Form Of Differentiation Research Articles

Customer Cognitive Appraisals of Differential and Dynamic Pricing

This study examines the mechanisms of cognitive appraisal theory in the context of dynamic pricing. The aim is to investigate the differences in cognitive appraisals by comparing dynamic pricing and simpler forms of price differentiation, as well as differences in appraisals between goods and services. The reactions examined in one qualitative and one quantitative study are the customers’ feelings of being exploited, price complexity perceptions, and intentions to spread online word-of-mouth (eWOM). The qualitative results indicate that customers are less aware of dynamic pricing for goods than services and that there is a strong feeling of being exploited, which can lead to negative word-of-mouth. The quantitative results support these findings as customers react more negatively to dynamic pricing than to simpler forms of differential pricing. For goods, intentions to spread eWOM are mainly driven by feelings of being exploited, while for services, the main effect runs through price complexity perceptions.

Approaches to the plane landscapes altitudinal organization study

Terrain elevation variations (absolute and relative) play a special role in the organization of plain landscapes. They are most clearly observed in the form of zonal landscape vertical differentiation. Vertical relief transformation leads to formation of altitudinal landscape systems, which are dynamically and morphologically united groups of landscapes. They have a common altitudinal position and genesis under the influence of horizontal and vertical physiographic process. We have analyzed the influence of relative and absolute altitudes on morphometric parameters of the land surface as well as indicators of landscape-forming processes and textural terrain indicators, and so identified altitudinal landscape systems of different dimensions. A well-studied region in terms of landscape science, the Central Black Earth region, was the case study area. As a result of the study, we revealed spatial patterns in (i) the indicators of horizontal and vertical terrain ruggedness in relation to the absolute terrain altitudes at the level of landscape, and (ii) the morphometric indicators of terrain, landscape-forming processes and landscape shapes at the local level.

Institutional Mechanisms for Generating Educational Inequalities

The article is dedicated to one of the fundamental social problems – the problem of inequality in the field of education and the mechanisms of its reproduction. The author's view of the problem is related to understanding the evolution of the institute of education in the light of the accompanying scientific discourse, which usually starts with the issue of equal access to educational resources, and then emphasizes on discussing the possibilities for equality of educational outcomes. The author traces several main stages that reveal the progressive movement of the institutional nature of education, especially in the direction of expanding its accessibility, openness and efficiency, which at the same time remains firmly embedded in the existing system of stratification. Attention is paid mainly to the analysis of the way in which the institutional instruments in the form of selection and differentiation are materialized in the complex mechanisms and realities of the pedagogical process and contribute to the exacerbation of educational inequalities.

Analyzing an Unconventional Success Story Chick-fil-A Fast Food Restaurants in the USA

The U.S. fast-food chain Chick-fil-A, Inc. has prospered financially and scored multiple rankings at or near the top of its industry by using unconventional management practices, including some that appear to be drawbacks. This paper attempts what previous academic research has not: a thorough analysis of Chick-fil-A’s practices and policies, looking at how they might function as “success factors” and how the company has turned apparent disadvantages into advantages. The practices and policies include an unusual approach to franchising, a limited menu, private ownership, absence of global expansion, a distinctive focus on customer service and employee relations, and an explicitly Christian corporate culture. Chick-fil-A’s success, with a business model that does not fit the mold of other fast-food chains, makes the company a promising subject for further research by anyone wishing to study unconventional forms of differentiation for competitive advantage.

A Clinicopathological Study of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors- At a Tertiary Care Center

Aim: To study the clinicopathological profile in Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors (MPNST).
 Study Design: A retrospective descriptive study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, Saveetha medical college and hospital, Chennai, between June 2016 and May 2021.
 Methodology: A complete enumerative sampling of all the MPNSTs received at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital over a five-year period was done which included 9 cases (4 men, 5women; age range (19-66 years). The details were obtained from the records in the Department of Pathology. The demographic parameters, clinical and histomorphological data were tabulated and analysed.
 Results: Nine cases of MPNSTs were received in our hospital during the study period. In our study a female preponderance was noted, with late thirties being the median age of presentation. Extremities and trunk were the most common sites. Two rare lesions involving the pancreas and mesentery were reported. 4 cases had underlying Neurofibromatosis (NF1). The average tumour size was 8.8cm, with majority having a tumour size >5cm. Histomorphologically most cases showed hypo and hypercellular areas composed of spindle cells with wavy nuclei arranged in interlacing fascicles with increased mitotic activity and tumour necrosis. Two cases showed epithelioid differentiation and three had heterologous elements in the form of glandular differentiation or rhabdomyoblastic differentiation.
 Conclusion: MPNSTs are very rare tumours accounting for 6% of soft tissue sarcomas and have a very aggressive course. Details of the clinical presentation and careful histomorphological typing of these tumours are essential for identifying and treating them.

СОСТОЯНИЕ КОЖИ ПРИ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОМ ЗАРАЖЕНИИ ОВЕЦ КОНТАГИОЗНЫМ ДЕРМАТИТОМ

As a result of the study, it was found that with contagious pustular dermatitis, the damage affects the epidermis and dermis of the skin. The most severe damage is recorded in the epidermis on day 9, fragments of organelles and viroplast clusters are observed in the cytoplasm. On the 22nd day, regenerative and regenerative processes prevail in the epidermis and dermis, in the form of proliferation, cell differentiation and organization of intercellular substance.

Gendered infrastructure and liminal space in Delhi’s unauthorized colonies

This paper takes an embodied approach to the lived experiences and everyday politics of liminal neighborhoods and infrastructures in Delhi’s unauthorized colonies, which lack official entitlements to networked infrastructures such as water and sewerage. Bringing a feminist political ecology lens to critical infrastructure studies, I show how gendered social relations, subjectivities, and the unequal experience of urban liminality are tied to accessing water and its fragmented infrastructures beyond the network. In particular, liminal infrastructural space is produced in unauthorized colonies through not only these neighborhoods’ quasi-legal status and unequal access to urban water, but also through gendered discourses and the socially differentiated ways water infrastructures are co-produced, managed, and made livable by residents. As water is primarily accessed beyond the network via tubewells and tankers, I demonstrate how these fractured modalities ultimately constitute gendered infrastructural assemblages that enable water’s circulation across neighborhoods but also serve to deepen forms of gendered marginality and differentiation. Here, gendered infrastructural practices and labor to negotiate and supplement fragmented components of water infrastructure shape subjectivities and possibilities for social relations and urban claims-making. These infrastructural assemblages expose both the situated experience of urban liminality, as well as its transcendent possibilities.

HISTOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR PECULIARITIES OF TERMINAL DUCT IN THE WOMAN'S MAMMARY GLANDS

The development of a woman's mammary glands occurs during the fertile age. It is during this period that the glands are subject to morpho-functional changes in the form of proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium in the parenchyma and elements of the stroma as response to the action of many stimulating physiological factors of the body. There changes have a tendency to be repeated several times during the woman's reproductive age. There is enough in-depth knowledge about the object of the cyclic effect of sex hormones in the woman's mammary glands. This study will expand knowledge about the important morphological state of the terminal ducts of the mammary glands before pregnancy and childbirth that can be of great importance in determining the histogenesis of possible pathomorphological changes in the gland of a dyshormonal and neoplastic nature. The aim of the study was to investigate the molecular characteristics of the parenchyma of the terminal ducts of the mammary glands of a non-pregnant woman of reproductive age. The study was carried out on autopsy material of 192 micro-incisions of breast tissue samples from 8 women who died of infectious diseases. Karyometry with the definition of the logarithm of the volume of the nuclei of the parenchymal elements in the structures of the terminal ducts was performed; histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical research methods were applied. The study identified histogenetic series of the epithelial lining in the parenchyma of the terminal ducts of the mammary gland; applying immunohistochemical markers enabled cytotyping of the epithelial elements of these ducts, as well revealing certain functions of the terminal ducts of the mammary glands before pregnancy and childbirth.

Theorising liminal states of health: A spatio‐temporal analysis of undiagnosis and anticipatory diagnosis in the shadow of toxic pollution

AbstractThis paper demonstrates how greater engagement with liminality – as a concept and lived experience – can expand scholarly conceptualisations of health/disease in contaminated spaces. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Sri Lanka's dry zone between 2013 and 2017, I focus on residents' encounters with chronic kidney disease diagnosis in a region where the causes of illness are uncertain, the consequences of disease are often deadly, and the possibilities of developing sickness in the future are both unpredictable and ever‐present. Specifically, I examine how residents of kidney disease hotspots negotiate various attempts to categorise them as being, or not being, healthy in ways that give rise to experiences of liminality. Building on work in feminist disability studies, I conceptualise “undiagnosis” and “anticipatory diagnosis” as two such liminal states of health that reconfigure medical and social practices in the dry zone. As part of this analysis, I explain why residents are so reluctant to get screened for kidney disease and demonstrate how they strategically mobilise moments of “undiagnosis” to resist patient subjectivities and prolong existing lifeways. I then turn to a discussion of anticipatory diagnosis, which describes the practice of re‐classifying residents of disease hotspots who are not yet sick as embodying the potential to become ill at any time. Frequently deployed by the state, medical practitioners, and non‐dry zone communities, I demonstrate how this practice collapses categories of “at‐risk” and “diseased” in external categorisations of residents' future health status. In short, liminality comes to be embodied through the constant anticipation of disease despite uncertainty about who will actually become sick and why. Tying these experiences together, I elucidate how geography matters to the constitution of liminal states of health and crucially demonstrate how this liminality helps reproduce place attachments as well as forms of geographic differentiation in the shadow of toxic contamination.

Looking at the future from the periphery of the system: low-ability grouping and educational expectations

ABSTRACT Extant research has observed that educational expectations are malleable and adjust in response to educational inputs such as the position in a stratified level of education. Examining two distinct forms of curricular differentiation introduced in the comprehensive Spanish educational system (low-ability grouping programmes), I study whether two identical 15-year-old students with the same academic performance would differ in their educational expectations if one of them was diverted into these programmes. I use the 2018 PISA database and Entropy Balancing to balance the distribution of variables that confound the relationship between low-ability grouping and expectations. Results indicate that being diverted into a low-ability group exerts a substantial effect on the vertical and horizontal expectations about Upper Secondary and Tertiary Education. Programmes based on a simplification of the general curriculum mainly condition horizontal expectations (academic vs vocational education), while pre-vocational programmes also shorten the educational plans of participants. Therefore, the effects associated with the educational position of the student are not exclusive of highly stratified systems and other forms of curricular differentiation in otherwise highly comprehensive systems can be influential in the reconfiguration of educational expectations.

Social capital in the urban context: Diversity and social contacts in Chilean cities

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between social capital and neighborhood diversity in Chilean cities. We propose that differences exist between hierarchical forms of diversity, which might erode social trust, and cultural differences that might foster new social links in heterogeneous communities. In Chile, strong material inequalities represent the main form of hierarchical differentiation, while south-to-south immigrants convey qualitative differences based on race, ethnic origin, or cultural practices. In contrast to most Western industrialized countries, where material and ethnic differences tend to converge, they appear to be uncoupled in Chile, explaining the presence of immigrants at different levels of the social hierarchy. We analyze original data from a Latin American country with high domestic inequality. Multilevel models nested at the city level reveal that social capital is negatively correlated with socioeconomic diversity, but positively correlated with immigrant diversity, suggesting that uncoupling these differences has a positive effect on social capital development.

Impact of COVID-19 on small community-based tourism businesses: diversification of opportunities and threats in modern Africa

The article unpacks the pathways through which community-based tourism ventures can diversify. We argue that diversification can involve products, services and markets and it can take place at a geographic level (macro), community level (meso) and enterprise (micro) levels. This hierarchisation provides possibilities for diversification. The outbreak of COVID-19 has encumbered the growth and viability of tourism enterprises but may open new pathways through which firms can respond to its negative effects. Using secondary information available in extant literature, the article unpacks the impact of COVID-19 on four African countries to analyse the impacts and the mitigatory interventions that were implemented. The conducted study found out that Small Micro and Medium Enterprises were hard hit by the Corona virus such that jobs and incomes were lost with the possibility that some may firms may never open again given the inability to trade during lockdowns imposed by governments in response to the pandemic and inability to pay rent and debt. In response, governments established relief funds to assist firms to cope with the pandemic. We consider that enterprises can diversify and innovate as a copying mechanism with diversification taking the form of differentiation of the product offerings - by combining say carpet weaving and silkworm harvesting with marketing being done at community level. In sum, diversification is important for risk aversion and wading off competition.

Provincializing planning: Reflections on spatial ordering and imperial power

This paper takes the development of the British town planning movement as its starting point to explore a series of challenges for the discipline’s historiography. The emergence of the professional field involved the circulation of ideas beyond the metropolitan core to colonial territories with spatial interventions that were deemed both physically and morally beneficial. The paper explores the role played by the discipline in developing spatialized forms of ethnic and racial differentiation within colonial territories. I conclude that British planning has largely ignored its own historiography, including the colonial legacy, enabling the discipline to assert its role as a socially progressive profession.

Novel improved fractional operators and their scientific applications

The motivation of this research is to introduce some new fractional operators called “the improved fractional (IF) operators”. The originality of these fractional operators comes from the fact that they repeat the method on general forms of conformable integration and differentiation rather than on the traditional ones. Hence the convolution kernels correlating with the IF operators are served in conformable abstract forms. This extends the scientific application scope of their fractional calculus. Also, some results are acquired to guarantee that the IF operators have advantages analogous to the familiar fractional integral and differential operators. To unveil the inverse and composition properties of the IF operators, certain function spaces with their characterizations are presented and analyzed. Moreover, it is remarkable that the IF operators generalize some fractional and conformable operators proposed in abundant preceding works. As scientific applications, the resistor–capacitor electrical circuits are analyzed under some IF operators. In the case of constant and periodic sources, this results in novel voltage forms. In addition, the overall influence of the IF operators on voltage behavior is graphically simulated for certain selected fractional and conformable parameter values. From the standpoint of computation, the usage of new IF operators is not limited to electrical circuits; they could also be useful in solving scientific or engineering problems.

Diabolical perspectives on healthy morality in times of COVID-19

PurposeThe paper combines the systems theoretical perspective on the evolution of societal differentiation and the emergence of codes in communication. By combining the approach by Niklas Luhmann with a historical theology on the development of Christian morality split between God and Devil, it recreates a sociological point of observation on contemporary moral forms by a temporary occupation of the retired Christian Devil.Design/methodology/approachThe article combines a Luhmannian systems theoretical perspective on the evolution of societal differentiation with a concept of emerging codes in communication. The latter is based on on the development of a Christian view of morality being split between God and Devil. It establishes a sociological point of observation on contemporary moral forms through the temporary invocation of the retired figure of the Christian Devil.FindingsThe proposed perspective develops a healthy perspective on the exuberant distribution of a health(y) morality across the globe during the pandemic crisis of 2020–21. The temporary invocation of the retired Christian Devil as point of departure in this sociological analysis allows for a disturbing view on the unlimited growth of the morality of health and its inherent dangers of dedifferentiating the highly specialised forms of societal differentiation and organisation.Originality/valueBy applying the diabolical perspective, the analytical framework creates a unique opportunity to observe the moral encodings of semantic forms in detail, while keeping the freedom of scientific enquiry to choose amongst available distinctions in the creation of sound empirical knowledge. This article adopts a neutral stance, for the good of sociological analysis. The applications of the term “evil” to observations of communication are indifferent to anything but itself and its qualities as scientific enquiry.

The role of crystal heterogeneity in alkali feldspar dissolution kinetics

Intrinsic heterogeneities of crystals almost always impose challenges on the investigation of dissolution kinetics. In the case of the incomplete solid solution series of alkali feldspars, additional complexity to the wide range in chemical composition and crystallographic characteristics is introduced in the form of chemical differentiation at low cooling temperatures. In this paper, we use direct measurements of intact crystal surfaces to quantify the dissolution rate of an alkali feldspar, providing details unavailable to powder dissolution experiments alone. In particular, we show how complex intergrowth textures characteristic of feldspars may play an important role in terms of how these minerals dissolve.By means of a comprehensive experimental and analytical framework using Raman coupled vertical scanning interferometry (Rc-VSI), atomic force microscopy (AFM), light microscopy (LM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), detailed information on heterogeneities in surface reactivity, morphology, chemistry, structure and texture of the dissolving surface are provided. The combination of spatially resolved qualitative and quantitative data revealed significant differences both in absolute rates and rate distributions associated with the potassium- and sodium-rich compositional compounds of which the latter dissolved slower with less dispersion in rates than the former. Whereas the spatial dissolution rate variances could not be explained by compositional differences between the two distinct feldspar phases alone, surface reactivity was successfully shown to vary with unique properties of the surface texture as well. A close relationship between enhanced dissolution and defect site distribution was observed, which critically depends on intergrowth geometry and phase internal twinning patterns. These observations are of great importance to any kind of experimental study and modeling approach which aims to improve the understanding of the dissolution kinetics of chemically and crystallographically complex materials.

Branding fashion muslim (studi analisis brand wearing klamby)

The halal industry in Indonesia is undergoing development. This is supported by 87.17% of Indonesia's population are Muslims. One of the growing industries is the Muslim clothing industry. Modest fashion, a term for fashion trends with a more polite and closed fashion concept. One of the famous Muslim fashions is Wearing Klamby. A local fashion brand from Yogyakarta whose collections have local content. This paper aims to see how Muslim fashion branding is used by Wearing Klamby. During of competition in the Muslim fashion business, branding is an important thing as a form of differentiation with other products, Brand can give life to a product. Branding Wearing Klamby as a product that loves the country is shown with the tagline " The Beauty Indonesia in your daily wear". WearingKlamby is one of the strong fashion products in its Branding. This paper uses a qualitative method with descriptive type with analytic using 7 principles of Fashion Branding according to Bruno Hasson. The data was obtained from social media and news. The results of this paper show that Klamby uses 7 principles of Fashion Branding Bruno Hasson in forming Muslim fashionbranding Wearing Klamby including creating a logo that Stands Out, Building Myths about Brands, Creating evocative Events, using celebrity endorsers, making members as living brand, and do it your way. The existence of the brand can form brand loyalty to consumers Wearing Klamby.

Вплив інтраназального введення дофаміну на сприйняття запаху у щурів з нігростріатною недостатністю

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in finding early predictors of Parkinson’s disease. In this regard, it is worth noting the olfactory dysfunction, which is associated with the death of neurons in the structures of the limbic system of the brain and a decrease in dopamine levels in the striatum. It was found that most patients with Parkinson’s disease have a clear olfactory dysfunction in the form of impaired differentiation and identification of odors. It has been suggested that the use of low doses of dopamine in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease will stop the progression of central nervous system disorders. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of intranasal administration of small doses of dopamine on the early manifestations of fine motor skills and olfactory sensory system function in nigrostriatal dysfunction in rats. Materials and methods. The experiments were performed on 2 groups of animals (n=14) with nigrostriatal dysfunction, which was modulated by partial bilateral electrical damage to the compact part of the substantia nigra. Stereotactic coordinates of the substantia nigra area were determined from the brain maps of rats by Fifkova and Marshall (quoted by Buresh), which corresponded to the distance from the point of intersection of the sagittal suture with bregma: F=5.5 mm, L=1.7 mm, H=9.0 mm. Rats of the first group (n=8) were intranasally administered with small doses of dopamine, and rats of the second group (n=6) were a comparison group. The fine motor skills of the forelimbs and the functional state of the olfactory system were studied when rats were presented with different odorants: emotionally positive (isovaleric acid) and emotionally negative (lemon essential oil) odorants. Results and discussion. The dynamics of the development of nigrostriatal dysfunction revealed a decrease in coordinated motor activity of the forelimbs, muscles of the oral pole and tongue and increased olfactory sensitivity to emotionally negative odorant (lemon essential oil) and loss of 40% of animals’ olfactory sensitivity to emotionally positive isovaleric odor. Conclusion. Prolonged intranasal administration of low doses of dopamine for 10 days to rats with nigrostriatal dysfunction resulted in a 26.2% increase in the activity of fine motor skills of the forelimbs, oral poles and tongue. In these rats, recovery of olfactory sensitivity to the perception of the smell of emotionally negative odorant was found. The action of the emotionally positive stimulus of isovaleric acid revealed an increase in olfactory sensitivity in 75% of animals to the level of baseline values and a decrease in the threshold of sensitivity to it, which was reflected in an increase in the number of approaches and time of odorant research

PRINSIP-PRINSIP DAN KARAKTERSITIK HUKUM ISLAM

Islam with its legal instruments has standard standards. The principles and characteristics of Islamic law are these standards. Patented sharia law provides guidance and special footing as a form of differentiation with legal products in general. The formula of Islamic law has a standard that is both vertical and horizontal. This paper will discuss more fully about the principles and characteristics of Islamic law. The idea in this paper uses a literature review, based on several related literatures, and then constructed in a structured and orderly manner. The principles and character of Islamic law will always remain and will never change. However, in reality, it will give rise to many interpretations and heremeneutics, especially when it collides with social conditions that continue to develop. The strength of the characteristic principles of Islamic law makes Islamic legal products (fiqh) always contextual and dynamic.

Uzbekistan – A Region of World Society? Variants of Differentiation in Agricultural Resources Governance

AbstractThis article studies the layered coexistence and mutual shaping of three forms of differentiation (functional, segmentary, hierarchical) in rural Uzbekistan, a region of world society that, since 1991, is undergoing tremendous processes of socio-economic transformation and change. More precisely, we analyse the evolving governance of land, water and agricultural support services (knowledge & advice) in the Uzbek province of Khorezm, where currently three types of farms utilise various social practices to navigate a complex and partly opaque environment marked by various forms of differentiation, each posing different opportunities, threats and coordination mechanisms (institutions). In doing so, the article builds on Rudolf Stichweh’s considerations of world society’s structural patterns, its ‘Eigenstructures’ as well as Niklas Luhmann’s conceptualisation of world society’s autopoietically closed function systems. Based on ethnographic research, we argue that the mobilisation of patron-client relationships, a complex system of coercive reciprocity and a trilogy of formal, strategic and discursive practices are widely employed to cope with the coexistence of an undermined layer of functional differentiation and reaffirmed/reinvented segmentary and hierarchical identities. We argue that the skilful navigation by local actors between these different differentiation forms and their demands, embodies a short-term adaptation strategy that is likely to hamper a (re-)crystallisation of autonomous functional domains. Hampering functional differentiation jeopardises long-term change adaptation.