Difficult Terrain Research Articles

‘Traversing difficult terrain’. Advance care planning in residential aged care through multidisciplinary case conferences: A qualitative interview study exploring the experiences of families, staff and health professionals

Background: Advance care planning improves the quality of end-of-life care for older persons in residential aged care; however, its uptake is low. Case conferencing facilitates advance care planning. Aim: To explore the experience of participating in advance care planning discussions facilitated through multidisciplinary case conferences from the perspectives of families, staff and health professionals. Design: A qualitative study (February–July 2019) using semi-structured interviews. Setting: Two residential aged care facilities in one Australian rural town. Participants: Fifteen informants [family (n = 4), staff (n = 5), health professionals (n = 6)] who had participated in advance care planning discussions facilitated through multidisciplinary case conferences. Results: Advance care planning was like navigating an emotional landscape while facing the looming loss of a loved one. This emotional burden was exacerbated for substitute decision-makers, but made easier if the resident had capacity to be involved or had previously made their wishes clearly known. The ‘conversation’ was not a simple task, and required preparation time. Multidisciplinary case conferences facilitated informed decision-making and shared responsibility. Opportunity to consider all care options provided families with clarity, control and a sense of comfort. This enabled multiple stakeholders to bond and connect around the resident. Conclusion: While advance care planning is an important element of high quality care it involves significant emotional labour and burden for families, care staff and health professionals. It is not a simple administrative task to be completed, but a process that requires time and space for reflection and consensus-building to support well-considered decisions. Multidisciplinary case conferences support this process.

Cape Littoral colonial constructions of barrenness and desire in Therese Benadé’s Kites of Good Fortune and Rayda Jacobs’s The Slave Book

ABSTRACT Early histories of the Cape refer to a remote littoral; uninhabitable land with a difficult terrain and hostile environment. Yet, the Cape Littoral was also described as desirable by the Dutch East India Company for its establishment as a provision fort on the sea route to Asia. This paper examines how two novels published in the post-apartheid present (Kites of Good Fortune (2004) and The Slave Book (1998)), reimagine the inventions of these two simultaneous yet contrasting positions of the Cape Littoral. I show how the representation in Kites of Good Fortune reiterates the construction of the hardships of the Cape Littoral for the colonial administrator and the manumitted slave/descendants, and consequently reproduces the oppressive exploitation of its land and wealth. I use this analysis on the colonial constructions of marginality as a basis to understand how The Slave Book unsettles constructions of inhospitability in its imagination of narratives of patriarchal white desire. The analysis exposes how the novels overlap in their representations of undesirability and hospitability. This discussion considers these narratives as representations of continued forms of violence across the Enlightenment, slavery and colonial eras, and which, through literary representation haunt the post-apartheid present. I deploy re-memory as a metaphor that demands engagement with the structural violence of slavery and colonialism.

Helicopter Hoist Operations in Difficult Nonalpine Terrain

ObjectiveHelicopter hoist operations (HHOs) are an option for rescue in difficult- or impossible-to-access environments. At present, only a few helicopters in German helicopter emergency medical services have a hoist capability; most of them are located in the Bavarian Alps. We sought to study the demand for hoist operations in difficult terrain outside of alpine regions. MethodsThe setting for this study was a city borough between the Rhine valley and the Black Forest (Germany). We retrospectively studied all rescue operations in difficult terrain from January 1, 2007, to July 31, 2018. The characteristics of the terrain and operational, demographic, and medical aspects were analyzed. The predictors for a prolonged response time and the total prehospital time were identified by multivariate regression analysis. In addition, a simulation study creating time intervals for the alternative rescue procedure (ground vs. hoist) was performed. Operational data for the simulation were taken from an expert survey as well as field data collection in the course of HHO training. ResultsA total of 251 missions were included. Patients were predominantly male (66.7%) adults (57.5%) with traumatic lesions (75.0%); 14.1% had severe or multiple injuries, 4.7% had life-threatening medical conditions, and 4.3% were deceased. Two hundred eight patients (93%) were rescued by ground procedures. The prehospital time of HHO missions was significantly longer (104 vs. 72 minutes, P < .001). However, the simulation of all missions showed a significantly shorter prehospital time with 80 versus 91 minutes (P < .001) for rescue by HHOs. The predictors for prolonged prehospital times were a vague description of the accident site, difficult terrain, distance from the road, slope gradient, and life-threatening nontraumatic conditions of the patient. ConclusionWe found a significant benefit of hoist operations regarding the total prehospital time and admission to an appropriate trauma center. Consistent dispatch procedures for HHO missions can improve patient outcomes. Adding HHO capabilities to some selected helicopter emergency medical service helicopters should be considered.

Polio Outbreak Investigation and Response in The Horn of Africa: 2013-2016.

BackgroundThere has been civil strife, spanning more than two decades in some countries and recurrent natural disasters in the Horn of Africa (HoA). This has consistently maintained these countries in chronic humanitarian conditions. More important however is the fact that these crises have also denied populations of these countries access to access to lifesaving health services. Children in the difficult terrains and security compromised areas are not given the required immunization services to build their immunity against infectious diseases like the poliovirus. This was the situation in 2013 when the large outbreaks of poliovirus occurred in the HoA. This article reviews the epidemiology, risk, and programme response to what is now famed as the 2013-204 poliovirus outbreaks in the HoA and highlights the challenges that the programme faced in interrupting poliovirus transmission here.MethodsA case of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) was defined as a child <15 years of age with sudden onset of fever and paralysis. Polio cases were defined as AFP cases with stool specimens positive for WPV.ResultsBetween 2013 and 2016, when transmission was interrupted 20,266 polio viruses were in the Horn of Africa region. In response to the outbreak, several supplementary immunization activities were conducted with oral polio vaccine (OPV) The trivalent OPV was used initially, followed subsequently by bivalent OPV, and targeting various age groups, including children aged <5 years, children aged <10 years, and individuals of any age. Other response activities were undertaken to supplement the immunization in controlling the outbreak. Some of these activities included the use of various communication strategies to create awareness, sensitize and mobilize the populations against poliovirus transmission.ConclusionsThe outbreaks were attributed to the existence of clusters of unvaccinated children due to inaccessibility to them by the health system, caused by poor geographical terrain and conflicts. The key lesson therefore is that the existence of populations with low immunity to infections will necessary constitutes breeding grounds for disease outbreak and of course reservoirs to the vectors. Though brought under reasonable control, the outbreaks indicate that the threat of large polio outbreaks resulting from poliovirus importation will remain constant unless polio transmission is interrupted in the remaining polio-endemic countries of the world.

Digital populism, digital newswork and the concept of journalistic competence: the Philippine condition

The new environment for Filipino journalists is a difficult terrain to navigate: Professionals struggle to establish themselves as a source of information in the time of technological disruptions, digital populism, tighter market competition, labour precarities and the political pressures of an increasingly authoritarian regime. This provided the context for the subsequent discussion on journalistic competence: What competencies are most important for Filipino journalists given this status quo? More importantly, how should the concept of journalistic competence be viewed, conceptualised or interrogated given the current conditions that affect or threaten journalistic practice? The discussion on competencies was anchored on extant research, a survey with Filipino journalists and data from in-depth interviews with selected experts worldwide. The prominent elements of journalistic competence in the Philippines were identified and discussed vis-à-vis factors and conditions that influence journalism competence such as journalistic roles, media systems, popular attitudes towards news and educational infrastructure.

Sustainable Development of the Slope Lands of the Russian Arctic: Investigation of the Relationship between Slope Aspects, Wind Regime and Residential Wind Comfort

The land-use of slope terrain in the Arctic region is important and relevant, as vast territories that are reserved for proposed cities’ development have disturbed land relief. The relevance of the study is also associated with an increased interest in the development of settlements in the Arctic region, which has great territorial and resource potential. In addition to the complexity of the engineering support of such terrains, there are difficulties in organizing comfortable indoor wind comfort in the residential areas required for population well-being. The study focuses on specific conditions for residential areas design resilient to the harsh climatic conditions on difficult slope terrain to ensure the quality of life of the population in the Arctic region of Russia. The article focuses on the study of wind-chill parameters such as wind velocity and temperature for different slopes. The subject of this research is slope terrain aeration conditions of the Arctic zone in Russia. The research aim expresses the relationship between specific aeration of the slope area conditions and the layout design of residential areas to ensure comfortable living conditions for the population. The study was carried out using mathematical computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling of wind flows in the ANSYS Fluent program. The results of the study are graphs showing the distribution of comfort and discomfort zones in a residential area for different aeration conditions at different slope terrains. Implementation of the methodology for assessing aeration conditions for residential areas on slope terrains was carried out in the city of Murmansk. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that there are no similar studies for the Arctic region in Russia. Research results can be used as a practical tool for justification of residential areas through a sample plan addressing their wind comfortability.

Development of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for Safety Planning on Tunneling Work Projects Based on Risk

Purpose: Along with advance era and technology, tunnel construction is the alternative infrastructure that can be used as an option, especially in difficult terrain conditions. The tunnel work project is a series of very complex activities. Work activities that are not supervised, causing the risk of these activities neglected. This has become one of the causes of workplace accidents. The risk of work accidents can be prevented by early identification and analysis of potential hazards in each of the activities listed in the project WBS. Therefore, the existence of WBS is needed in presenting a risk assessment, probability and impact arising from the work accidents. The aim of this study is to develop a standardized WBS for safety planning on tunnel construction work based on risk. The standardized WBS will be a main input for identify potential hazard risks and producing risk responses. Methodology: The method that will be used in this research is a qualitative approach with a survey and deep interview to experts. Results: The results of this study are standardized WBS, potential hazard risks and the developed of WBS standard for safety planning, as a step to prevent work accidents in tunneling work projects. Applications/Originality/Value: The implementation of this research is for the contractors who are required to make safety plan, especially in tunneling work projects.

InSAR monitoring of creeping landslides in mountainous regions: A case study in Eldorado National Forest, California

Monitoring surface deformation associated with geohazards is a prerequisite for geological disaster prevention. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) has the ability to capture ground deformation of landslides with high precision over a large area. However, in mountainous regions this capability is often limited by decorrelation noise and atmospheric phase artifacts. Over Eldorado National Forest, California, where many landslides need to be monitored and investigated, InSAR images are severely affected by atmospheric noise and the coherence is highly variable throughout the year, challenging InSAR techniques to effectively detect movement of active landslides. In order to obtain reliable measurements, we have designed an interferogram selection method and an InSAR segment processing (SP) technique to improve the deformation measurement. Compared with the traditional non-segment processing (NSP), the SP technique has demonstrated advantages in reducing the impact of atmospheric noise. Our results from both the ascending and descending InSAR datasets based on SP indicate that many landslides along the Highway 50 corridor were creeping at a rate of less than 10 cm/year during the investigation period. We have found that landslide movements in the study region present obvious seasonal patterns. The precipitation and pore-water measurements and our hydrogeological diffusion models suggest that the seasonal movements of these landslides are primarily driven by the pore-water pressures, and the peak deformation of the landslides may occur in the dry season (May to October) due to the time lag of precipitation infiltration. In addition, we have observed subtle upward movement of the landslides after the precipitation begins, which is likely caused by the swelling of clay-rich landslide body due to an increase in the pore pressure. Furthermore, several other localized unstable regions which may contain potential landslide hazards were also detected and mapped in the study area, and their dynamics need further investigation. We conclude that InSAR is capable of detecting slow landslide motions over difficult terrains if associated artifacts in the interferograms are suppressed. InSAR time-series measurements along with hydrogeological models enable us to characterize the time delay between peaks of landslide motions and precipitation.

Review of studies on motor-manual felling productivity in eucalypt stands

AbstractGlobally, about 20 million ha of land area is occupied by plantations of Eucalyptus. Motor-manual tree harvest-ing techniques (using chainsaws) are still applied in eucalypt plantations, especially in difficult terrains or for large- sized trees where mechanised felling may not be an effective and safe possible option to apply. There is little information available on motor-manual felling in eucalypt stands. This article reviewed available literature on the productivity of motor-manual felling. The results were classified into four regions, including Africa, Asia/Oceania, America and Europe. Results of international studies indicate that the main factors impacting the productivity of motor-manual felling include diameter at the breast height (DBH), travelling distance to trees, understory density and terrain slope. Operator experience also plays a key role in felling operations. The range of reported productivity varied from 0.6 m3/PMH0 to 48.9 m3/PMH0 in different regions. This article provides key recommendations on improving motor-manual felling productivity, which can provide a guide for sustainable harvesting planning purposes.&amp;nbsp;

Efektivitas Implementasi Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) Dalam Upaya Penanggulangan Kemiskinan (Studi Pada Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Blitar)

Effectiveness in general states the extent to which a goal has been achieved whose initial process is determined by the target. Measuring the level of effectiveness is done by comparing the determined plan with the tangible results that are realized. Various efforts have been made by the Government of Indonesia to overcome various problems of poverty, one of which is through the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH). Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) as one of the recipients of the conditional social assistance program who are designated as beneficiaries of the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH). The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) in poverty reduction efforts and to find out the constraints of the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) in poverty reduction efforts. The research method used a qualitative descriptive. The results show that the effectiveness of the implementation of the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) can be said to be effective in poverty reduction efforts seen from several indicators of effectiveness, but there are still some obstacles including losing ATMs, understanding of socialization that is still not accepted, the difference in understanding between stakeholders and the difficult terrain. Suggestions provide re-socialization of the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) to stakeholders so that the Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) can be right on target to the community and repair difficult terrain so that difficult areas can be reached.

Improving the Efficiency of Rock Destruction Tools when Drilling Wells in difficult Mining and Geological Conditions

Air blast drilling is effective in the most unfavorable conditions for liquid flushing: when drilling in areas with significant circulation losses, when there are difficulties with water supply, in high mountainous or difficult terrain, or in areas with harsh climates. However, air has a low heat capacity compared to liquid flushing solutions, this affects the operation of rock cutting tools through high contact temperatures with irreversible consequences such as deformation of matrices, destruction of diamonds, grinding, reduction of diamond hardness and tool burns. To prevent these problems, there is a need to develop technical means and technology to effectively ensure the temperature regime of the rock-cutting tool. This article discusses the possibility of normalizing and regulating the temperature regime of the rock-cutting tool due to forced cooling of the cleaning air at the bottom hole to negative temperatures, and a new design of the drilling projectile for drilling with air purging is developed. The results of experimental studies of the developed design of the drilling projectile are also presented.

Building a Model to Reconstruct the Hellenistic and Roman Road Networks of the Eastern Desert of Egypt, a Semi-Empirical Approach Based on Modern Travelers’ Itineraries

The Egyptian Eastern Desert, the part of the Sahara Desert that connects the Nile and the Red Sea, is rich in natural resources and meshed with multiple networks. The adoption of the camel as the main mode of transportation in the 1st millennium BC, faster and with a greater load capacity than humans or donkeys, dramatically changed the logistics used to cross this difficult terrain. Our objective, therefore, is to understand and reconstruct circulation in the region during Antiquity through location factors and the evolution of roads. For this purpose, a least-cost network specific to camel movements has been created for this arid and mountainous region. The network is based on the reconstructed itineraries of modern travelers (18th and 19th centuries) who crossed the region under similar conditions to ancient ones. These routes and the travelers’ diaries have enabled us to analyze the main travel constraints; they provide a set of data to calibrate the different movement factors of camel caravans and to validate the calculated least cost paths. The modeled network takes into account transport infrastructures, navigation conditions in plain areas, difficulties of the terrain surface, and the topographical constraints specific to camels. This methodological paper details our approach from the description of movement factors, their mapping, and their use in least cost algorithms to the creation of a network covering 253 archaeological sites and 204 desert watering places. It aims to provide the archaeological and GIS communities with the method and tools to reproduce itineraries based on the hypotheses of movement and empirical data. For this purpose, the data is available and documented by a data paper.

THE ECOLOGICAL ASPECT OF FORMATION OF THE ARCHITECTURALPLANNING STRUCTURE OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS, LOCATED ON THE AREAS WITH A DIFFICULT TERRAIN

The article deals with the environmental aspects of the placement of preschool educational institutions in urban areas with a difficult terrain. The dialectical relationship between the building of a preschool educational institution and the surrounding terrain is analyzed using the example of preschool educational institutions, located on sites with difficult terrain in cities of Italy, Finland, Iran and other countries.&#x0D; Within the framework of the study, the problem of harmonious integration of the building of a preschool educational institution into the existing urban area with a difficult terrain with minimization of damage to the environment, from carrying out excavations, as well as increasing the energy efficiency of the building by optimizing architectural, planning and spatial solutions is considered.&#x0D; A comparative analysis of the world and domestic experience in the design of construction and operation of preschool educational institutions, integrated into the structure of the surrounding landscape, and the preschool educational institutions built with a significant modification of the terrain structure. The feasibility of using certain types of placement of preschool educational institutions (terraced, flat, on pillars, earth-sheltered, integrated, cantilever) is scrutinized from the point of the impact on the environment and increasing the energy efficiency of the design object.

Near-surface seismic refraction tomography and MASW for site characterization in Phuentsholing, Bhutan Himalaya

It is essential to understand the soil characteristics of the subsurface layers for any engineering construction. In difficult terrains like hilly areas, conventional methods of investigation are expensive and difficult to conduct. It calls for nondestructive testing methods to get reliable estimates of subsurface properties. In the present study, seismic refraction tomography (SRT) technique and multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) methods were carried out along five selected profiles in Phuentsholing region of Bhutan Himalaya. The profile length ranges from 37 to 81.5 m, and depth of imaging down to 10 m. While the SRT data imaged the P-wave velocity (Vp) structures, the MASW imaged the shear wave velocity (Vs) structures. The P-wave images provide a fair knowledge of geological layers, while the MASW images provide S-wave velocity structures (Vs). These results are useful to estimate soil parameters, like the density, Poisson’s ratio, Young’s modulus, shear modulus, N-value and the ultimate bearing capacity. The seismic images reveal the presence of sand, sandy clay, gravels and shale layers below the selected sites. Bhutan Himalayas being seismically vulnerable, the obtained results in terms of shear wave velocity were accustomed to categorize the sites as per NEHRP site classes, and a ground response analysis was performed to determine the reliable amplification factors. From the study, it is suggested that the engineering construction is feasible at all the sites except in one site, where an indication of saturated soil is observed which is vulnerable for liquefaction, and ground needs to be improved before construction at that site.

Comprehensive Modernization of the Chassis of a Two-Link Tracked Transporter

The article considers the issue of modernization of the chassis of a two-link tracked transporter by applying the electromechanical drive sections. As a prototype was selected the chassis of the tracked transporters of the DT series with a mechanical transmission, which are produced serial in the Russian Federation. The proposed hybrid power installation concept can be classified as a “parallel-successive” hybrid. The relevance of the concept is determined by the expectation of operational advantages (increase of reliability, maneuverability, controllability, cross-country ability and traction-dynamic properties of the chassis and economy), which will allow to integrate such chassis into transport systems of regions with poorly developed road network infrastructure and will allow to distribution it on difficult terrain. The proposed set of modernization measures allows us to maintain the possibility of using two-link tracked transporter on soils with low bearing capacity, on off-highway, in the climatic conditions of the Far East, Far North, Arctic and Antarctic. Modernization can be carried out in the factory using components produced in the Russian Federation and technologies developed by Russian industry. The proposed design changes expand the operational capabilities of the machine without a significant increase in mass. Technical solutions are applicable when creating multi-link machines.

Detection of natural disaster victims using You Only Look Once (YOLO)

Natural disasters are events that cannot be predicted both by location and time of occurrence. Natural disasters cause property losses and can even take lives. The handling of rapid evacuation must be done by the SAR team to help victims of natural disasters to reduce the amount of loss. But in reality, there are many obstacles in the evacuation process. Starting from facing difficult terrain to necessary equipment limitation. In this research, a system designed to detect victims of natural disasters uses image processing where the picture is carried out using a drone that aims to help find victims in delicate or vulnerable locations when reached directly by humans. Based on this background, this research proposes the development of a method for the detection of victims of natural disasters that aims to assist the SAR team and natural disaster volunteers in searching for victims who are in hard to reach places. The You Only Look Once (YOLO) method is implemented using the python programming language related to image processing. From the research that has been done, the accuracy result of detecting objects of disaster victims is 89%.

Drugs and Development in the Urban Setting—Expanding Development-Oriented Interventions Beyond Illicit Drug Crop Cultivation

This paper highlights the complex and contested relationship between drugs and development policies globally. It uses a recent experience in Thailand to showcase the link between drugs and development policies while highlighting the difficult international terrain for forging a common United Nations (UN) position. It examines the challenging transition underway within Thailand as practitioners of rural development policies in drug crop affected regions seek to translate the lessons of traditional ‘alternative development’ to urban and borderland areas affected by drug trafficking, arguing that many of the underlying principles are the same. It provides a practitioner-led overview of the recent experiences of Thailand and the global drug debates. It then takes a step into the literature on peacebuilding, examining the possible positioning of drugs and development debates relative to the field of peacebuilding studies. It concludes by highlighting the numerous areas of overlap between the new drugs and development debates and existing peacebuilding discussions.

Drugs and Development in the Urban Setting—Expanding Development-Oriented Interventions Beyond Illicit Drug Crop Cultivation

This paper highlights the complex and contested relationship between drugs and development policies globally. It uses a recent experience in Thailand to showcase the link between drugs and development policies while highlighting the difficult international terrain for forging a common United Nations (UN) position. It examines the challenging transition underway within Thailand as practitioners of rural development policies in drug crop affected regions seek to translate the lessons of traditional ‘alternative development’ to urban and borderland areas affected by drug trafficking, arguing that many of the underlying principles are the same. It provides a practitioner-led overview of the recent experiences of Thailand and the global drug debates. It then takes a step into the literature on peacebuilding, examining the possible positioning of drugs and development debates relative to the field of peacebuilding studies. It concludes by highlighting the numerous areas of overlap between the new drugs and development debates and existing peacebuilding discussions.

A Study of Planning, Design and Construction of Buildings in Hilly Regions of India

The architecture on hills always seems to be beautiful, attractive and soothing to eyes of the people, but there is a challenge for architects and structural engineers for planning, design and construction of these buildings. The planning and design of buildings in a hill settlement is a tedious and challenging task due to difficult terrain, steep gradient, adverse climatic conditions, rich flora and proneness to natural hazards. Numerous multi-storied buildings with contemporary materials and techniques are being constructed in different hill settlements without respecting the context, which affect health and wellbeing of residents and cause severe damage to sensitive fragile environment in and around hill settlements. The building regulations, which are enforced in hill settlements to regulate development and minimize its ill impacts on environment, are contextually not appropriate and lead to contextually inappropriate development and environmental degradation in environmentally sensitive hill settlements. Since vernacular practices are proven to be sustainable, therefore it is essential to take lessons from sustainable vernacular practices for new development and formulation of building regulations for achieving contextually appropriate and sustainable development in hill settlements. This paper analyses the planning, design and construction considerations of buildings in hilly regions in India. In this paper qualitative research method has been used. The systematic literature review of the construction systems of the hilly regions have been explored through internet and secondary data from relevant published academic literature from journals articles and research papers.

Utilizing Drones to Restore and Maintain Radio Communication During Search and Rescue Operations

The ability of rescuers to maintain contact with incident command (IC) and each other is a critical component of search and rescue (SAR) operations. When rescuers lose radio communication with operation leaders, the effectiveness of operations may be substantially affected. This often occurs owing to the limitations of standard communications equipment in difficult terrain or when victims are beyond line-of-sight. This study investigates the viability of using an aerial drone-repeater system configuration to restore and maintain radio communications between IC and deployed rescuers. SAR operators in Southern Utah identified 10 areas where radio communication is compromised during live rescue operations. Trained SAR personnel were deployed to these areas in a mock exercise. After confirmed loss of communication, a repeater-equipped aerial drone was piloted 122 m above IC to restore communication. Once restored, communication was assessed at regular intervals for the duration of the mock deployment. In all 10 areas tested, communication was successfully restored. In all cases, once communication was restored, no additional loss of radio contact occurred. The time between communication loss and restoration across the 10 scenarios was 6.5±1.1 (4.4-9.3) min (mean±SD with range). This method of restoring radio communication among SAR personnel could drastically improve the ability to assist victims and help mitigate the risks faced by rescuers. SAR leaders should be made aware of the useful applications of drones during SAR operations, especially in instances where communication is compromised.