Differential White Blood Cell Research Articles

Sex differences in plasma metabolites in a guinea pig model of allergic asthma.

Sex seems to be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. This study aimed to find sex-related differences in metabolome measured by hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR) spectroscopy in healthy and ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized guinea pigs. Adult male and female animals were divided into controls and OVA-sensitized groups. OVA-sensitization was performed by OVA systemic and inhalational administration within 14 days; on day 15, animals were killed by anesthetic overdose followed by exsanguination. Blood was taken and differential white blood cell count was measured. Left lung was saline-lavaged and differential cell count in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured. After blood centrifugation, plasma was processed for (1)H NMR analysis. Metabolomic data was evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA). Eosinophil counts elevated in the BALF confirming eosinophil-mediated inflammation in OVA-sensitized animals of both sexes. Sex differences for lactate, glucose, and citrate were found in controls, where these parameters were lower in males than in females. In OVA-sensitized males higher glucose and lower pyruvate were found compared to controls. OVA-sensitized females showed lower lactate, glucose, alanine, 3-hydroxy-butyrate, creatine, pyruvate, and succinate concentrations compared to controls. In OVA-sensitized animals, lactate concentration was lower in males. Data from females (healthy and OVA-sensitized) were generally more heterogeneous. Significant sex differences in plasma concentrations of metabolites were found in both healthy and OVA-sensitized animals suggesting that sex may influence the metabolism and may thereby contribute to different clinical picture of asthma in males and females.

Phytochemicals and Haematological Studies of Aqueous Crude Extract of Whole Plant of Euphorbia heterophylla Administered to Wistar Albino Rats

Changes in blood parameters are often triggered when toxic doses of plant extracts are administered to animals thereby calling for the haematological studies. Standard techniques were used for the phytochemical and haematological studies. Tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols, reducing sugars and saponins were found in the aqueous crude extract obtained from Euphorbia heterophylla. Dosage increment of the aqueous extract from 10-600 mg/kgbw led to increments in all the haematological parameters (Total white blood cell, red blood cell, packed cell volume, red blood indices, platelets and differential white blood cell) checked in the blood of the experimental Wistar albino rat.The implication of this study is that the extractcan be used as therapeutic agents and the haematological parameters were dose-dependent.

Haematological and serum biochemical indices of growing female pigs fed dietary Spondias mombin leaf meal

Blood serves as physiological indicator of assessing quality of feed offered to an animal, their health status and body functionality. An experiment was carried out to evaluate the haematological and serum biochemical profiles of growing female pigs fed diets with varying levels of Spondias mombin leaf meal (SMLM). Sixteen growing female pigs weighing 10.5 to 14.0 kg were randomly allotted to four treatments supplemented maize feed ingredient with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% in two phases of feeding with Spondias mombin leaf meal w/w in a Completely Randomized Design with four animals per treatment and replicated twice. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters were assessed. The results show that Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Platelets and White Blood Cell (WBC) differentials were similar (p>0.05) in mean values, except for Hb which in T4 was significantly (p<0.05) different from other treatments in Hb (p<0.05). There were similarities in mean values of serum biochemical indices across treatments, except albumin and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) values in T3 indicating SMLM inclusion improves serum protein synthesis giving rise to more tissue formation. From this study, supplementation of SMLM up to 5.0% maize in growing female pigs’ diet have no deleterious effect on physiological health status and has potential to improve tissue development of animals.

Spleen function is reduced in individuals with NR5A1 variants with or without a difference of sex development: a cross-sectional study.

NR5A1 is a key regulator of sex differentiation and has been implicated in spleen development through transcription activation of TLX1. Concerns exist about hypo- or asplenism in individuals who have a difference of sex development (DSD) due to an NR5A1 disease-causing variant. We aimed to assess spleen anatomy and function in a clinical cohort of such individuals and in their asymptomatic family member carriers. Cross-sectional assessment in 22 patients with a DSD or primary ovarian insufficiency and 5 asymptomatic carriers from 18 families, harboring 14 different NR5A1 variants. Spleen anatomy was assessed by ultrasound, spleen function by peripheral blood cell count, white blood cell differentiation, percentage of nonswitched memory B cells, specific pneumococcal antibody response, % pitted red blood cells, and Howell-Jolly bodies. Patients and asymptomatic heterozygous individuals had significantly decreased nonswitched memory B cells compared to healthy controls, but higher than asplenic patients. Thrombocytosis and spleen hypoplasia were present in 50% of heterozygous individuals. Four out of 5 individuals homozygous for the previously described p.(Arg103Gln) variant had asplenia. Individuals harboring a heterozygous NR5A1 variant that may cause DSD have a considerable risk for functional hyposplenism, irrespective of their gonadal phenotype. Splenic function should be assessed in these individuals, and if affected or unknown, prophylaxis is recommended to prevent invasive encapsulated bacterial infections. The splenic phenotype associated with NR5A1 variants is more severe in homozygous individuals and is, at least for the p.(Arg103Gln) variant, associated with asplenism.

Effect of Carica papaya (paw-paw) aqueous leaf extract on the growth, haematological parameters and the liver enzymes of Clarias gariepinus juveniles

It is common practice to use herbs to supplement for fish feed and as a way to trap fish during fishing expeditions. The use of these plant materials causes more harm than good in aquaculture species because of lack of knowledge of the side effects. The study was to find acute toxicity of the lethal dose (LD50) of Carica papaya leaf extract on Clarias gariepinus juveniles, hematological parameters, weight changes, liver enzymes. A total number of 200 C. gariepinus juveniles were used for the study. Juveniles were grouped into 5 groups for acute toxicity with different extract concentrations; 290.95 mg/l, 529.00 mg/l, 767.05 mg/l, 1005.10 mg/l, and 1243.15 mg/l. Based on the result of acute toxicity tests, assessment of sub-acute toxicity test was made, using different extract concentration; 290.00 mg/l, 502.50 mg/l, 714.15 mg/l and 925.75 mg/l. Administration of extract lasted for 28 days behavioural changes were observed in the experimental animals at the 96 h static bioassay. Weight were observed, specific growth rate was the lowest in 925.75 mg/l and the control. Hematological assay showed changes in the packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) as they were significantly increased in comparison to the control. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) showed no response except on day 7 when it declined significantly in fish exposed to 290.0 mg/l of extract. The white blood cell differentials and liver enzymes-alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were unaffected. The increase in red blood cell may be indicative that leaf extract of Carica papaya may have anti-anaemic properties. The absence of changes in the white blood cell and liver function enzymes, may be indicative that C. papaya leaf extract has no toxic effect on the juveniles.

COVID-19 screening in low resource settings using artificial intelligence for chest radiographs and point-of-care blood tests

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems for detection of COVID-19 using chest X-Ray (CXR) imaging and point-of-care blood tests were applied to data from four low resource African settings. The performance of these systems to detect COVID-19 using various input data was analysed and compared with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests. Participants were tested using the gold standard of RT-PCR test (nasopharyngeal swab) to determine whether they were infected with SARS-CoV-2. A total of 3737 (260 RT-PCR positive) participants were included. In our cohort, AI for CXR images was a poor predictor of COVID-19 (AUC = 0.60), since the majority of positive cases had mild symptoms and no visible pneumonia in the lungs. AI systems using differential white blood cell counts (WBC), or a combination of WBC and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) both achieved an AUC of 0.74 with a suggested optimal cut-off point at 83% sensitivity and 63% specificity. The antigen-RDT tests in this trial obtained 65% sensitivity at 98% specificity. This study is the first to validate AI tools for COVID-19 detection in an African setting. It demonstrates that screening for COVID-19 using AI with point-of-care blood tests is feasible and can operate at a higher sensitivity level than antigen testing.

Abstract 15497: Association of Blood Cell-Based Inflammatory Markers and C-Reactive Protein With Mortality in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients: Analysis From the ATLAS ACS-TIMI 46 Trial

Background: Inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The comparative performance of blood cell-based inflammatory markers in mortality prediction among ACS patients remains unclear. Methods: In this multinational, double-blind, phase 2 trial, patients with recent ACS were randomized to receive rivaroxaban or a placebo. The relationship of inflammatory markers (including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio [PLR], lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio [LMR], systemic immune-inflammation index [SII], and C-reactive protein [CRP]) with 6-month all-cause mortality was assessed using logistic regression, and the optimal cut points were determined by the Youden index. The discriminative performance of the combinations of inflammatory markers was compared by the c statistic. Results: A total of 2918 patients were analyzed. A higher risk of mortality was observed in patients with elevated NLR (≥3.691; OR=3.732; 95% CI=1.930 to 7.217; p<0.0001), elevated PLR (≥14.18; OR=2.915; 95% CI=1.447 to 5.873; p=0.0028), decreased LMR (<3.125; OR=3.179; 95% CI=1.643 to 6.152; p=0.0006), elevated SII (≥875.7; OR=2.494; 95% CI=1.285 to 4.840; p=0.0069), or elevated CRP (≥26 mg/L; OR=3.435; 95% CI=1.771 to 6.662; p=0.0003). The discriminative capacity of CRP plus NLR (c statistic=0.7326) was greater than CRP or NLR alone (c statistic=0.6444 and 0.6443) but not significantly affected by further inclusion of PLR, PLR plus SII, or PLR plus SII plus LMR into the model (c statistic=0.7430, 0.7412, and 0.7406) (Figure 1). Conclusion: NLR calculated from differential white blood cell count provides incremental prognostic value to CRP in predicting mortality among ACS patients. Future studies may consider NLR and CRP conjunctively in constructing mortality risk assessment models.

PSIV-28 Evaluation of Possible Interactions Between Platelets and Neutrophil in Cow Blood

Abstract Neutrophils have a central role in the inflammatory response and fight infection. Platelets are essential for hemostasis and thrombosis and fighting vascular damage. Studies in man show that the interaction between these cells can modulate their function. We aimed to assess the effect of possible relationships between the platelet count in whole blood on neutrophil activation. Blood samples (50 mL) from five clinically healthy Holstein Friesian cows at the NC A&T Dairy research unit were collected. Differential white blood cell counts were conducted using a VetScan (Zoetis). Neutrophils were isolated through differential centrifugation and hypotonic lysis of red blood cells. Duplicate samples of neutrophils were maintained in phosphate-buffered saline for 30 minutes at 37 °C. The total and viable neutrophil count was evaluated using TC20 (Bio-Rad). Samples were centrifuged. The supernatant was used to determine the concentration of total secreted protein using the Bicinchoninic acid assay (Pierce). Enumeration of bovine blood platelets and white blood cells was accomplished using the Vetscan study found that there was no significant difference observed in the total cell count or percent viability in neutrophils between the five cows (P > 0.05). However, protein concentration showed a significant change between animals. Correlations between total platelet count, neutrophil count, viability, and protein secretion were evaluated. No correlation was found between neutrophil count, protein secretion in isolated neutrophils and concentration of platelets in whole cow blood. The number of circulating platelets was not related to neutrophil viability or protein secretion. This approach can be used in further investigation using imaging and is needed to evaluate the effect and functional consequences of interactions between platelets and neutrophils in cow blood.

Prognostic Value of Serum Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and SUVmax in Stage I and II Colon Cancer.

This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of primary colon cancer and serum neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and to assess the prognostic value of SUVmax and serum NLR in stage I and II colon cancer patients. In this retrospective study a total of 128 patients with pathologically confirmed stage I and II colon cancer diagnosed between January 2014 and December 2017 were included. All patients underwent F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts before surgery. The correlations between SUVmax and NLR were assessed. The prognostic value of SUVmax and NLR for predicting recurrence-free survival (RFS) was investigated. The mean NLR was 2.2 ± 1.2, and the mean SUVmax of primary tumor was 15.2 ± 7.9. There was significant correlation between NLR and SUVmax (rho=0.2, p=0.02). Mean follow-up period was 59.8 ± 19.2 months and 12 patients experienced a recurrence. In univariable analysis, NLR (p=0.0084, HR=5.0223, 95% CI=1.5117-16.6853), C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.021, HR=4.1115, 95% CI=1.2380-13.6551), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) (p=0.0134, HR=4.2683, 95% CI=1.3519-13.4766), and Kirsten ras sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) mutation (p=0.0338, HR=3.4703, 95% CI=1.0998-10.9499) were significant prognostic factors for the recurrence. In multivariable analysis, NLR (p=0.0256, HR=4.1155, 95% CI=1.1887-14.2490) and CA19-9 (p=0.0257, HR=4.139, 95% CI=1.1880-14.4200) were independent prognostic factors for the recurrence. Significant correlation was observed between SUVmax of primary colon cancer and serum NLR. Furthermore, in the multivariable analysis conducted on early colon cancer cases, NLR and CA19-9 were found to be independently associated with RFS. This suggested that NLR could be used as a supplementary tool for identifying patients at high risk of recurrence in early colon cancer. However, SUVmax was not associated with prognosis, suggesting that it cannot be used for predicting prognosis in early colon cancer.

Neutrophilia is more predictive than increased white blood cell counts for short-term mortality after liver transplantation in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure.

Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a life-threatening disease that requires urgent liver transplantation (LT). Accurate identification of high-risk patients is essential for predicting post-LT survival. The chronic liver failure consortium ACLF score is a widely accepted risk-stratification score that includes total white blood cell (WBC) counts as a component. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of total and differential WBC counts for short-term mortality following LT in patients with ACLF. A total of 685 patients with ACLF who underwent LT between January 2008 and February 2019 were analyzed. Total and differential WBC counts were examined as a function of the model for end-stage liver disease for sodium (MELD-Na) score. The association between total and differential WBC counts and 90-day post-LT mortality was assessed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. The total WBC counts and neutrophil ratio were higher in patients with ACLF than in those without ACLF. The neutrophil ratio was significantly associated with 90-day post-LT mortality after adjustment (hazard ratio [HR], 1.04; P = 0.001), whereas total WBC counts were not significantly associated with 90-day post-LT mortality in either univariate or multivariate Cox analyses. The neutrophil ratio demonstrated a relatively linear trend with an increasing MELD-Na score and HR for 90-day post-LT mortality, whereas the total WBC counts exhibited a plateaued pattern. Neutrophilia, rather than total WBC counts, is a better prognostic indicator for short-term post-LT mortality in patients with ACLF.

Effects of black cumin, fenugreek, and sesame seeds as a mixture on performance, intestinal morphology, and blood traits of broilers under chronic heat stress conditions

This study aimed to investigate the impact of a seed mixture (SM) (black cumin, fenugreek, and sesame) on broiler chickens’ performance, intestinal morphology, and blood traits under chronic heat stress conditions. 330-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were divided into five treatments (6 replicates and 11 birds per each) consisting of a corn-soybean supplemented with 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6% SM for 45 days in a completely randomised design. 6% SM supplementation increased body weight (BW) at 45 days of age, average weight gain (AWG) at 26-45 days, and total rearing period under heat stress conditions (p < 0.05). Adding 3% SM to broiler diets increased average feed intake (AFI) at 26-45 and 1-45 days, feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 12-25, and the mortality rate decreased from 28.8% (0% SM) to 12.1% (6% SM) (p < 0.05). Adding SM had no significant effects on the relative weight of carcase segments and internal organs (p > 0.05) except for the duodenum, which increased weight and length at the level of 6% (p < 0.05). The red blood cell (RBC) count and haemoglobin were elevated in chicks inoculated with 3% and 6% SM, respectively (p < 0.05). The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) value increased following the supplementation of SM, while differential white blood cell (WBC) counts did not influence. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT) activity declined in chicks that received 6% SM at 45 days of age (p < 0.05). SM supplementation decreased liver steatosis, uric acid, glucose, total protein, and lipid profile concentrations of serum (p < 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that adding SM to the broiler diets at 6% level significantly improves broiler performance, blood traits, and liver health under chronic heat-stress conditions.

Epstein-Barr in a Patient Presenting with Right Upper Quadrant Pain: A Case Report from the Emergency Department

BackgroundRight upper quadrant abdominal pain and elevated cholestasis blood tests are usually associated with bacterial calculous cholecystitis. However, viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can also manifest with a similar clinical picture and is an important differential diagnosis. Case ReportThis case report discusses a young woman presenting to the emergency department with acute right upper quadrant abdominal pain. The initial assessment revealed a positive Murphy's sign, elevated white blood count, and a cholestatic pattern on liver function tests, leading one to suspect bacterial calculous cholecystitis and initiating antibiotic therapy. However, clinical examination also revealed tonsillar exudates and differential white blood cell count revealed monocytosis and lymphocytosis rather than a high neutrophil count. The patient tested positive for EBV. Furthermore, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging revealed gallbladder wall edema with no gallstones, leading one to conclude that the clinical manifestation and laboratory results were due to an EBV infection. Antibiotic therapy was ceased and the patient did not require surgical intervention. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?Calculous bacterial cholecystitis usually entails antibiotic therapy and cholecystectomy. It is important to be aware of the differential diagnosis of EBV, as it usually does not require either of these and resolves spontaneously.

Mitigation of Benzene-Induced Haematotoxicity in Sprague Dawley Rats through Plant-Extract-Loaded Silica Nanobeads.

Benzene, a potent carcinogen, is known to cause acute myeloid leukaemia. While chemotherapy is commonly used for cancer treatment, its side effects have prompted scientists to explore natural products that can mitigate the haematotoxic effects induced by chemicals. One area of interest is nano-theragnostics, which aims to enhance the therapeutic potential of natural products. This study aimed to enhance the effects of methanolic extracts from Ocimum basilicum, Rosemarinus officinalis, and Thymus vulgaris by loading them onto silica nanobeads (SNBs) for targeted delivery to mitigate the benzene-induced haematotoxic effects. The SNBs, 48 nm in diameter, were prepared using a chemical method and were then loaded with the plant extracts. The plant-extract-loaded SNBs were then coated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The modified SNBs were characterized using various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The developed plant-extract-loaded and CMC-modified SNBs were administered intravenously to benzene-exposed rats, and haematological and histopathological profiling was conducted. Rats exposed to benzene showed increased liver and spleen weight, which was mitigated by the plant-extract-loaded SNBs. The differential white blood cell (WBC) count was higher in rats with benzene-induced haematotoxicity, but this count decreased significantly in rats treated with plant-extract-loaded SNBs. Additionally, blast cells observed in benzene-exposed rats were not found in rats treated with plant-extract-loaded SNBs. The SNBs facilitated targeted drug delivery of the three selected medicinal herbs at low doses. These results suggest that SNBs have promising potential as targeted drug delivery agents to mitigate haematotoxic effects induced by benzene in rats.

An Observational Study Comparing the Effects of Chloroquine and Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy on Hematological Recovery in Patients With Plasmodium vivax Malaria.

Introduction Malaria, a common parasitic disease in tropical regions, produces hematological changes in patients. In the present study, we compare hematologic recovery between the chloroquine and artemether-lumefantrine treatment groups of patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria. Methodology This was a cross-sectional observational study comparing hematological parameters, including total and differential white blood cell counts, and platelet counts between two patient groups: one group with 48 patients receiving chloroquine, and the other with 47 patients receiving the artemether-lumefantrine combination. Both groups received primaquine to combat the hypnozoite stage. Results The rate of platelet count recovery was significantly faster in patients treated with the artemether-lumefantrine combination (p-value 0.002). Rates of recovery of the total white blood cell count and neutrophil count were faster with the artemether-lumefantrine combination, while the recovery of the lymphocyte count was faster in patients treated with chloroquine. However, these changes were statistically insignificant (p-values = 0.69, 0.42, and 0.65, respectively). Conclusion Based on hematological recovery, artemisinin combination therapy may be preferred over treatment with chloroquine in cases of P. vivax malaria. However, factors such as the adverse effect profile, cost-effectiveness, and chloroquine resistance need to be considered for the practical applicability of the same.

Investigations of leukocyte and inflammatory markers in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia

ObjectivesPreeclampsia is a frequent and potentially fatal pregnancy complication. It can be challenging to make a timely diagnosis. Identifying clinically useful biochemical markers would be a remedying tool to support the diagnosis of preeclampsia. The aim was to investigate differential cell counts and acute phase reactants as diagnostic markers of preeclamptic third-trimester pregnancies and in relation to pregnancy term, gravidity and the severity of hypertension. MethodsBased on a cohort of 421 pregnant women, we included 174 participants (case n = 84, control n = 90) during the third trimester. Peripheral blood was sampled to measure differential white blood cell counts and acute phase reactants on the day of inclusion. ResultsThe neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and plasma haptoglobin levels were significantly increased in healthy pregnancies compared with preeclamptic pregnancies. Plasma ferritin levels and albumin levels were respectively increased and decreased in cases of preeclampsia compared with controls. Albumin was specific among multigravida. Plasma transferrin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, in cases with preterm preeclampsia compared with term preeclampsia. ConclusionPlasma ferritin and albumin levels reflected higher inflammation in cases with preeclampsia compared with healthy pregnancies; the same did plasma transferrin and hs-CRP levels in preterm versus term preeclampsia. When considering the normal ranges plasma albumin and hs-CRP levels identified preeclamptic from healthy third-trimester pregnancies and preterm from term preeclampsia cases, respectively, with near-acceptable diagnostic performances. Further validation of the diagnostic value will require larger sample-sized studies with paired plasma and serum samples.

A comparative evaluation of three consecutive artificial intelligence algorithms released by Techcyte for identification of blasts and white blood cells in abnormal peripheral blood films.

Digital pathology artificial intelligence (AI) platforms have the capacity to improve over time through "deep machine learning." We have previously reported on the accuracy of peripheral white blood cell (WBC) differential and blast identification by Techcyte (Techcyte, Inc., Orem, UT, USA), a digital scanner-agnostic web-based system for blood film reporting. The aim of the current study was to compare AI protocols released over time to assess improvement in cell identification. WBC differentials were performed using Techcyte's online AI software on the same 124 digitized abnormal peripheral blood films (including 64 acute and 22 chronic leukaemias) in 2019 (AI1), 2020 (AI2), and 2022 (AI3), with no reassignment by a morphologist at any time point. AI results were correlated to the "gold standard" of manual microscopy, and comparison of Lin's concordance coefficients (LCC) and sensitivity and specificity of blast identification were used to determine the superior AI version. AI correlations (r) with manual microscopy for individual cell types ranged from 0.50-0.90 (AI1), 0.66-0.86 (AI2) and 0.71-0.91 (AI3). AI3 concordance with manual microscopy was significantly improved compared to AI1 for identification of neutrophils (LCC AI3 = 0.86 vs. AI1 = 0.77, p = 0.03), total granulocytes (LCC AI3 = 0.92 vs. AI1 = 0.82, p = 0.0008), immature granulocytes (LCC AI3 = 0.67 vs. AI1 = 0.38, p = 0.0014), and promyelocytes (LCC AI3 = 0.53 vs. AI1 = 0.16, p = 0.0008). Sensitivity for blast identification (n = 65 slides) improved from 97% (AI1), to 98% (AI2), to 100% (AI3), while blast specificity decreased from 24% (AI1), to 14% (AI2) to 12% (AI3). Techcyte AI has shown significant improvement in cell identification over time and maintains high sensitivity for blast identification in malignant films.

Thermostability and Immunostimulatory Activity of Cationic Liposome-based Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine

Cold storage is a huge challenge in maintaining vaccine potency especially in low and middle income countries (LMIC). The aim of this research was to investigate the heat and freeze-thaw stability of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine encapsulated in 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethyl ammonium propane (DOTAP) cationic liposomes as well as its immunostimulatory activity. DOTAP cationic liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration technique and characterized for morphology, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. Experimental birds were challenged with Herts 33 velogenic strain of NDV. Haemagglutination inhibition test was used to assess the formation of antibodies in the birds. The cationic liposomes were further stored at 28 oC or subjected to freeze-thaw cycles for 7 weeks and then assessed for stability using the same parameters of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, antibody titre or differential white blood cell count. Using TEM, the morphology of the liposomes was found to be spherical, and using Malvern Zetasizer, particle size was in the nanosize range. Zetapotential and polydispersity indices were positive and below 0.1. The HI test showed that the DOTAP cationic liposomes stimulated a higher titre of antibodies than the commercial vaccine. Heat and freeze-thaw stability studies after 7 weeks of storage showed slight aggregation and elevated particle sizes and wider distribution. The HI titer was appreciably lower after secondary immunization with the DOTAP cationic liposomes stored at 28 oC but elevated for the product kept at freeze-thaw conditions. The immunized birds were 100 % protected from the virulent strain of NDV. In conclusion, the development of the DOTAP-cationic liposomes encapsulating NDV vaccine administered orally was found to be more stable under freeze-thaw conditions than when it was exposed to heat for 7 weeks. The liposome-based vaccine had more immunostimulatory effects than the commercial sample.

A-144 Three-wavelength Polarization Imaging Method for the Analysis of Individual Human Blood Cells With Dye-Enhanced Dispersion of Dilution Buffer

Abstract Background Performing basic hematology analysis in a near-patient setting enables more rapid clinical decision making in the process of diagnosis. Traditional blood analyzers in central labs use a complex combination of sensing principles and chemical modification of the sample to derive the necessary parameters for a complete blood count (CBC). To reduce cost and maintenance, varying approaches have been employed to determine a CBC with a single-step measurement technique. One common option is the use of optical microscopy to deliver highly reliable results, examples are fluorescence microscopy, digital holographic microscopy, or spatial light interference microscopy. However, most of these technologies lack a proper determination of cellular-level RBC parameters. Therefore, a non-interferometric, quantitative-phase measurement technique was developed to derive relevant CBC parameters from a single measurement, comparable to a standard lab analyzer. Methods The optical setup employed by this method enables the parallel acquisition of brightfield and differential interference contrast (DIC) images by polarization-sensitive cameras. By using three cameras with individual optical filters, quantitative phase and absorption information can be calculated, which enables the determination of mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) for red blood cells (RBCs). The whole-blood sample is diluted in a buffer containing a non-cell-penetrating dye to enhance optical refraction contrast and therefore precision in the dependent calculated quantities. The sample is then introduced to a glass flow cell, and the cells are allowed to sediment to the bottom for imaging. Machine learning is applied to the derived images to classify unstained native white blood cells (WBCs) to yield a 5-part differential, which distinguishes between neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil and basophil. The algorithm is trained by imaging FACS-validated, purified WBC subgroups. All blood samples are measured on an ADVIA® 2120 Hematology System for control. Results A one-step, optical CBC hematology system based on quantitative phase and absorption image analysis was developed. The correlations for MCV and MCHC compared to a standard lab CBC analyzer were 0.77 and 0.84. The accuracy for the 5-part differential WBC classification was approximately 0.8. To enable a visual inspection of the classification results, a pseudo-colored image of each cell was generated and uploaded in a review tool. Conclusion With a more-refined, less-expensive optical setup, a high-quality CBC analyzer suitable for use at the point of care can be derived with the presented method. A possible simplification could be the use of low-cost but high-resolution Fourier ptychography microscopy (FPM) technology. Imaging of blood samples on a single-cell level offers the potential for the analysis of even more morphological parameters, for example, disease-related changes in the cell membrane. Also, the adhesion behavior of the WBCs in the glass flow cell could indicate cell activation status and therefore give information about infection processes. *Trademark disclaimer: “ADVIA, and all associated marks are trademarks of Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Inc. or its affiliates. All other trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners.”

Systemic inflammation response index and aggregate inflammation systemic index in male and female cancers: Implication for gender based immunotherapy

&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;/b&gt; Several blood cell ratios have emerged as easy and minimally evasive inflammatory markers of cancer progression and management. Systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) and aggregate inflammation systemic index (AISI), which are reliable indicators of inflammation because they are calculated using more than two immune cells, have not been widely studied. The present study is particularly important in delineating gender-based cancers and to suggest inflammation based therapy.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Methods: &lt;/b&gt;SIRI and AISI were calculated from differential white blood cell counts using automatic hematology analyzer in 50 cervical patients, 50 prostate cancer patients and 61 corresponding controls.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Results&lt;/b&gt;: Mean values of SIRI and AISI were significantly raised in cervical cancer patients and prostate cancer patients compared with corresponding control. The mean white blood cell and neutrophil counts were significantly raised while SIRI, monocyte counts and AISI were significantly reduced in prostate cancer patients compared with cervical cancer patients.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Conclusions&lt;/b&gt;: This study suggests that inflammation is a phenomenon in cervical- and prostate- cancer patients but the impact of inflammation might be more in cervical cancer patients, suggesting that sex hormones might limit the efficacy of broad spectrum single cancer immunotherapy for both sexes.

Clinical Significance of Immature Neutrophils in Relation to Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis Patients

Abstract Background Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a complex type of progressive inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. Prevalence of PsA has been reported 5.8–40.9% among patients suffering from psoriasis. A recent meta-analysis indicated that there is no gender predilection in patients with PsA. It shares genetic and clinical features with other forms of spondyloarthritis and affects different structures of the musculoskeletal system in addition to the skin and the nail. Neutrophils are crucial responders of the innate immune response, but the role played by neutrophils in psoriasis has not been well characterized. This thesis discussed the current understanding of the role and potential mechanisms of immature neutrophils in psoriatic arthritis. Objective To study the relation between immature neutrophils in blood and disease activity in psoriatic arthritis patients. Methods This randomized control trial, done on 50 PsA patients from Physical medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation and Dermatology outpatient clinics of Ain Shams University hospital, included by CASPAR criteria, subjected to full medical history taking and thorough clinical examination with calculation of SPARCC, ASDAS and PASI scores.laboratory evaluation include CBC with differential white blood cell count for Immature Neutrophils percentage, ESR, CRP and Rheumatoid factor.CBC was compared with 20 age and sex matched healthy controls. Results The Immature Neutrophils mean ± SD(%) was found to be 5.99±1.57 in patients and was statistically significantly higher in them than in controls 2.25±1.16(P &amp;lt; 0.037) and it was statistically significantly correlated with disease activity according to ASDAS score, SPARCC, PASI score, ESR, CRP, RBCS, WBCS, Platelets, Enthesitis, Dactylitis, skin and nail affection. Conclusion This study highlighted the role of immature neutrophils as a novel biomarker for disease activity in psoriatic arthritis.