeY zeolite prepared by sono-assisted exchange of iron (II) ions

In the refining industry, Y-type faujasite (FAU) plays an irreplaceable role, being widely used to convert crude oil into more valuable products such as gasoline. However, the demand for fuels and chemicals stimulates the search for alternatives, showing the applications of FAU beyond producing value-added chemicals from petroleum-based derivatives. These alternative applications are further enhanced from active sites that emerge in zeolites when iron is incorporated by a sonochemical treatment. Given that ultrasonic irradiation promotes mass transfer, uniform coverage of active sites is expected to produce more efficient catalysts. Likewise, Fe-zeolites catalyze a wide range of reactions in mild conditions, linked to the research of bio-refinery, biomimicry and environmental remediation. This work explores the potential of a Fe-Y zeolite prepared by a sono-assisted ion exchange method in different applications: biomass conversion (lactose hydrolysis), enzyme mimetic materials (partial oxidation of benzene to phenol) and transformation of renewable energy (photodegradation of nitrobenzene and rhodamine B). The modification of FAU was performed at different sonication times 5, 15, 30 and 120 min and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, magnetic and non-magnetic thermogravimetric analysis (MTGA and TGA), zeta potential (ζ), Fourier-transformed Infrared (ATR-FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). Finding that the modification of zeolite Y with Fe species enhances its activity for the tested applications, owing their catalytic activity primarily to α-Fe (II) sites. Presenting the sono-assisted ion exchange method as an alternative for introducing Fe species and enhancing the catalytic activity of zeolites.

Biogenic Synthesis Based on Cuprous Oxide Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus globulus Extracts and Its Effectiveness for Removal of Recalcitrant Compounds

Recalcitrant compounds resulting from anthropogenic activity are a significant environmental challenge, necessitating the development of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for effective remediation. This study explores the synthesis of cuprous oxide nanoparticles on cellulose-based paper (Cu2O@CBP) using Eucalyptus globulus leaf extracts, leveraging green synthesis techniques. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis found the average particle size 64.90 ± 16.76 nm, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy confirm the Cu2O structure in nanoparticles; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests the reducing role of phenolic compounds; and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) allowed us to determine the band gap (2.73 eV), the energies of the valence band (2.19 eV), and the conduction band (−0.54 eV) of Cu2O@CBP. The synthesized Cu2O catalysts demonstrated efficient degradation of methylene blue (MB) used as a model as recalcitrant compounds under LED-driven visible light photocatalysis and heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using the degradation percentage and the first-order apparent degradation rate constant (kapp). The degradation efficiency of MB was pH-dependent, with neutral pH favoring photocatalysis (kapp = 0.00718 min−1) due to enhanced hydroxyl (·OH) and superoxide radical (O2·−) production, while acidic pH conditions improved Fenton-like reaction efficiency (kapp = 0.00812 min−1) via ·OH. The reusability of the photocatalysts was also evaluated, showing a decline in performance for Fenton-like reactions at acidic pH about 22.76% after five cycles, while for photocatalysis at neutral pH decline about 11.44% after five cycles. This research provides valuable insights into the catalytic mechanisms and supports the potential of eco-friendly Cu2O nanoparticles for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.

Influence of iron doping in mesoporous ceria on the physicochemical properties and catalytic activity in styrene oxidation

A series of nanosized Fe-Ce binary oxides (2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt% Fe) and pure oxides of Fe and Ce were prepared by the template-assisted coprecipitation method and evaluated for styrene oxidation. The synthesised binary oxides were investigated by Powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD), N2-physisorption, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Highresolutiontransmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Ultraviolet–Visiblediffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies (XPS), and Hydrogen-temperature programmed reduction (H2-TPR). In particular, the influence of quantity of doped iron on the structure, phase composition, surface morphology, reducibility, and the catalytic performance of ceria is deeply investigated. All the synthesized Fe-doped ceria catalysts exhibited the formation of solid solutions, but a little α-Fe2O3 segregated on the surface of ceria at 20 and 30 wt% Fe doped ceria. Among all Fe-Ce binary oxides, the 10 wt% Fe-doped ceria catalyst demonstrated superior efficiency due to its optimal Fe content which achieved the high surface area, lattice oxygens, reducibility, and low crystallinity, as confirmed by BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) measurements, XPS, H2-TPR and powder XRD analysis, respectively. To optimize the reaction conditions, effect of several experimental variables, such as reaction temperature, duration, catalyst quantity, styrene/tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) mole ratio, and solvent polarity were investigated. Furthermore, the catalyst stability and consistent activity were confirmed by testing six reusability cycles.

Chromoionophoric molecular probe infused bimodal porous polymer rostrum as solid-state ocular sensor for the selective and expeditious optical sensing of ultra-trace toxic mercury ions

This study presents a distinctive solid-state naked-eye colorimetric sensing approach by encapsulating a chromoionophoric probe onto a hybrid macro-/meso-pore polymer scaffold for fast and selective sensing of ultra-trace Hg(II). The customized structural/surface properties of the poly(VPy-co-TM) monolith are attained by specific proportions of 2-vinylpyridine (VPy), trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TM), and pore-tuning solvents. The interconnected porous network of poly(VPy-co-TM), inherent superior surface area and porosity, is captivating for the homogeneous/voluminous incorporation of probe molecules, i.e., 7-((4-methoxyphenyl)diazenyl)quinoline-8-ol (MPDQ), for the target-specific colorimetric detection. The structural morphology, surface topography, and phase characteristics of the bare poly(VPy-co-TM) monolith and MPDQ@poly(VPy-co-TM) sensor are examined using HR-TEM-SAED (High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy - Selected Area Electron Diffraction), FE-SEM-EDAX (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), p-XRD (Powder X-Ray Diffraction), FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), UV-Vis-DRS (Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy), and BET/BJH (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller / Barrett-Joyner-Halenda) analysis. The distinctive properties of the sensor reveal a constrained geometrical orientation of the MPDQ probe onto the long-range continuous monolithic network of meso-/-macropore template, enabling selective interaction with Hg(II) with peculiar color transfiguration from pale yellow to deep brown. The sensor demonstrates a linear spectral-color alliance in the 0–200 ppb concentration range for Hg(II), with quantification and detection limits of 0.63 and 0.19 ppb. The sensor efficacy is verified using certified contaminated water and tobacco samples, with excellent reusability, reliability, and reproducibility of ≥ 99.23 % (RSD ≤1.89 %) and ≥ 99.19 % (RSD ≤1.94 %) of Hg(II), respectively.

Rational Fabrication of MoS2/g‐C3N4 Heterostructures for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B

AbstractMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) heterojunctions were prepared through the hydrothermal method and the calcination method (namely, MoS2/g‐C3N4‐1 and MoS2/g‐C3N4‐2) for the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of a heterostructure composite between MoS2 and g‐C3N4. The bandgap of MoS2 and g‐C3N4 was studied with ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflection spectroscopy and electrochemical Mott‐Schottky tests. MoS2/g‐C3N4‐1 exhibits remarkable efficiency in degrading Rhodamine B, achieving 91.2 % degradation in 1 h, which is 1.06 times higher than MoS2/g‐C3N4‐2. Additionally, the MoS2/g‐C3N4‐1 heterojunction demonstrates good reusability, maintaining a degradation efficiency of 71.2 % after 5 cycles. The reason lies in that the MoS2/g‐C3N4‐1 possesses a larger specific surface area (33.078 m2g−1) than MoS2/g‐C3N4‐2 (28.621 m2g−1). Free radical quenching experiments indicate that ⋅O2− serves as the primary active species for photocatalytic degradation. The findings indicate that incorporating g‐C3N4 into MoS2 improves its photocatalytic capability due to aligned energy bands, promoting charge transfer, and reducing electron‐hole recombination.

Novel furfural-Complexed approach to synthesizing carbon-Doped ZnO with breakthrough photocatalytic efficacy

IntroductionThe efficiency of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles for environmental decontamination is limited by their reliance on ultraviolet (UV) light and rapid charge carrier recombination. Carbon doping has been proposed to address these challenges by potentially enhancing visible light absorption and charge separation. ObjectivesThis study aims to introduce a novel, single-step synthesis method for carbon-doped ZnO (C-Z) nanoparticles, leveraging the decomposition of zinc nitrate hexahydrate and furfural under a nitrogen atmosphere to improve photocatalytic activity under visible light. MethodsA series of C-Z variants (C-Z-1 to C-Z-5) and an undoped sample (ZnO-0) were synthesized. The influence of furfural on the synthesis process and doping mechanism was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). ResultsXPS confirmed the integration of carbon within the ZnO matrix, and XRD indicated increased lattice dimensions owing to doping. DRS revealed bandgap narrowing, suggesting enhanced charge separation. Among the variants, C-Z-3 significantly outperformed the others, showing a 12-fold increase in the photocatalytic degradation rate of Rhodamine B compared to undoped ZnO. ConclusionThe developed single-step synthesis method for C-Z nanoparticles represents a major advancement in materials engineering for ecological applications. The enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light, as demonstrated by C-Z-3, underscores the potential of these nanoparticles for environmental decontamination.

Synergistic effect in ZIF-67/MoS2 entrenched MWCNT photo (electro) catalyst for degradation of tetracycline and alternative to Pt counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells

Photocatalytic water purification is an effective environmental protection approach for removing hazardous chemicals in water, besides solar energy conversion is a trustworthy and sustainable choice for the future due to rising energy demands. The present research focus is on synthesis of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) based composite, Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-67/Molybdenum Disulfide (ZIF-67/MoS2) entrenched Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) as a catalyst for photodegradation of tetracycline (TC), as well as substitute for Pt counter electrode in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC). The crystalline structure, optical response, shape, porosity, quantum states, and chemical configuration were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The degradation efficiency of ZIF-67/MoS2/MWCNT catalyst under effect of operational parameters namely, photocatalyst dosage, solution pH, coexisting ions, TC concentrations and irradiation time were studied consecutively. ZIF-67/MoS2/MWCNT composite achieved 96.1 % degradation efficiency of TC under white light irradiation. Interestingly, when utilized as a counter electrode in DSSCs, this composite-based electrode delivered the highest Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) of 3.86 % with a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 7.54 mA cm−2 and open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.79 V. The observed enhancement is attributed to lesser peak-to-peak separation (EPP), lower electron lifetime, lower charge transfer resistance (RCT) and higher exchange current density (J0). Based on these findings, ZIF-67 inclusion in MoS2/MWCNT composite is not only an effective catalyst for water treatment but also a good catalyst for I3− reduction in DSSCs.

Construction of g-C3N4/BiOCl hybrids via hydrothermal synthesis for efficient photocatalytic degradation of Tetracycline, Rhodamine B, and Nitenpyram

A photocatalysis system is widely regarded as the most renewable approach to environmental treatment since sunlight is a long-term source of energy for the planet. This study assessed the efficacy of a photocatalyst graphitic carbon nitride/bismuth oxychloride (g-C3N4/BiOCl) by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), photo-luminance, photocurrent density, and X-ray diffraction to characterize the photocatalyst. The results showed an improvement in morphology and enhanced photodegradation of pharmaceutical residues such as Nitenpyram, Tetracycline, and Rhodamine B. For a wavelength range of 655 to 420 nm, the synthesized photocatalysts were good at the absorption of visible light. A photodegradation proficiency of 64.72% was observed with tetracycline, 48.91% nitenpyram, and 98.70% with Rhodamine B in 30 min. The g-C3N4/BiOCl displayed a significant photocatalytic activity due to high load separation and transition. This study shows that g-C3N4/BiOCl photocatalyst has been confirmed as one of the most intriguing contenders for innovative photocatalyst designs and can potentially be used in treating wastewater and the environment at large.

Investigation of structural, elastic, thermal, magnetic, optical, and photocatalytic properties of nanosized Mg-Mn-Li ferrites

Nanoferrites of (Mn1-xMgx)0.8Li0.1Fe2.1O4 (x: 0–1.0, step 0.2) were synthesized by the sol–gel autocombustion method. The structural properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns for the samples establish the nanoscale (38–54 nm) pure-phase spinel cubic structure (Fd-3̅\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\bar{3}$$\\end{document}m). Also, the particle size analysis results demonstrate the narrow distribution of their particle sizes, which range from 10 to 33 nm. The impact of Mg2+ ion concentration on the thermal, elastic, magnetic, and optical properties of these samples was studied. The saturation magnetization decreases from 56.9 to 31.1 emu/g, and the coercivity increases from 65.8 to 106.8G with the addition of Mg2+ ions, showing thin S-shaped hysteresis loops revealing the samples’ soft magnetic behavior. Thermal results indicate that these samples are interesting candidates for thermoelectric applications due to their noticeably lower thermal conductivity, which ranges from 0.3572 to 0.5881 W/mK. The optical band gap values determined by using ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy range from 5.11 to 5.25 eV, where quantum confinement for crystallite size triggers a larger band gap. As the concentration of Mg2+ ions increases, their ability to degrade methyl green dye under ultraviolet radiation for 100 min rises from 13.6 to 61.1% with the addition of H2O2, an indication of their photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the optimum ferrite sample, Mn0.4Mg0.4Li0.1Fe2.1O4, maintained its photocatalytic efficiency for at least six reaction cycles.Graphical The composition dependence of (a) the mexp and mth and (b) the ao and ath for the (Mn1−x Mgx)0.8Li0.1Fe2.1O4 nanosamples.