Differential Pulse Polarography Research Articles

Dual Electrochemical Methods for Determination of Anesthetic Procaine

Procaine belongs to a type of medicine in which excessive dosage form creates cardiac problems and many allergenic reactions. Thus, continuous monitoring of this drug and its metabolite is crucial for sustainable health management during treatment. In this study, electrochemical techniques such as square wave voltammetry (SWV) and differential pulse polarography (DPP) are utilized for assaying procaine amounts in standard and pharmaceutical formulations. In SWV, the reduction of diazotized procaine gives a reduction peak at −0.05 V which is directly proportional with procaine hydrochloride concentration, whereas in DPP, the interaction of the drug with lead cation at −0.4 V is followed by the decrease in peak current of the lead cation reduction peak, which is directly proportional with the concentration of the drug. Both methods indicate high accuracy, sensitivity and precision. Linear concentration ranges of both methods are 0.0999–5.996 × 10-7 M for SWV and 0.1999–5.996 × 10-7 M for DPP. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) are calculated for both SWV and DPP techniques, and found that LOD equals 1.984 × 10-9 M and LOQ equals 6.611 × 10-9 M for SWV, while for (DPP) LOD and LOQ were found to be 3.519 × 10-9 M and 1.173 × 10-8 M, respectively.

Evaluation of imprecision in the different detection methods of Zn based on 5 years of data from an external quality assessment program in China

BackgroundThis study examines the imprecision of zinc (Zn) measurements across various clinical detection methods by analyzing the external quality assessment (EQA) data from 2018 to 2022. The findings of this study aim to offer recommendations for enhancing Zn measurements. MethodsParticipating laboratories were grouped into peer categories based on the detection methods. The robust mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of the samples were calculated following ISO 13528 guidelines. The evaluation criteria for optimal, desirable, and minimum allowable imprecision in Zn estimation are 2.50%, 5.05%, and 7.55%, respectively, based on biological variation. Furthermore, the study examined inter-lab CVs, inter-method bias, and the passing rate. The impact of sample concentration on CVs and the pass rate was also investigated. ResultsOver the past five years, 4283 laboratories participated in the EQA program, showing a high pass rate that improved as sample concentration increased. Differential pulse polarography (DPP) demonstrated stable and low CVs (0.61–1.86%). Although differential pulse stripping (DPS) was less stable than DPP, it still exhibited a low CV (0.71–3.10%). Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) performed similarly and displayed stable CVs (2.39–4.42%) within the acceptable range of desirable imprecision (5.05%). However, the CVs for ICP-MS were unacceptable in three out of the five years (5.28–6.20%). In 2022, the number of participating laboratories for DDP, DPS, GFAAS, FAAS and ICP-MS is 131, 35, 35, 820 and 72, respectively. ConclusionThis study provides reliable insights into the imprecision of Zn measurements in clinical laboratories. The findings indicate that additional efforts are required to reduce the imprecision of ICP-MS in Zn measurements.

Ceftazidime Dosage Investigation using Differential Pulse Polarography for Pharmaceuticals

An accurate direct DPP identification of ceftazidime has been made for use in drug discovery and validation. The results showed that a mercury drop of 3 mm3, an acidic medium consisting of a KH phthalate plus HCl buffer solution at pH 2, and 1 ml of NH4Cl, 1 M as a supporting electrolyte were optimal for ceftazidime analysis.Ceftazidime exhibited two peaks, the first at - 0.67V and the second at - 1.06V. For the determination of an unknown concentration, a standard graph of ceftazidime in concentrations ranging from 8.410-6 M to 2.610-5 M was developed. The reliability and accuracy of this technique for analysing the analyte were assessed. For ceftazidime laboratory samples, the SD was 0.1885 and the RSD% did not go above 4.573% at a concentration of 4.6 μg.ml-1, 8.410-6 M, and at a concentration of 8.5 μg.ml-1, 1.510-5 M, the SD was 0.35645 and the RSD% did not go over 4.345%. The peak potential Ep, and the actual number of electrons required for the reduction of ceftazidime are both calculated using the Ilkovic-Heyrovsky equation. The data show that ceftazidime requires five electrons for the reduction reaction to occur. The method has been successfully used to get ceftazidime on the market.Keywords: Ceftazidime, DPP, Analysis.

Furosemide Determination in Pharmaceutical Samples Using Differential Pulse Polarographic method

The research includes the development of a simple, sensitive and accurate differential pulse polarography method for the quantitative determination of furosemide drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and in their pure and commercial forms, the electrochemical behavior using the dropping mercury electrode DME, as well as finding the values of the half-wave potential (E1/2) as a qualitative value, the number of electrons that were transferred and participating in the reduction process. The furosemide drug showed a clear reduction peak at a voltage of (-0.24) volts under optimal conditions. The correlation coefficient for furosemide at a concentration range of (2–24) µg.ml-1 was 0.9969, the LOD and LOQ of the drug were 2.139 and 7.129, respectively, and the average relative standard deviation (RSD) of the drug was 1.41%, with recovery of the f drug 97.58% and (n =5).

Determination of hydrogen peroxide by differential pulse polarography in advanced oxidation processes for water treatment

Knowing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is crucial for the monitoring and optimizing the Fenton reaction in advanced oxidation processes. Several analytical methods exist to determine these concentrations, but their applications can be difficult because of low selectivity (interaction with other metals), the use of toxic compounds, or low concentrations (μmol LmmolL-1). To overcome these problems, we developed a differential pulse polarographic (DPP) method at the dropping mercury electrode (DME) with the following conditions: tg=1.0s, ΔE=−100mV and v=10mVs−1. Calibration curves had very high correlation coefficients (R2>0.999). The limits of detection and quantification were evaluated respectively at 13 and 21μmolL−1 with peak area measurements of hydrogen peroxide reduction (Ap). The DPP method was compared with other analytical methods (iodometric titration and spectrophotometry) for determining at low concentrations of H2O2 (in the order of mmolL−1 to μmol L−1) in Fenton and electro-Fenton processes. The method developed here allows measure low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in Fenton and electro-Fenton processes in acidic solutions (∼3) and the presence of interfering species such as Fe3+ and dissolved oxygen.

Advanced Herbal Technology

Due to their numerous benefits, herbal medications are increasingly attracting people's attention. As treatment options for many disorders, herbal formulations have gained widespread acceptance. Over 80% of the world's population relies on herbal products and medications for a healthy lifestyle, despite the fact that the majority of these uses are unconventional. As the usage of herbal goods has increased, so have the misuse and adulteration of the products, which has disappointed customers and producers and, in some cases, had disastrous results. The creation of reliable analytical techniques that can profile the phytochemical composition with accuracy, including quantitative studies of marker/bioactive chemicals and other important elements, is a significant challenge for scientists. Standardization is a critical essential step in the development ofa quality assurance process, a consistent chemical profile, or simply a constant biological activity for the manufacture and manufacturing of herbal medications. The numerous convectional approaches and more recent advancements are covered in the current review article. Recent developments have been noted in the areas of DNA fingerprinting, metabolomics, differential pulse polarography, chemometrics, X-ray diffraction, etc. Contributions of chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis methods to the standardisation of herbal medicines are also described.

Modern Herbal Technology

People are growing more interested in herbal medicines today because of their numerous advantages. Herbal formulations are now widely recognised as successful therapies for a variety of diseases. More than 80% of people throughout the world utilise herbal items and drugs to maintain a healthy lifestyle, even though the majority of these applications are unusual. A number of product abuses and adulterations have also been brought on by the rising use of herbal products, disappointing consumers and manufacturers and, in some cases, having disastrous outcomes. The development of trustworthy analytical methods that can quantitatively analyse marker/bioactive compounds, other essential elements, and accurately profile the phytochemical composition is extremely challenging for scientists. Standardization is a key step in creating a uniform biological activity, consistent chemical profile, or even merely a quality assurance programme for the production and manufacturing of herbal medicines. The current review article describes various conventional methods as well as more recent developments. In fields including DNA fingerprinting, metabolomics, differential pulse polarography, chemometrics, X-ray diffraction, and others, recent advancements have been noticed. The standardisation of herbal remedies benefits from chromatographic and capillary electrophoresis techniques are also described. Objective: 1. Recognize the origin of herbal drugs in their raw materials, from their cultivation to their finished products. 2. Be familiar with the WHO and ICH guidelines for evaluating herbal medications. 3. Understand natural sweeteners, nutraceuticals, and herbal cosmetics 4. Value GMP and the patenting of herbal remedies

Investigation and Development of Polarographic Method for Pb (II) and Cd (II) Analyses in Oils

In this study, Differential Pulse Polarography (DPP) method was preferred of Cd (II) and Pb (II) levels, which have toxic effects. This method was applied to determine Cd and Pb levels in cold-pressed olive oil brought from 5 different provinces of Turkey. The samples were dissolved in microwave digestion using concentrated HNO3 and H2O2. Analyses were carried out in acetate buffer (pH 4) to which EDTA was added. The LOD for Cd and Pb was found as 0.74, 0.52 µg L-1 and the LOQ was 0.96, 0.82 µg L-1. Additions were made from standard Cd and Pb solutions and the % recovery values were measured as 98 and 99. The relative standard deviation (RSD, %) was found < 5. This method was found to be sensitive to the analyses of two toxic elements in cold pressed olive oil.

Voltammetric trace determination of Vanadium ions and their removal from industrial effluents by using biosorbent

Vanadium is extensively utilized in a variety of industries, including textiles, chemical manufacturing, metal plating, and many more. Pentavalent Vanadium is a highly toxic and carcinogenic substance when present in high concentrations. Therefore, eliminating it from industrial effluents before it can reach any water supply or land is critical. In the present research, the determination of trace V(V) by Differential pulse polarography (DPP) and its removal from industrial effluents by using Annona squamosa leaves as biosorbent has been analyzed. The mercury electrode is used as working electrode for DPP analysis. The reference and auxiliary electrodes were Ag/AgCl and platinum wire respectively. The biosorbent capacity of Annona squamosa leaves were analyzed by using different parameters like pH, concentration, contact time, biosorbent dosage, and temperature. The V(V) showed a sharp DP peak at -1.19V in presence of Ammonia-Ammonium phosphate buffer. The maximum V(V) adsorption was 8.1mg/g and 85%with respect to contact time and concerning temperature respectively. The present study concluded that the determination of V(V) by DPP are in good agreement with that of results obtained from UV-VIS technique. Further the biosorbent so prepared from Annona squamosa leaves is likely to be a cost-effective, economically feasible, and easily available material for removing V(V)from industrial effluents.

Determination of Cr(VI) in Natural and Waste Waters Using Differential Pulse Polarography (US EPA SW-846 Method 7198)

The accurate determination of hexavalent chromium in environmental matrices such as natural and waste waters is crucial for the safety of both human and wildlife populations. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) has put forth SW-846, Method 7198, using differential pulse polarography for determination of Cr (VI) in both, the natural as well as waste waters. In Method 7198, the cathodic peak current resulting from the reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) is measured and the concentration range for this method is listed as 10 ppb to 5 ppm Cr (VI). Using BASi Epsilon Potentiostat that is specifically made for measuring ultra-low current resolutions and a controlled growth mercury electrode (CGME) set-up, the US EPA method 7198 has been successfully optimized in this work for higher detection limits. It is observed that a detection limit of up to 7 ppb can be easily obtained by efficiently managing the interference of iron and Sulphur through a combination of various supporting electrolytes. This work may also become a valuable source of reference information on the behavior of wide variety of electrolytes and their control parameters needed to achieve extremely low detection limits. Figure 1

Determination of Cr(VI) in Natural and Waste Waters Using Differential Pulse Polarography According to U.S. Epa (SW-846 Method 7198)

The accurate determination of hexavalent chromium in environmental matrices such as natural and waste waters is crucial for the safety of both human and wildlife populations. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) has put forth SW-846, Method 7198, using differential pulse polarography for determination of Cr (VI) in both, the natural as well as waste waters. In Method 7198, the cathodic peak current resulting from the reduction of Cr (VI) to Cr (III) is measured and the concentration range for this method is listed as 10 ppb to 5 ppm Cr (VI). Using BASi Epsilon potentiostat that is specifically made for measuring ultra-low current resolutions and a controlled growth mercury electrode (CGME) set-up, the US EPA method 7198 has been successfully optimized in this work for higher detection limits. It is observed that a detection limit of up to 7 ppb can be easily obtained by efficiently managing the interference of iron and sulphur through a combination of various supporting electrolytes. This work may also become a valuable source of reference information on the behavior of wide variety of electrolytes and their control parameters needed to achieve extremely low detection limits. Figure 1

Investigation of Arsenic Content in Field Pesticides Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)

In this study, Arsenic, which is found in the structure of field medicines, was determined by ICP-OES. For arsenic analysis, Turkey was elected four different commonly used pesticides. These pesticides were commercially named A, B, C, and D samples. These samples were solubilized using the appropriate procedure by microwave digestion method. For arsenic determination, 188.980 nm wavelength measurements were made. The determination of the known acid first with ICP-OES was measured at high sensitivity. Arsenic amounts were measured as approximately 0.46 to 0.81 µg/g as the 95% confidence level in the samples and the average of 5 measurements. The validation process of this method was done according to the reference article. The results of the experiment were made with the electrochemical method, differential pulse polarography (DPP), and the results were found to be in agreement.

Trace Determination of Zinc by Differential Pulse Polarography

Trace Determination of Zinc by Differential Pulse Polarography

Determination of Lead and Cadmium Concentrations in the Blood of Workers at the Liquid Battery Factory in Baghdad,Applying Differential Pulse Polarography Method.

The concentrations of Pb2+ and Cd2+ in the blood of 30 persons working in the Liquid Battery Factory in Baghdad were measured applying the Differential Pulse Polarography (DPP) method. It was found that for the majority of the blood samples, the Pb2+ concentration valueswere acceptable and within the acceptable natural limits(10-20µg/100ml).Exceptionsare 4 samples which showed higher lead ion concentrations. The infected persons worked at a location with high lead presence in the factory. As for the measured Cd2+ concentrations, the results for all the blood samples showed normal values, within the defined acceptable concentration (5.4µg/100ml). However, onconsidering the other defined acceptableconcentration, as reported in the literature, (3µg/100ml), three workmen were found, to have higher Cadmium ion concentration in their blood. It was also found that, compared with the calibrated DPP results, themeasured Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) results showed much higher concentration values and should therefore be not acceptable. The measured concentrationsofboth ionswere independent from the age of the workers. Inspections for the presence of Cu2+ ions in the blood samples failed in detecting any traces of it.

Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide by Differential Pulse Polarography in Advanced Oxidation Process

Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide by Differential Pulse Polarography in Advanced Oxidation Process

Method development for the voltammetric determination of nitrite in diverse matrices

Catalytic electroreduction of nitrite ion in presence of thioglycollic acid in ammonium acetate buffer medium shows the posiibility of devising an analytical method for determination of nitrite at low concentration. A wide linear range of 0.9 µg/ml to 9µg/ml was obtained. The limit of quantification was 0.7µg/ml using differential pulse polarography. The method has successfully been applied for the analysis of nitrite content in marine waters and industrial wastes.

Analysis of trace elements in Turkish raki by differential pulse polarography

Analysis of trace elements in Turkish raki by differential pulse polarography

Electroanalytical Investigation of Nimesulide by Differential Pulse Polarography: Method Validation

Nimesulide is a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic drug. In the last eight decades, voltammetric methods has become a popular tool for the study of electrochemical reactions. the electroanalytical behavior of nimesulide using differential pulse polarography techniques. Using this technique, the effect of increasing concentration of nimesulide, scan rate and repetitive scanning on the peak height (Ip) and peak potential (Ep) of each compound will be investigated. The general procedure can be used to obtain DPP Polarogram of nimesulide. A study was carried out using optimum parameters to observe a relationship between Ip and concentration of nimesulide. Precision and accuracy of the method is studied. The developed differential pulse polarography method can be applied for calibration and determination of nimesulide in tablets.

Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Synthetic and Natural Hair Dyes in Morocco Using Differential Pulse Polarography

Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Synthetic and Natural Hair Dyes in Morocco Using Differential Pulse Polarography

Lead Complexation by Humic Acids and Their Analogs: A Voltammetric Study

Differential pulse polarography (DPP) was used to assess the interaction of Pb2+ with various humic acid analogs and several humic acids. DPP analysis demonstrated that the reduction peak maximum (Ep) for Pb2+ shifted to more negative values in the presence of humic acids and humic acid analogs. The observed Ep for Pb2+ in the presence of humic acids and humic acid analogs is influenced by ligand concentration, solution pH and Pb2+ concentration. Shifts in the Ep for Pb2+ are related to the reduction potential and can be rationalized using the Lingane equation.