Difficult Economic Conditions Research Articles

Legal regulation of the cost of legislation

In lawmaking, there are situations when draft normative legal acts do not reach the entry into force stage. In some cases, the reason is non-compliance with formal requirements, poor elaboration of the act, and in some cases, incorrect calculations or inexpediency of expenses. A large number of changes are often made to already adopted regulations in order to correct previously incorrect decisions, as well as adjust the financial security of their implementation. These situations are aggravated by various circumstances, including, for example, difficult economic conditions and the international situation, calling for a compromise between costs and regulatory effectiveness. Such problems and circumstances show the importance of studying the cost of legal regulation, one of the aspects of which is the study of the normative consolidation of rules regarding the determination of the cost of law-making and the implementation of accepted norms. Based on this, the subject of this study is normative legal acts that establish the need to study and fix the costs of law-making and the costs associated with planning the implementation of norms, as well as the requirements for the content of the financial and economic justification as an accompanying document of the draft normative legal act. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the significant importance and the real need for regulatory legal consolidation, the assessment of the costs of lawmaking is not regulated anywhere. On the contrary, the requirements for estimating the planned costs of legal realization are regulated in a variety of subordinate regulatory legal acts and in most cases these provisions are duplicated. Regulatory impact assessment and actual impact assessment are currently carried out in relation to business entities and other economic activities and only in relation to costs arising in connection with the fulfillment of regulatory requirements.

Bacillus thuringiensis promotes systemic immunity in tomato, controlling pests and pathogens and promoting yield

AbstractPlant pathogens and pests pose an increasing threat to worldwide food security. To improve and strengthen food security under increasingly difficult environmental, economic, and geopolitical conditions, the prospect of using microbial biocontrol agents becomes increasingly desirable. One of the most studied, and commercially used, biopesticide microorganisms is the entomopathogenic, gram-positive, soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). While Bt has been known for many years as an insecticidal microorganism and used extensively in agriculture, its possible anti-phytopathogen and plant growth-promoting activities have received comparatively limited attention thus far. Here, we examine the ability of Bt to promote systemic immunity in tomato plants. We investigate how Bt influences plant immunity and disease resistance against several fungal and bacterial plant pathogens, as well as several arthropod pests. In order to determine which component of Bt (i.e., Bt spores or pure crystals) is responsible for the observed effects on pathogens or pests, we dissected the different fractions present in a commercial preparation and assessed their effects on pest and pathogen control. As previously reported in the Bt literature, our results indicate that proteins produced by Bt are likely the primary acting components against pests. In the case of pathogens, however, it appears that both the Bt spores and proteins directly act against pathogens such as the fungus Botrytis cinerea. Bt Spores and produced proteins also both induce plant immunity. Understanding the different Bt mode of action mechanisms will help in developing cost-effective and safe plant protection strategies for enhancing food security. Taken together, our findings suggest that Bt could be used in broad-spectrum pest and disease management strategies. Pending validation in agricultural settings, Bt products on the market could have additional uses in sustainable pest management and plant growth promotion.

An Examination of the Characteristics and Interests of Undergraduate Students in Entrepreneurship

The Malaysian government has developed many programmes to encourage entrepreneurial activities among university graduates, aiming to provide them with the necessary information, skills, and mindset to start successful and enduring firms. Despite these efforts, the rate of graduates involved in entrepreneurship remains low. With the rising unemployment rate in the country, worsened by the difficult economic conditions following the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to promote business endeavours. This study aims to assess students' understanding and approval of entrepreneurship-related topics in connection to their personal entrepreneurial tendencies and characteristics due to the pressing nature of the issue. 252 undergraduate students took part in the study by filling out self-administered questionnaires. The study showed a significant link between individuals' perception of their own expertise and their willingness to embrace entrepreneurship-related matters, which in turn impacts students' tendencies and traits associated to entrepreneurship. The pupils showed a strong inclination towards entrepreneurship, displaying characteristics such as open-mindedness, excellent cooperation, self-motivation, and a competitive spirit. These insights will help colleges develop entrepreneurship programmes to provide students with more entrepreneurial education and inspire them to pursue business opportunities.

Kodumaalt lahkumise põhjuste kajastumisest Abhaasia eestlaste rändenarratiivis: kurja mõisniku kuju

When adapting to a new host country, one of the most important issues is social belonging – the question on what basis people feel a sense of belonging. This is a question of group identity. Group identity is based on the group’s shared history and especially on myths of common and special origins. In the narratives of the Estonians of Abkhazia, the main reason for emigration is the difficult economic conditions in the old homeland. These stories are recorded in the written memories and village chronicles of the inhabitants of the Estonian settlements in the Caucasus, which date back to the 19th and 20th centuries, but they can be heard orally even today, because the stories have been heard from parents and grandparents. Both in earlier writings and in today’s oral presentations, the conditions in the old homeland of Estonia are depicted as poor, sometimes quite unbearable. An important figure in these stories is an evil and arrogant German landlord who oppressed the ancestors of the settlers. The first chapter of the article shows the historical background of the confrontation between the Estonian peasants and the German landlords in Estonia and how it was at least partially realized as an emigration movement under the influence of the peasant laws of the 19th century. The topic of the evil landlord was taken by the Estonian settlers to the settlements in Caucasus – these were stories told from personal experiences with the landlords. The formation and transmission of stories from generation to generation as founding narratives was facilitated by the opposition between Estonians and Germans in the Estonian national discourse. The second chapter focuses on the texts that reflect landlord-peasant conflicts in Estonia at the time of emigration – the texts of the leading figures of the national awakening movement in the school- and history books. These texts also influenced the developing identity of the Estonian colonists. The article then discusses the stories about the evil landlord told in various Estonian settlements on the Black Sea coast and finally the meaning of these stories in the formation of social belonging.

Portrait of Poverty in Palu and Paku, Usaha Samad, and Si Sapar by Utuy Tatang Sontani: Literary Sociology

This research analyzes the portait of poverty depicted in three short stories of Utuy Tatang Sontani: “Palu and Paku, “Usaha Samad”, and “Si Sapar”. The focus of this research is social conflict, injustice, and the interaction between the characters in the context of poverty. The short story “Palu and Paku” tells about the life of a pedicab driver who faces a challenge to maintain his dignity in the midst of difficult economic conditions. “Samad’s Effort” tells the story of the persistence and struggle of a street vendor trying to escape poverty. And in “Si Sapar”, Utuy talks about the poverty of street children and how poverty can affect a person’s life from an early age. This research deeply discusses the depiction of poverty in Utuy Tatang Sontani’s literary works and how literature functions as a social reflection that reflects social reality. The findings in this study are expected to contribute to the development of literary sociology and raise awareness of social issues in literature and society in general, especially regarding poverty.

El poeta español Pedro Herreros (1890-1937) en el espacio editorial y literario de Buenos Aires

The autobiographical marks that traverse the poetic work of Pedro Herreros show the gaze of an emigrant who, in difficult economic conditions, adapted himself to living at the beginning of the 20th century during the expansion of modern capitalism in Buenos Aires. The correspondence he had with his close friend, the Argentine cartoonist Antonio Bermúdez Franco, still unpublished, shows some of the strategies that the Spanish poet used to publish his work and be part of literary and publishing circles that would give him the desired recognition. Through both documentary sources, which have served as a methodological guide, we show the difficult economic conditions that Herreros endured and some of the resources he used to make his way into the literary world.

Edukasi dan Skrining Kesehatan Berbayar Sampah di Gang Dodol

The main focus of the service was to understand and address inequalities in access to health amidst difficult economic conditions. The service objectives include improving the community's understanding of health and providing low-cost health screening services by paying with waste. This service is carried out with health education by counseling and screening, to see the impact of education, interviews are conducted using a questionnaire. The results showed that the community better understood the importance of preventive health. The waste-based health screening program creates a new institution in the payment of health services. The service shows that this creative method can improve access to health and change healthier lifestyles. Potential for sustainable social transformation and community awareness. This study adds to the literature on innovation in community service and paves the way for similar strategies in communities facing similar problems. This program shows great progress towards a healthier and more capable Gang Dodol community.

СКЛАДОВІ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ФІНАНСОВО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ СТІЙКОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТОРГІВЛІ

The article emphasizes the importance of financial stability for the effective functioning of enterprises in difficult economic conditions. The authors indicate the need to develop flexible financial strategies and adapt to changing market conditions, thereby ensuring long-term stability and growth of enterprises. An important aspect in this context is the financial stability of enterprises, which is defined as their ability to adapt to changes in the external and internal environment, predict risks and ensure the stability of operations. The financial stability of the enterprise requires not only the presence of effective financial plans, but also the use of rational approaches to attracting and using capital, ensuring sufficient profitability and optimizing internal processes. Strategic financial management in this context has several key directions: management of the formation of financial resources, strategic management of investments and management of financial stability. It is important that enterprises have access to reliable and up-todate information that allows them to respond in time to changes in the economic environment and make balanced management decisions. The activity of trade enterprises can be quantified using a set of indicators, including both general performance indicators and indicators related to the use of specific resources. Special attention is paid to the analysis of financial stability, which includes the assessment of the current state of the enterprise, the identification of development trends and the development of strategies aimed at achieving the desired financial indicators. The financial stability of a trade enterprise depends on both external and internal factors. In particular, it is influenced by such external factors as the general economic situation, market dynamics, competitive environment, as well as internal factors, which include the company's financial policy, its organizational structure, and others.

PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER CANOLA IN THE CONDITIONS FG “VROZHAYNE” OF VINNYTSIA OBLAST

The article provides measures to improve the intensive technology of growing winter rapeseed with a high level of adaptability for specific growing conditions when using a fertilizer system; the latest research and publications were elaborated; objectively assessed the importance and relevance of the study of the optimization of the main nutrients in order to achieve high performance indicators of winter rapeseed. The results of the study of the effect of different rates of mineral fertilizers on the formation of seed yield of the highly productive domestic winter rapeseed hybrid Hulk were analyzed. It has been established that mineral fertilizers are currently the basis for intensive technologies and play the most significant part in the cost structure of winter rapeseed cultivation technology. In today's difficult economic conditions, it is especially necessary to pay attention to the application of phosphorus fertilizers, because the provision of the soils of Ukraine with phosphorus fertilizers does not exceed 10% of their need, which poses a threat of soil degradation and a decrease in the productivity of agricultural crops. It has been established that winter rapeseed is particularly picky about the level of nitrogen nutrition. The highest efficiency is the application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil in the form of KAS. Foliar feeding, effective only to eliminate nutrient deficiencies in the plant. The main method of providing plants with trace elements can be foliar feeding, which improves the availability of nutrients and reduces feeding costs. It is recommended to apply complex mineral fertilizers SUPERFOSFAT Makosh (P37Са62S60В0,4Zn0.4) + КАС64 in spring on frozen soil + microfertilizer AminoAlexin, at the rate of 1,0 l/ha in the stem formation phase + Vuksal Microplant 1,5 l/ha in the budding phase of winter rape, which will allow to obtain the yield of winter rape seeds at the level of 3,94 t/ha.

The nature of agricultural imports in Iraq and their impact in economic growth during the period 1990-2022

The research aims to determine the impact of agricultural imports and some other variables in economic growth, in which the values of agricultural imports X1, the foreign exchange rate X2, the inflation rate X3, and the population X4 were adopted as independent variables in order to measure their impact on the dependent variable of economic growth in Iraq Y. The standard model was estimated through testing the stability of the data series and for all variables and it was found that the variables have settled at the first level of the data and the first difference to them. Therefore the ARDL model was chosen to indicate the balanced relationship between imports and economic growth in the short and long term, and it was shown through the results of the research that there is a common long-term complementary relationship between economic growth and import components included in the standard model. The results confirmed that Iraq is one of the countries that have gone through difficult economic conditions and a state of political instability, turmoil, wars and economic blockade. Which caused a slowdown in its economic growth rates. The results of the unit root test showed that most of them are stable after taking the first difference, and the study found a joint integration and a long-term equilibrium relationship between the components of imports and economic growth. The results of the study showed that the impact of agricultural imports is significant and positive in economic growth. But their value indicates that the local market is not satisfied with the total agricultural products and this was consistent with economic theory and consistent with the objectives of the research. We recommend employing import revenues in a way that serves economic growth and reduce excessive imports of consumer and luxury goods. In order to be more positive in influencing economic growth, and facilitating import restrictions of raw materials and machinery to serve agricultural production capacities with attention to the agricultural sector and work to develop its production quantitatively and qualitatively and commensurate with the needs of the Iraqi economy. And research for other sources that contribute to increasing national income and thus raising the rate of economic growth.

Case study of cost efficiency in selected business entities in Poland in light of current economic conditions

Motivation: Current economic conditions, including, but not limited to, the rising inflation rate, changes in electricity prices or changes in tax law significantly affect the manner of operation of business entities in Poland. The economic impact of these changes varies greatly depending on the type of business, industry or economic sector represented. These changes are also reflected in the level and structure of the entities’ own costs — primarily in the when considering costs by type. The multitude of changes that Polish companies now face also indicates the importance and relevance of the concept of effective cost management in these difficult economic conditions. Therefore, the need to adapt the business to the peculiarities of the new economic reality created the basis for a thorough identification of cost information needs coming in from the cost accounting systems used in companies. This became one of the prerequisites for undertaking research on evaluating the usefulness of cost accounting systems used in business entities for effective management of their costs.Aim: The purpose of this article is to analyze and assessment the cost effectiveness of selected entities representing production, commercial and service activities in the context of recent changes in economic in Poland.Results: The main conclusion of the analysis is that the current economic conditions have a significant impact on the level and structure of own costs in business entities. Therefore, these entities need specialized economic tools to improve the efficiency of their cost management. It is because the traditional full-cost accounting system used by most business entities in Poland is proving to be inadequate in this regard.

Opinion Leader Strategies in Preventing HIV/AIDS Transmission among Commercial Sex Workers in Bongsuwung Prostitution Area in Yogyakarta

This research was conducted in response to the increasing cases of HIV/AIDS in Yogyakarta, particularly those caused by heterosexual groups, with a focus on the Bong Suwung prostitution area. The objective of this research is to understand the strategies employed by opinion leaders in suppressing the transmission of HIV/AIDS among commercial sex workers in that area. This research uses a qualitative method involving observation, interviews, and documentation, revealing two types of strategies - general and specific - involving steps such as routine health check-ups, affordable condom distribution, regular meetings, socialization, and the establishment of specialized associations. There are challenges in conducting this research, including low education, difficult economic conditions, age factors, and social stigma. Intensive approach strategies that are relevant to the theory of social penetration proved successful in building close relationships with sex workers, enabling them to receive more effective information and care. This research underscores the importance of collaboration with various stakeholders in HIV/AIDS prevention efforts, addressing social stigma, and establishing deeper relationships with HIV/AIDS patients. These actions are essential to tackle the complexity of this issue and minimize the spread of HIV/AIDS in prostitution areas like Bong Suwung.

The Impact of National Financing Initiatives on SMEs: An Applied Study

The relationship between financing programs and national initiatives and small projects has been studied, and it has been shown that there is a strong relationship between them, These programs and initiatives aim to enable the people, especially young people and women, to implement small projects that contribute to providing job opportunities, income, and vocational education, and to provide economic solutions and new ideas that contribute to the growth of the overall economy, as well as handicrafts and crafts. They contribute to enhancing financial freedom and the ability to control family economic decisions and change the income map in the neediest areas. The study emphasizes the importance of providing scientific, technical, and material support to project owners and workers, providing training and simulation opportunities, and transferring expertise. The study also indicates that investment incentives contribute to the stability of small projects and improve their ability to compete, and directly affect the ability of small projects to exist and survive in difficult economic conditions. In addition, the study found that the support provided by comprehensive and integrated support, consulting and training services is essential for the success of small projects, as most of these projects depend on skills that require training, simulation and transfer of expertise. The study also showed the importance of investment incentives in creating a strong impact on the stability of small projects and the surrounding community. Therefore, it can be said that integrated and comprehensive support is a key factor for the success of small projects and the achievement of the desired economic and social goals. Keywords: Funding initiatives – Small and medium enterprises – The Egyptian environment

The Impact of National Financing Initiatives on SMEs: An Applied Study

The relationship between financing programs and national initiatives and small projects has been studied, and it has been shown that there is a strong relationship between them, These programs and initiatives aim to enable the people, especially young people and women, to implement small projects that contribute to providing job opportunities, income, and vocational education, and to provide economic solutions and new ideas that contribute to the growth of the overall economy, as well as handicrafts and crafts. They contribute to enhancing financial freedom and the ability to control family economic decisions and change the income map in the neediest areas. The study emphasizes the importance of providing scientific, technical, and material support to project owners and workers, providing training and simulation opportunities, and transferring expertise. The study also indicates that investment incentives contribute to the stability of small projects and improve their ability to compete, and directly affect the ability of small projects to exist and survive in difficult economic conditions. In addition, the study found that the support provided by comprehensive and integrated support, consulting and training services is essential for the success of small projects, as most of these projects depend on skills that require training, simulation and transfer of expertise. The study also showed the importance of investment incentives in creating a strong impact on the stability of small projects and the surrounding community. Therefore, it can be said that integrated and comprehensive support is a key factor for the success of small projects and the achievement of the desired economic and social goals. Keywords: Funding initiatives – Small and medium enterprises – The Egyptian environment

Развитие регионального предпринимательского сектора в нестабильных экономических условиях

The article analyzes the state of the domestic entrepreneurial sector in the challenging environment of moder-nity, the development of which was “undermined” due to the COVID-19 pandemic and sanctions pressure. The authors analyzed the volume of financing of business support programs in the Samara region based on the data of the Unified Register of small and medium-sized businesses. The conceptual model for the consistent development of the business assistance fund in the context of the implementation of the main activities in diffi-cult economic conditions has been formed, which makes it possible to increase the speed of managerial deci-sion-making. The regional Center for Business Cooperation of Small, Medium and Large Enterprises was pro-posed for implementation, the work of which is aimed at the integration of competencies in the development of new products in the conditions of import substitution and their promotion in the market. The authors see the main task of the new structure in uniting manufacturers, suppliers and developers of import-substituting prod-ucts, as well as employees of scientific laboratories specializing in economic developments.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC POLICY IN ENSURING PUBLIC HEALTH

A healthy population is the key to the long-term development and existence of any state. Therefore, one of the important tasks of the state is the development and implementation of relevant policies aimed at maintaining and strengthening the health of all segments of the population. The purpose of this study was to determine the role, influence and instruments of public policy for the preservation and promotion of public health. During the study, a retrospective analysis of the literature data, as well as the legal framework of Ukraine in the field of maintaining the health of the population, was performed. Adequate policies that may have an impact on the health of the population are implemented through ensuring the population's access to medical care; social protection measures; education and through economic aspects. The mechanism for implementing policies to ensure public health includes institutions and organizations that form the policy and interaction of all participants to implement policies, as well as regulatory and legal documents through which these initiatives are actually implemented. Today Ukraine is in difficult social and economic conditions. There is a negative trend in the health of the population. However, despite this, Ukraine implements policies to preserve and improve the health of the population by joining the global process of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals; adoption of the Law of Ukraine “On the system of public health”, which is aimed at protecting and strengthening the health of the population, preventing diseases, improving the quality and increasing life expectancy, ensuring the sanitary and epidemic well-being of the population; development of regulatory documents on priority areas for the development of the healthcare sector for the period up to 2025.

Socio-Economic Development of Ethnic Minority in Lai Chau Province

Very small ethnic minorities are ethnic groups with a population of less than 10,000 people. Currently, the whole country has 16 ethnic minorities with very few people (Si La, O Du, Brau, Ro Mam, Pu Peo, Cong, Mang, Bo Y, Lo Lo, Co Lao, Ngai, Lu, Pa Then, Chut, La Ha, La Hu), living scatteredly in 32 provinces and cities across the country. The common point of the very few ethnic minorities is that most reside in particularly difficult areas, the "poor core" of the country. In Lai Chau, there are 3 ethnic groups: Cong, Mang, La Hu, 3 ethnic groups with extremely few people and extremely difficult economic conditions. Requires strategic attention from Lai Chau province during the period of integration and development.

The impact of compliance, board committees and insider CEOs on firm survival during crisis

This study investigates the relationship between internal corporate governance mechanisms and firm survival during a financial crisis. Using a sample of FTSE 350 listed companies for the time period 2003–2010, our results show significant differences in the corporate governance mechanisms of firms that survived and those that failed during the 2007–2009 financial crisis. The findings indicate that compliance with the UK Corporate Governance Code is negatively associated with the survival of firms when they experience exogenous shocks. However, the existence of insider CEOs and a higher number of board committees in organisations increase the chances of survival during an economic downturn. These findings have policy implications and show that non-compliance with a prescribed code of corporate governance does not necessarily lead to poor governance. Moreover, the establishment of extra board committees and CEO succession planning are shown as important dynamics in firms' strategic decisions, as they have implications for the survival of firms during difficult economic conditions.

The impact of work stress on teachers' performance in the Republic of Chad The city of Absha as a model In the period between (2021/2022)

This study was conducted in the city of Absha in the year 2022 with the aim of identifying the factors that cause work pressures on the performance of teachers at the secondary level in the period between 2021 and 2022 AD, the researchers used the descriptive analytical approach in this study of the social and economic conditions that cause work pressures. Absha researchers used the percentage scale and the arithmetic mean to measure the effect of work pressure on teachers' performance
 The most important results:
 
 The social and economic conditions cause pressure on the professionalism of teachers.
 The difficult economic procedures and conditions are among the factors that do not help reduce the level of professional pressures at work among teachers.
 
 Most important recommendations:
 
 It is necessary to stand by the teacher and help him deal with the various pressures.
 Taking into account mental health and adapting to new work conditions so that he can assume his social responsibilities in preparing generations for a better future, which has become more urgent than before, especially in the field of education.
 Consoling the teacher when he needs it in some social circumstances such as (family, friends, the large community that lives around him)
 Working to improve their living conditions and helping them raise the level of the material return they receive monthly in proportion to the requirements and the high standard of living within the community .

Trends of the development of unit investment funds under sanctions

Objective: to identify promising areas of research, limitations and factors of UIF market development in order to elaborate methodological recommendations for the management of UIF assets.Methods: content analysis and systematization of materials published in scientific journals and analytical publications; review of scientific literature, vertical and horizontal analysis, trend and coefficient analysis, correlation and regression analysis. Results: the development of the collective investment institution in Russia is characterized by certain features. Despite difficult economic and geopolitical conditions of the recent years, retail investors show considerable interest in unit funds. Against the background of COVID restrictions, active development of remote services, and aggressive marketing of management companies, the number of shareholders has increased significantly. The paper analyzes the main trends in the development of UIF market in 2018-2022; the main factors of the development of collective investments are formulated. It was determined that the key factors hindering the development of this market are the low level of financial literacy of retail investors, the poor quality of UIF portfolio management, leading to losses for unit holders, and the increased risks as a result of the sanctions burden on the Russian financial market. Based on the study results, the basic recommendations are formulated that may contribute to the development of the market and improve the quality of managing the assets of unit holders.Scientific novelty: a review of research on the unit funds effectiveness was conducted, as a result of which it was determined that research on the collective investment market as such is poorly represented, and the problems of the market efficiency under sanctions are not considered. The main challenges and limitations of the collective investment institution development under the current economic conditions are formulated: (1) digitalization of the financial sector, (2) blocking of foreign assets, (3) low level of financial literacy of the population. Recommendations were made for the UIF market development:(1) legal regulation of the transparency of funds, (2) creation of a system of assignment of claims on the unit holders’ assets, (3) creation of a system of remuneration for the UIF success with active investment strategies strategies.Practical significance: the main results of the work can be used in the practical activities of managing companies in the management of unit investment funds under uncertainty of the environment.