Difficulty Finding Employment Research Articles

Analiza brezposelnosti mladih diplomantov z visoko izobrazbo

Danes diploma ni več zagotovilo za zaposlitev. Pojavlja se razhajanje med potrebami po kadrih v realnem sektorju in presežkom poklicnih profilov, ki v svoji panogi ne najdejo ustrezne zaposlitve. Brezposelnost med mladimi diplomanti se je v zadnjih desetih letih povečala za 240 odstotkov. Osebe s suficitarnimi poklici imajo na razpolago malo delovnih mest, prav tako se srečujejo z veliko konkurenco in tako teže najdejo zaposlitev. Rifkin daje možno rešitev in pravi, da je potreben nov premislek o naravi dela. Da bi izboljšali sedanje razmere na trgu dela in omogočili mladim lažje vključevanje vanj, je treba razvijati in sprejeti nove oblike dela, ki omogočajo večjo prožnost.

Migration as a Substitute for Informal Activities: Evidence from Tajikistan

How is migration related to informal activities? They may be complementary since new migrants may have difficulty finding employment in formal work, so many of them end up informally employed. Alternatively, migration and informality may be substitutes since migrants' incomes in their new locations and income earned in the home informal economy (without migration) are an imperfect trade-off. Tajikistan possesses both a very large informal sector and extensive international emigration. Using the gap between household expenditure and income as an indicator of informal activity, we find negative significant correlations between informal activities and migration: the gap between expenditure and income falls in the presence of migration. Furthermore, Tajikistan's professional workers ability to engage in informal activities enables them to forgo migration, while low-skilled non-professionals without post-secondary education choose to migrate instead of working in the informal sector. Our empirical evidence suggests migration and informality substitute for one another.

John J. Kepes, MD (1928–2010)

John J. Kepes, MD, Professor Emeritus of Pathology at the University of Kansas, died after a long illness on February 2, with his daughter by his side. He was preceded in death by his wife, Dr. Magda Kepes, and is survived by his daughter, Marta Kepes. John's early life was one of challenges. He and his family survived the Nazi occupation of Budapest because of sanctuary given by the Portuguese embassy. John, his pockets stuffed with glass slides from “interesting cases,” escaped from Hungary on foot with Magda and Marta in 1956. To assist the family's entry into the United States, Dr. Paul Yakovlev of Harvard Medical School wrote a letter about these “well-trained Hungarian pathologists,” attesting that “Dr. John Kepes and his wife will have no difficulty finding employment in their specialty once they are in this country.” How right Dr. Yakovlev was! John completed part of his training at the Mayo Clinic, which he always affectionately called the WFMC or the World Famous Mayo Clinic , under the mentorship of James Kernohan. He spent the rest of his career at the University of Kansas. At the University of Kansas Medical Center, he single-handedly conducted biweekly neuropathology conferences for 25 years. The conferences were meticulously presented tours de force of common, uncommon, and rare diseases. “How did he get a case of Alexander disease or Canavan disease?” his trainees wondered. Dr. Kepes also presented weekly at the community-wide neurosurgery conference, with definitive slides prepared and the answer always at hand. He was so good at these conferences that he was invited to join the neurosurgery department as their pathologist. The residents and neuropathology fellows at Kansas spent months in the carefully organized clutter of his office, with shelves of books and stacks of papers throughout. When Dr. Kepes read …

Enhancing the Career Development of Individuals Who Have Criminal Records

Large numbers of individuals are involved in the criminal justice system. Upon release, most have difficulty finding employment and stabilizing economic resources, which contribute to recidivism. To date, the role of work in the lives of ex‐offenders has virtually been ignored in the vocational literature. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness of this group by highlighting vocational implications of having a criminal record; reviewing existing interventions demonstrated to be beneficial (e.g., teaching skills prior to release, restorative justice interventions); and providing suggestions to more readily include this group in future practice, research, and policy.

Factors associated with the employment situation and driving license of patients with epilepsy

INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that approximately 50% of patients with epilepsy have difficulty finding employment. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the employment situation and driving license of patients with symptomatic or probably symptomatic focal epilepsy and correlate it with clinical and socio-demographic aspects. METHODS: Ninety-two patients were classified into 3 groups: "employed", "unemployed" and "retired/on leave". The relationship between employment and socio-demographic aspects and those of epilepsy was studied, and also whether the patients were holders of national driving licenses. RESULTS: Thirty-one (33.7%) of the patients were employed, 19 (20.7%) unemployed and 33 (35.9%) retired/on leave. Patients with formal education of less than 9 years predominated (p<0.05) in the "retired/on leave" group and non-white patients were more frequently unemployed. Of 58 patients who lost their jobs, 27 (46.6%) reported that epilepsy was the main reason (p<0.05). There was a significant relationship between the occurrence of ES at work and unemployment and "leave/retirement" (p<0.05). There was no relationship between clinical aspects and the employment situation. Nineteen (33.9%) of the 56 surveyed reported being holders of driving licenses. DISCUSSION: There was a high index of unemployment and retired/on leave individuals. There was a relationship between unemployment and the occurrence of ES at work and with a low scholastic level. CONCLUSION: The low scholastic level/professional qualifications and the stigma aggravated the employment perspectives of these individuals, contributing to their social exclusion.

Return migrant status and employment in Finland

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relative employment levels of return migrants in Finland with regard to their re‐adaptation into the labour market.Design/methodology/approachLongitudinal census data distinguished Finns who had lived abroad and returned to Finland. These return migrants are compared with non‐migrants with regard to employment levels, using logistic regression models that account for sex, age, education, mother tongue and place of residence.FindingsBoth male and female return migrants have odds of employment that are only about half those of their non‐migrant counterparts. The employment differential is stable over time and, consequently, not particularly sensitive to changes in the macroeconomic environment. Relative employment rates of migrants with short periods abroad and long periods in the home country are somewhat higher than those of other migrants, but still lower than those of non‐migrants. Difficulties in readapting into Finnish society are consequently associated with personal characteristics that cannot be observed explicitly but are apparently associated with job‐finding probability.Practical implicationsConsidering that Finland at present has no explicit measures directed towards return migrants, it is suggested that this group should be given more policy attention.Originality/valueThe paper provides quantitative evidence that Finnish migrants have substantial difficulties in finding employment in the home country labour market subsequent to return migration, and that these problems cannot be attributed to structural factors.

Stop saying epileptic

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact upon attitude and perceived stigma of using different terms for referring to persons with epilepsy among teenagers. High school students received one of two versions of a brief questionnaire and of the Stigma Scale of Epilepsy (SSE). The versions differed only in the term used: "people with epilepsy" (PWE) in the group-1 (N = 109) and "epileptics" in group-2 (N = 105). Group-1 responded that 62% of PWE and group-2, that 93% of epileptics have more difficulty finding employment. Group-1 responded that 37% of PWE and group-2, that 70% of epileptics have more difficulties at school. Group-1 responded that 41% of PWE and group-2, that 87% of epileptics are rejected by the society. None of individuals in group-1 indicated that they were prejudiced toward PWE, whereas 3% of group-2 indicated that they were prejudiced toward epileptics. The SSE score (range from 0 to 100, higher the score, higher the degree of perceived stigma) was 49 [confidence interval (CI) = 46.9-52.0] for group-2 and 45 (CI = 42.4-48.2) for group-1 (p = 0.03). In conclusion, the words we use can influence our perceptions and have consequences in terms of social stigma associated with epilepsy. We should refrain from using the term "epileptic" to refer to a person with epilepsy, and consider the importance of our choice of words as part of the effort to bring epilepsy out of the shadows.

Gender Differences In The Anticipation Of Difficulties In Finding Employment Among University Students: A Botswana Study

A study investigated gender differences in the anticipation of difficulties in finding employment among 232 final-year undergraduate students at the University of Botswana. Compared to their male counterparts, female students worried significantly more that they might not find a job (p=0.005) and that this might cause other problems in their life (p=0.017). Male students were more likely to believe that they did not have to worry about finding a job while still at university (p=0.003). Compared to male students, females were more likely to discuss their career plans with their friends (p=0.001) and parents (p=0.018). Both male and female students displayed a strong sense of external locus of control and causal attribution. They believed that “connections” with the “right people” would help them in getting a job. They blamed others, especially government, in case they could not get employment. The findings are discussed with regard to possible effects on students' job-searching behaviours. Gender & Behaviour Vol. 6 (2) 2008: pp. 1960-1981

The Joint Role of Locus of Control and Perceived Financial Need in Job Search

Guided by economic rational choice theory and the behavioral‐coping literature, the present study examined contrasting perspectives of the role of job‐search locus of control (JSLOC) and perceived financial need in predicting job‐search intensity. Data were collected in two independent studies in the Netherlands and in the United States, both using a two‐wave longitudinal design. Results from both studies suggested that job seekers with external JSLOC and high perceived financial need engaged in more intense search behavior to compensate for anticipated difficulties in finding employment. Findings suggested that stress may mediate this relation, and may play a positive role in the job‐search process.

Survey of Trainee Membership of the Intensive Care Society

In October/November 2007 we conducted a survey of the trainee membership of the Intensive Care Society in order to ascertain their views, primarily on the potential introduction of a compulsory examination in intensive care medicine (ICM). Their views on other training issues were also sought. There were 313 responses from a trainee membership of 446. A majority were supportive of a compulsory examination, but this view was heavily qualified by a large number of free text responses. The current UK diploma in ICM was not felt to be suitable as a compulsory examination. The timing of any examination would have to be flexible to avoid conflict with parent specialty training and associated examinations. Many of those training in ICM are at an advanced stage in their careers and the burden on their work and home lives presented by a further examination would be considerable. The survey also highlighted other matters important to training and employment in ICM in the UK, including the difficulties in finding employment in ICM faced by those training from parent specialties other than anaesthesia.

Displacement and Resettlement in the Three Gorges Project: Issues Confronting Women Migrants

This article focuses on the situation of women migrants displaced by the Three Gorges Project (TGP) in China. It examines the participation and types of work undertaken by women migrants in the resettlement process, the strategies of the government and women migrants in coping with risks (especially impoverishment) that migrant families face after physical displacement, and some gender-related issues relevant to planning in the TGP. Data show that women migrants have limited opportunities to participate in the decision-making process of displacement. Following resettlement, women migrants face difficulties in finding employment in the non-agricultural sector while those who remain in the agricultural sector encounter extreme difficulties in attempting to engage in new agricultural practices in their new environments. The study found that a gendered perspective in planning for livelihood reconstruction and skills training is generally inadequate or absent.

Collateral Consequences and Community Re-Entry for Registered Sex Offenders with Child Victims: Are the Challenges Even Greater?

Sex offender registries are designed to enhance public safety (especially for children) by making community members aware of the identities and residential locations of convicted sex offenders in their neighborhoods. An emerging body of literature shows that registered sex offenders experience difficulties finding employment, housing, and generally reintegrating back into the community, all of which may have significant negative impacts on successful (and law-abiding) re-entry. To date the literature has not specifically assessed if and how collateral consequences and re-entry challenges may be more severe for sex offenders who victimize children. Drawing on data from registered sex offenders in five urban counties the present research finds that sex offenders who victimize children do not experience greater residential disadvantage than their adult-targeting counterparts. Therefore, issues of re-entry, reintegration and facilitators of rehabilitative efforts may not be more difficult or significant for sex offenders who victimize children.

Unemployment in an Underserviced Specialty?: The Need for Co-ordinated Workforce Planning in Canadian Neurosurgery

A recent report suggested that newly trained Canadian neurosurgeons are experiencing difficulty finding employment in Canada. Such occurrences, in combination with recent certification restrictions imposed in the US, have resulted in increasing concern that we will shortly be seeing a surplus of graduating neurosurgeons in Canada. The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of training and employment patterns in the Canadian neurosurgical workforce. Using a database provided by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, the current practice location of recent (1990-2002) neurosurgical certificants and a list of all neurosurgeons practicing in Canada were generated. From these data the number of surgeons per 100,000 patient population, and the number of residents required to maintain this workforce were determined. Practice location could be identified for 183/189 individuals who passed their qualifying examination in neurosurgery during this time. Only 45% of them are currently practicing in Canada. The current service ratio for this specialty is 0.65 per 100,000 population overall. Although 14.6 residents/year are being trained, only 6.5/year are required to maintain the existing neurosurgical workforce. Our data supports the concern about an imminent employment crisis for young neurosurgeons in Canada with more than twice the required number of residents being trained. However, this shortfall of staff positions is at a time when the specialty may be underservicing the country's population. These results highlight the necessity for more cohesive workforce planning in Canada, and in particular, ensuring the appropriate balance between training and need.

Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and training in forestry and forest research

The nature of forestry is changing rapidly, with the social component becoming as or even more important than the traditional biophysical components. The role of participatory approaches to forestry has increased dramatically, and meeting the needs of people is now seen as a primary function of forestry. Increasingly, those needs are being defined through bottom-up approaches, rather than by governments or corporations. Foresters and forest scientists are poorly equipped to deal with this change, which is necessitating a much broader knowledge than has previously been required. At the undergraduate level, forestry programs are failing to teach the skills necessary for successful participation in this new form of forestry. At the graduate and post-graduate levels, young scientists are particularly disadvantaged, as the conservative nature of the academic system can actually work against attempts to be more interdisciplinary and more relevant. Scientists who are genuinely interdisciplinary may have difficulties finding employment, and current academic reward systems do not cope well with individual contributions to team efforts. The problem extends to the forestry profession, with many professional foresters being ill-equipped for their new roles, while at the same time they and/or their employers remain reluctant to enter into any form of re-training. Key words: university education, graduate training, interdisciplinarity, multidisciplinarity, pedagogy, forestry training, forestry paradigms

Preparing Diverse Adolescents for the Transition to Adulthood

SUMMARY Whether adolescents from immigrant and ethnic minority families will make a successful transition to adulthood hinges on their educational achievement, their acquisition of employable skills and abilities, and their physical and mental health. This article focuses on the extent to which diverse adolescents are prepared for adulthood according to these three critical developmental outcomes. It finds that, in general, adolescents from Latino and African American backgrounds appear to be less prepared to become healthy, productive, and successful adults than their peers. Specifically: * Current data show that youth from Latino and African American families, particularly foreign-born Latino youth, have more difficulty than other adolescents completing school at each stage of the educational pipeline. * African American and Latino youth aged 18 and over who do not attend college have more difficulty finding employment than white youth with similar levels of education. * In general, minority youth are more likely to be in poor physical health and to engage in high-risk behaviors compared with white youth, while immigrant youth appear to be healthier across a broad range of indicators. A key reason for these differences is that minority and immigrant youth have less access to and use of high-quality institutions and programs, including high schools, colleges, after-school programs, and health care resources. To better prepare these youth for adulthood, the authors call for improving school quality, providing financial support and health insurance, addressing information and language gaps, and building upon cultural traditions. ********** As with adolescents in any society, youth in the contemporary United States must develop a set of skills and acquire certain characteristics in order to become successful and productive adults. Although a comprehensive list of such qualities can be broad in scope and should be specific to youth's unique life circumstances, there are three developmental outcomes in particular that are known to have great significance for the adult success of all American adolescents: (1) receipt of high school and postsecondary degrees; (2) the acquisition of employable skills and abilities; and (3) the development of physical and mental health. A host of studies have indicated that the attainment of these outcomes by the end of the teenage years bodes well for the future social and economic integration of youth into American society. The answer to the question of whether adolescents from immigrant and ethnic minority families will make a successful transition to adulthood, therefore, hinges on youth's achievement of these three critical outcomes. This article focuses on the extent to which diverse adolescents are prepared for adulthood by achieving educational attainment, occupational success, and physical and mental health. A description of current trends in these developmental outcomes sets the stage. Next, the article discusses the extent to which adolescents from immigrant and ethnic minority families have access to and make use of institutions and programs that promote successful development during the teenage years. The final section of the article highlights the particular characteristics of adolescents from immigrant and ethnic minority families that need to be taken into account in order to improve access to and use of such programs. Discussion focuses upon youth from both immigrant and ethnic minority families because immigrant status is highly confounded with ethnic background. Most immigrant families originate in Asian and Latin American societies and the majority of all Asian and Latino youth in the United States have at least one foreign-born parent. (1) Information regarding the development of ethnic minority youth, therefore, provides a context for the specific situations facing adolescents from immigrant families. …

Trends of Criminal Activity and Substance Use in a Sample of Welfare Recipients

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 instituted a compulsory work mandate for welfare recipients. However, recipients who experience difficulties finding employment may increase their involvement in criminal activities and their frequency of substance use as a means to deal with changes precipitated by PRWORA. This study used a four-wave panel design to analyze the criminal behaviors and substance-use frequency of 534 welfare recipients in Houston, Texas. Data were collected from the Attitudes, Behaviors, and Skills Assessment (ABSA) instrument designed specifically for this study. Results show that a minority of welfare recipients were involved in criminal activity. Furthermore, although participants were losing their welfare benefits, both criminal activity and substance use declined over time.

A description of clinical nurse specialist programs in the United States.

Changes have occurred in clinical nurse specialist educational requirements in recent years, and it is not known how programs have responded. The purpose of this descriptive survey was to identify the number of clinical nurse specialist programs in the United States, describe curricula, and examine enrollment and employment trends. This report contains data from 157 separate clinical nurse specialist programs/majors representing 139 different schools. The mean number of credit hours for semester- and quarter-based programs was 41.4 and 52.2, respectively. The mean number of clinical/practical clock hours was 416.2. Approximately half of the respondents (56%) used the National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists to guide curricula. Nearly 66% of the programs had from 1 to 10 applicants during the previous year. The majority (68%) indicated that their graduates do not have difficulty finding employment after graduating. These findings indicate that efforts to revise curricula and clarify the CNS role must continue.

A survey of hygienists qualifying from the Liverpool School of Dental Hygiene 1977–1998

To analyse the working patterns of all those who qualified from the Liverpool School of Dental Hygiene over a 20-year period. To assess the proportion who give up practice, the degree of part-time work, career breaks, job satisfaction, availability of continuing professional education etc. A questionnaire sent to all 226 hygienists who qualified from the School between 1997 and 1998, whether still enrolled as dental hygienists or not. Responses were received from 83% of whom 89% were still working as hygienists, the majority in general practice. 46% had taken an employment break, mostly for maternity reasons but a significant number for other reasons. Around 80% expressed good job satisfaction. Although there is a high level of part-time work, especially after career breaks, few had experienced difficulty in finding employment. One third of respondents considered that the availability of continuing professional education was 'poor' or 'very poor'. The great majority of hygienists enjoy good job satisfaction and work in more than one general dental practice. Comparisons suggest that they continue to work in their chosen career at least as much as female dentists do in theirs. The reasons for this are thought to be that hygienists tend to be recruited from the ranks of highly motivated, mature dental nurses and that the profession lends itself to part-time work which can be combined with family commitments. There are perceived deficiencies in the availability of continuing professional education, which may be remedied by the development of distance learning packages and Section 63 type courses designed specifically for them.

Dental hygienists — a post qualification survey

Objectives To analyse the working patterns of all those who qualified from the Liverpool School of Dental Hygiene over a 20-year period. To assess the proportion who give up practice, the degree of part-time work, career breaks, job satisfaction, availability of continuing professional education etc. Method A questionnaire sent to all 226 hygienists who qualified from the School between 1997 and 1998, whether still enrolled as dental hygienists or not. Results Responses were received from 83% of whom 89% were still working as hygienists, the majority in general practice. 46% had taken an employment break, mostly for maternity reasons but a significant number for other reasons. Around 80% expressed good job satisfaction. Although there is a high level of part-time work, especially after career breaks, few had experienced difficulty in finding employment. One third of respondents considered that the availability of continuing professional education was 'poor' or 'very poor'. Conclusions The great majority of hygienists enjoy good job satisfaction and work in more than one general dental practice. Comparisons suggest that they continue to work in their chosen career at least as much as female dentists do in theirs. The reasons for this are thought to be that hygienists tend to be recruited from the ranks of highly motivated, mature dental nurses and that the profession lends itself to part-time work which can be combined with family commitments. There are perceived deficiencies in the availability of continuing professional education, which may be remedied by the development of distance learning packages and Section 63 type courses designed specifically for them.

ANALYSIS ON JOCV NURSES DISPATCHED CORRESPOND WITH THE REQUEST OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV) was founded in 1965 as part of the international cooperation efforts of the Japanese Government. JOCV nurses have been sent at the request of developing countries since 1966. Not all of the requests can be met, although more than ten times of the requested number of nurses make an application to works as volunteers. We are trying to analyze their categories (registered nurses : RNs, nurse midwives : NMs, and public health nurses : PHNs) and the number of volunteer nurses corresponding to requests between 1975 and 1996 for international cooperation.A total of 1436 volunteer nurses have been requested and 936 corresponding nurses (65.2%) were dispatched. The corresponding rates were 74.8% for RNs, 52.4% for NMs, and 56.3% for PHNs. One reason for the low rate of PHNs seemed to be difficulty in finding employment after their return to Japan, while a low rate of sufficiency of NMs during first years might influence the result. With activity areas the sufficiency rate of education and administration was low. It is necessary to improve the welfare and support system after their return and to prepare on environment evaluating their experiences in international cooperation.