Differential Leucocytic Count Research Articles

Amentoflavone Mitigates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity: Involvement of -SIRT-1/Nrf2/Keap1 Axis, JAK-2/STAT-3 Signaling, and Apoptosis.

Background and objectives: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is an alkylating agent that is used for the management of various types of malignancies and as an immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of immunological disorders. However, its use is limited by its potential to cause a wide range of pulmonary toxicities. Amentoflavone (AMV) is a flavonoid that had proven efficacy in the treatment of disease states in which oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis may play a pathophysiologic role. This study investigated the potential ameliorative effects of the different doses of AMV on CPA-induced pulmonary toxicity, with special emphasis on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-modulating effects. Materials and methods: In a rat model of CPA-induced pulmonary toxicity, the effect of AMV at two dose levels (50 mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day) was investigated. The total and differential leucocytic counts, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were estimated. Also, the levels of oxidative stress parameters, sirtuin-1, Keap1, Nrf2, JAK2, STAT3, hydroxyproline, matrix metalloproteinases 3 and 9, autophagy markers, and the cleaved caspase 3 were assessed in the pulmonary tissues. In addition, the histopathological and electron microscopic changes in the pulmonary tissues were evaluated. Results: AMV dose-dependently ameliorated the pulmonary toxicities induced by CPA via modulation of the SIRT-1/Nrf2/Keap1 axis, mitigation of the inflammatory and fibrotic events, impaction of JAK-2/STAT-3 axis, and modulation of the autophagic and apoptotic signals. Conclusions: AMV may open new horizons towards the mitigation of the pulmonary toxicities induced by CPA.

Effects of natural and synthetic immunostimulants on growth, feed utilization, immune status, and disease resistance against vibriosis in sea bream (Sparus aurata)

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of black seed (Nigella sativa) and AQUA-IMMUNOPROTECT® on growth, feed utilization, serum constituents, and disease resistance against vibriosis in gilthead sea bream juveniles. The research involved three groups: TC (control) received a basal diet, TSI (received a basal diet with 2% AQUA-IMMUNOPROTECT®), and TNS (received a basal diet with 2% N. sativa). The experiment period extended for 2 months. Results revealed a significant rise in erythrogram (RBCs, HB, and PCV %), leucogram (total differential leucocytic count), serum total protein, and globulin in gilthead sea bream treated with 2% Nigella sativa supplemented diets after an 8-week trial. No substantial variations were found in liver enzymes, urea, uric acid, and creatinine between the groups. Respiratory burst activity was notably greater in the N. sativa group after 2 months of feeding compared to the other groups. In the experimental challenge, the control group experienced higher mortality rates than the other groups following an IP injection of V. harveyi at a dose of 106 CFU per 0.5 ml/fish (106 fish/challenge). Overall, the findings of this research indicate that N. sativa can enhance non-specific immunity and minimize susceptibility and pathogenicity to V. harveyi in gilthead sea bream.

Prevalence of esophageal eosinophilia in patients referred for diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

Background and Aim: Esophageal eosinophilia such as gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are associated with several conditions. Esophagus eosinophilic infiltration characterized the Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). The purpose of the present study was to determine the esophageal eosinophilia prevalence in patients underwent diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 96 male adult patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for unexplained upper GI symptoms in the department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology and Faculty of Medicine, DHQ Hospital Haripur KPK and Type-D Hospital Jamrud District Khyber from June 2022 to November 2022. Patient age>16 years with upper GI symptoms such as nausea, upper abdominal pain, dysphagia, vomiting, and heart burn referred for upper GI endoscopy were enrolled. Individual’s history, demographic details, physical examination, clinical details, laboratory tests such as serum creatinine, CBC, upper GI endoscopy, differential leucocytic count, liver biochemical tests, biopsy, and biopsy staining for histopathological examination were recorded. Data analysis was done in SPSS version 27. Results: Of the total 96 patients, incidence of Esophageal eosinophilia (EE), EoE, and low-grade esophageal eosinophilia was 33.3% (n=32), 5.2% (n=5), and 29.2% (n=28) respectively.

Ameliorative Potential of Donepezil with or without Prednisolone in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats: Involvement of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and the Antifibrotic Pathways.

Background and Objectives: Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is one of the serious complications that may limit the use of bleomycin in cancer therapy. To date, there is no effective remedy for the amelioration of this condition. Donepezil, an anti-Alzheimer's medication, has recently been proven to exhibit potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifibrotic effects. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first study designed to investigate the prophylactic effects of donepezil, either alone or in combination with the classic anti-inflammatory drug prednisolone, in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: This study was carried out on fifty rats, which were divided into five equal groups: control (Saline) group; bleomycin group; bleomycin + prednisolone group; bleomycin + donepezil group; and bleomycin + prednisolone + donepezil group. At the end of the experiments, bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to evaluate the total and differential leucocytic counts. The right lung was processed to assess the oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory cytokines, NLRP3 inflammasome, and transforming growth factor-beta1. The left lung was subjected to histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. Results: The administration of donepezil and/or prednisolone induced a significant amelioration of oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. In addition, these animals showed a significant amelioration of the histopathological changes of fibrosis, together with a significant decline in nuclear factor kappa B (p65) immunoexpression, compared to the group treated with bleomycin alone. However, the rats treated with the donepezil/prednisolone combination showed non-significant effects on the aforementioned parameters compared to the group treated with prednisolone alone. Conclusions: Donepezil may emerge as a promising drug that shows significant prophylactic effects against bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Garlic Extract Enhances the Peripheral Blood Cellular Immune Responses in Male ICR Mice

We investigated the effects of garlic extract on the peripheral blood immune cells in mice treated with the extract for twenty days. The study was carried out on ten male ICR mice. The mice were divided into two groups. The control group received a distilled water and garlic extract group in which the mice received garlic extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg. b.w, for twenty days. Blood samples were collected on day ten and day twenty post inoculation (p.i) for differential leucocytic count (WBCs count and Lymphocytes %) and flowcytometric analysis. In comparison to the control group, garlic extract treatment induced a significant increase in WBCs count and lymphocytes percentage on day 10 and day 20 p.i. Furthermore, garlic extract administration to the experimental mice caused significant increase in the expression percentage of CD4, CD8 and γ-δ T cells when analyzed by flowcytometry on day 10 and increased dramatically on day 20 p.i. The WBCs count and lymphocytes percentage as well as the percentage of the expressed cells increased on day 20 more than their levels on day 10 p.i with a fixed dose of garlic extract. In conclusion, inoculation of garlic extract induced an increase in the immune responses of the cellular immunity in the peripheral blood circulation of mice. Scholars Middle East Publishers

Evaluation of the role of maternal serum high sensitivity C- reactive protein correlation with total and differential leucocytic count in predicting outcome in threatened abortion

Evaluation of the role of maternal serum high sensitivity C- reactive protein correlation with total and differential leucocytic count in predicting outcome in threatened abortion

Sputum bacterial profile and antibiotics sensitivity pattern in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

ABSTRACT Background: Constant microbiologic screening of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is vital to control the possible alteration of pathogens, as well as their antibiotic resistance. Objective: to identify sputum bacterial profile and antibiotics sensitivity in patients with AECOPD aiming to adjust antibiotics use and reduce antibiotics resistance. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients with AECOPD. The total and differential leucocytic count, spirometric-indices, sputum gram stain, sputum semi-quantitative culture using colony forming unit (CFU) were done for all patients. Additionally, assessments of the sensitivity of the isolated pathogenic bacterial species were done for 25 antibiotics by disk diffusion method. Results: by sputum semi-quantitative culture 28% of the studied patients have non-pathogenic bacterial growth (i.e., growth of normal flora) and 72% have pathogenic bacterial growth. Amongthose with pathogenic bacterial growth the isolated bacterial species in descending order were klebsiella (40.3%), staphylococcus aureus (19.4%), pseudomonas (12.5%), streptococcal pneumoniae, E. coli (8.3% each), acinetobacter (6.9%), citrobacter (2.8%) and enterobacter (1.4%). The most predictive factors for bacterial etiology in AECOPD in descending orders were decreased blood eosinophils % (B = - 0.16), increased blood neutrophils % (B = 0.04), increased blood lymphocytes (B = 0.02), and lower FEV1% (B = - 0.01). Levofloxacin was the most sensitive antibiotics (91.7%), followed by amikacin (88.9%), ciprofloxacin (87.5%) and gentamycin (87.5%) then imipenem (81.7%) and ofloxacin (76.4%). On the other hand, linezolid and vancomycin were the most resistant antibiotics (95.8% each), followed by clindamycin and cefotaxime (91.7% each) then colistin sulphate and tetracycline (90.3% each). Conclusion: Gram-negative bacterial species especially klebsiella was the most prevalent organism’s in AECOPD. The isolated bacterial species were sensitive mainly to quinolones, gentamycin, amikacin, and imipenem, while it was mainly resistant to clindamycin, cefotaxime, colistin sulphate, tetracycline.

Study on impacts of direct supplementation of choline into semi-intensive fish culture system based on haematopoietic alterations

The present study investigated the impact of choline chloride at the dose of 350 ​g bigha −1 fortnightly for 90 days culture on Indian Major Carps (IMCs) ( Labeo rohita , Catla catla) and Air-breathing fishes ( Clarias batracus and Anabas testudineus ) in field condition based on haematological parameters. Alterations in erythrocytes and differential leucocytic count, and changes in total red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs) content, haemoglobin (Hb), percentage lymphocyte (%LYM), packed cell volume (PCV), thrombocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were used to detect those responses. The choline-fed fishes depicted significant responses like lymphocytosis and neutrophilia; increased number of RBCs, Hb, PCV, MCHC, WBCs, %LYM, monocytes (Mo), neutrophils (Ne), thrombocytes (Th); and decreased number of eosinophils (Eo), MCV, and MCH. In non-choline-fed fishes, analysis revealed the abnormal morphology of erythrocytes due to poor erythropoiesis, e.g ., hypochromic, as well as haemorrhagic anaemia with hypoxia, and thrombocytopenia. This study intended to establish the influence of direct choline supplementation on haematopoietic alterations, which can serve as an indicator to improve the defence mechanism as marked by the increased quantity of thrombocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. It can be inferred that this culture practice is able to produce the disease-resistant fish species which can bring about a better yield to avoid an economic loss to the poor fish farmers. • Maintenance of experimental species composition of Catla:Rahu:Magur:Koi = 2:5:1:1. • Increased number of RBC, WBC, monocytes and lymphocytes. • Reduced number of eosinophils indicated the lesser chances of pathogenic invasion. • Symptoms of poor erythropoiesis and lymphopenia in non-choline-fed fishes. • Direct choline application acted as a promoter and indicator into the culture system.

Ameliorative effect of Echinacea purpurea and curcumin on dexamethasone-induced immunosuppressive rabbits

Objectives: This study was delineated to investigate the ameliorative effect of Echinacea purpurea and curcumin against oxidative stress and immunosuppression induced by dexamethasone in rabbits. Methods: A total of 20 healthy rabbits were used in this study and were randomly classified into 4 groups of 5 each. The 1st group (non-treated) was served as a control, the 2nd group intramuscularly medicated with dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) 3 times at 6 hours interval, the 3rd group medicated with dexamethasone at the same dose then received E. purpurea (130 mg/kg) orally day after day for 21 days, and the 4th group medicated with dexamethasone at the same dose then received curcumin (400 mg/kg) orally every day for 21 days. Blood and serum samples were collected after 1, 7, and 14 days post-dosing. Results: Dexamethasone medicated group showed a significant decrease in WBCS, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes at the 1st, 7th, and 14th day, but E. purpurea and curcumin medicated groups showed significant improvement in total and differential leucocytic count. Also, both plants showed a significant increase in lysozymes and nitric oxide against the suppressive effect of dexamethasone. Here, the dexamethasone group showed a significant decrease in serum catalase (CAT) and significant elevation in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) at 1st and 7th-day post-treatment. E. purpurea and curcumin groups showed a significant increase in serum CAT and significant depletion in MDA levels. Injection of dexamethasone significantly decreased the serum levels of total protein, albumin, and globulin as compared to the control group. These parameters were significantly increased after treatment with E. purpurea and curcumin. Treatment with E. purpurea or curcumin ameliorated tissue damages of liver, kidney, and spleen induced by dexamethasone. Conclusion: Treatment with Echinacea purpurea or curcumin could ameliorate oxidative stress and immunosuppression induced by dexamethasone in rabbits.

Blood eosinophils and its relation to sputum inflammation and sputum bacterial load in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: little is recognized on the role eosinophils in the pathophysiology of acute exacerbation of chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD).Objective: To assess the relationship between eiosinophilic AECOPD and sputum inflammation and bacterial load.Methodology: A cross-sectional study was done on 80 out of 189 patients presented by clinical picture of AECOPD.Spirometry, total and differential leucocytic count (TLC), sputum bacterial load and culture were done for all participants.They were divided into two subgroups based on blood eosinophils %; eosinophil high AECOPD (≥2%) and eosinophil lowAECOPD (˂ 2%).Results: Among the studied patients; 51.25% have eosinophilhigh and 48.75% have eosinophil low AECOPD. Patients witheosinophils high AECOPD had higher age, BMI, smoking status, smoking index, wheezes and FVC%, with more severe COPD and more severe AECOPD (p0.018) than those with eosinophil low AECOPD. In patients with eosinophil high AECOPD the blood TLC/cm3 and neutrophil % were significantly lower, while lymphocyte % and eosinophil /cmm3 were higher significantly than eosinophil low AECOPD (p 0.001 each). Regarding sputum inflammatory cells they had significant increase of sputum lymphocyte % and eosinophil/cm3 and % with significant decrease of sputum neutrophils % (p˂0.05). In eosinophil high AECOPD subgroup the blood eosinophil /cmm3 was positively correlated with age, BMI and smoking index, blood lymphocytes % eosinophils %, sputum lymphocytes % and sputum eosinophils and it was negativelycorrelated with blood TLC, blood and sputum neutrophils, FEV1/FVC ratio, FEV1 % FEF25-75 % and FVC%. The sputumbacterial load was non-significantly lower in eosinophil high than eosinophil low AECOPD (61.0% vs. 74.4%, p=0.20).Thetype of the isolated bacteria didn’t differ between both AECOPD subgroups (p=0.17).Conclusion: Eosinophilic AECOPD is common and it was related to airway inflammation and it didn’t’ affect sputumbacterial load or type of isolated bacterial species

Influence of probiotic and yeast culture supplementation on selected biochemical and immunological parameters of growing lambs.

This study was carried out to evaluate the potential effects of 90 days-long dietary supple- mentation of probiotic and yeast culture on immunity condition of lambs. Fifteen Rahmani growing male lambs (about 5 months old and 23.21±2.75 kg body weight) were randomly allo- cated to three equal groups consisting of 5 animals each. The animals in the first group, served as a control (group C), were fed a basal diet without any supplementation. The lambs in the second and third group were fed the basal diet supplemented with probiotic (group Y) or yeast culture (group YC), respectively. The probiotic consisted of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) alone, while the yeast culture was composed of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the media on which it was grown. In group Y and YC, each lamb was supplemented daily with 0.5 g and 7.0 g of live yeast and yeast culture, respectively. Blood samples were collected before feeding the supplements and then every 15 days until the day 90th. Total and differential leucocytic counts, total protein, albumin, IgA, IgG and IgM levels were measured in blood. There were insignificant (p>0.05) variations in the levels of total and differential leucocytic counts and total protein among the groups throughout the experiment. However, significant differences (p⟨0.05) were found in globulin, IgA, IgG and IgM in both (Y) and (YC) groups, but the effect of yeast culture seems to be better than that of the probiotic. In conclusions, the obtained results indicate that the tested probiotic and yeast culture improve the immunological status of lambs.

Targeting oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis and toll like receptor 4 by empagliflozin to ameliorate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis

Lung fibrosis is one of the serious complications of bleomycin use in cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-treatment versus post-treatment with empagliflozin on pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin. One hundred male C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 equal groups as follows: control group; bleomycin group; bleomycin + carboxymethyl cellulose group; bleomycin group pretreated with empagliflozin and a group treated with empagliflozin after 15 days from starting bleomycin injection. The survival rate, lung weight/body weight ratio, lung tissue hydroxyproline, malondialdehyde, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, nuclear factor (Erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were assessed. Also, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for total and differential leucocytic count, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). The pulmonary tissues were subjected to histopathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Empagliflozin induced significant decrease in lung weight/body weight ratio, BALF lactate dehydrogenase, total leucocytic count, IL-6, TNF-α, TLR4 and TGF-β1 associated with significant decrease in lung tissue oxidative stress and hydroxyproline and significant increase in the survival rate and tissue Nrf2/HO-1 content compared to bleomycin group. This was accompanied with significant improvement of the histopathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic picture compared to bleomycin group. These effects were significant in mice pretreated with empagliflozin compared to the group that received empagliflozin 15 days after starting bleomycin injection. In conclusion, empagliflozin may be used prophylactically to prevent pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin.

Immunological status in broiler chickens vaccinated with newcastle vaccine and treated with cephradine

The objective of this study is to clarify the effect of cephradine on cellular and humeral immune responses in broiler chickens. One hundred one-day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were divided into four equal groups (25 chicks in each). 1st group healthy broiler chickens non-vaccinated non medicated (control group), 2nd healthy broilers vaccinated with Newcastle vaccine only, 3rd group healthy broilers received 20 mg cephradine in drinking water daily for 5 consecutive days and 4th group healthy broilers vaccinated and received 20 mg/kg b.wt cephradine daily for 5 consecutive days. At 1st, 10th and 20th day post administration, blood samples were collected for determination total and differential leucocytic count, phagocytic activity, index, killing percentage and HI titer. Vaccinated broilers by Newcastle disease virus vaccine only, showed insignificant increase in leukocytic count, lymphocyte, heterophils, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, total protein, total, γ globulin and HI titers at 1st day post vaccination. Beside significant increase at 10th and 20th day post vaccination coupled with insignificant increase in eosinophils, basophils, monocyte, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, killing %, albumin and α globulin and non-significant decrease in serum β globulin and A/G ratio allover experimental periods post vaccination. Broilers received cephradine and/or vaccinated with Newcastle vaccineeither alone or together, showed insignificant increase in leukocyte, heterophils, lymphocyte, eosinophils, basophils, monocyte, nitric oxide, lysozyme activity, total protein, albumin, total, α, β, γ globulin, A/G ratio throughout experimental period post vaccination. Beside significant decrease in phagocytosis, phagocytic index and killing % at 1st day and insignificant decrease at 10th & 20th day post vaccination coupled with significant decrease in HI titers at 1st day post administration and insignificant decrease at 10th & 20th day post vaccination. It was concluded that vaccination by Newcastle disease virus vaccine induced immune-stimulant but cephradine provoked a remarkable immunosuppressive effect in broiler chickens. Therefore, vaccination not recommended during treatment by cephradine. Â

Some Clinical, Hematological and Biochemical Alterations in Endurance Horses After 40km Endurance Race

Horses are exposed to chronic prolonged stress throughout their active life spans such as frequent races and daily training (Passantino et al., 2005). Long distance endurance races induce a severe stress on endurance horses during competitive ride. Exercise, in fact, induce variation in plasma biochemical constituents (Chanoit et al., 2002). So, the study of effect of race on clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters which could give useful information to make the race horse such as good managed and super athlete. This study was conducted on 28 thoroughbred endurance horse to determine the clinical, hematological and biochemical alterations that affect those animals before and after endurance race. Clinical examination including measuring of the rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and capillary refill time of each horse was preformed just before and 5 min. after completing a 40 km race. Blood and serum samples were collected from each animal just before race and 5 minutes after end of the race. Whole blood samples were used for measuring of Hb, PCV, erythrocyic count, red blood cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC), total and differential leucocytic count , while serum samples were used for determination of total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, BUN, creatinine, total bilirubin , AST, CK , GGT , Na , K , Ca and chloride. Our results showed a significant increase in all the clinical parameters and most of the hematological parameters (RBCs, PCV, Hb , WBCs) within 5 minutes post-race as compared with their levels before starting the race, while serum biochemical parameters showed a significant increase in all biochemical parameters except serum calcium and chloride levels which showed a significant decreases in their levels at 5 min. after race as compared with their levels before the race. It is important to notice that the majority of the parameters that were changed immediately after race were within the physiological range which mean that the well-prepared horses for such exercise do not need any additional mineral supplementation even in hot climatic conditions.

Some Pharmacodynamics Effects of Rafoxanide and Its Interaction With Fenbendazole

This study was carried-out to study the pharmacodynamics characters of rafoxanide with fenbendazole and the interaction between them through study its effects on, fertility (reproductive organs weights, progressive motility, epididmal sperm count and sperm and abnormalities), Moreover, its effect on some hematological parameters including (WBCs count, differential leucocytic count, RBCs count, and Hb %, platelets count and PCV %), also, the effects on some biochemical parameters including (ALT, AST, and Albumin, total protein, globulin, urea and creatinine) were determined. Sixty mature Albino rats weighing from 140 – 180 gm each of 4 – 5 month old were used in this study. The animals were divided into 4 equal groups each of 15 rats, the first group: not gave any treatment and kept as a control group, the second group : Given orally Fenbendazole orally at dose level (37.5 mg/Kg), third group: Given orally Rafoxanide at a dose (7.5 mg/Kg) orally) and fourth fourth group: Fenbendazole (37.5 mg/Kg) + Rafoxanide (7.5 mg/Kg) orally). Our results concluded that, The using of Fenbendazole for treatment of helminthes parasites improved the index weight of accessary sex glands, tests index weight and epidedymis index weight. Also, the level of the higher WBCs, Hb, PCV, serum protein, albumin globulin, serum urea, serum creatinine level and serum observed in Fenbendazole treated group than the rafoxanide treated group or its combination. But it decreased the level of sperm motility, sperm count decreased in Fenbendazole and the higher sperm abnormalities level observed in the group treated with Fenbendazole. While, the rafoxanide improved the level of sperm motality, count and abnormalities than fenbendazole or its combination The histopathological results cleared that, there is a severe histological changes in the group treated with fenbendazole and rafoxanide than the control group and their combination.

The use of probiotics to enhance immunity of broiler chicken against some intestinal infection pathogens

This study was conducted on120 one day old broiler chicks which were divided into six groups, 20 birds each. Group 1 (control), group 2 (supplemented with probiotic), group 3 (challenged with Salmonella and receive no probiotic), group 4 (challenged with E coli and receive no probiotic), group 5 (challenged with Salmonella and supplemented with probiotic), group 6 (challenged with E coli and supplemented with probiotic). The experiment extended for 30 days starting from one-day-old chicks. Body weights, clinical symptoms, haematological analysis and postmortem lesions were demonstrated on 8th, 15th and 30th day of the experiment. Also, histopathological studies of the intestinal mucosa, liver, spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius, as well as immunostaining of surface antigens (CD3A in the thymus and CD79A in the spleen and bursae of Fabricius), were also investigated. The current study revealed that supplementation of probiotic alone obviously improved weight gains as compared to the control group. Furthermore, probiotic supplementation decreased the colony forming a unit (CFU) of Salmonella enteritidis and E. coli (strain O2: H45) in the intestinal mucosa. Histopathologically, the intestinal mucosa showed an improvement which indicated by hyperplasia of the lining epithelium and abundance of goblet cells, but this local effect did not extend to other organs in the body that demonstrated mild to severe histopathological changes in challenged groups. The haematological analysis also verified that treatment with probiotics had no significant effect on most blood values (RBCs, WBCs and Hb). However, the differential leucocytic counts were significantly influenced by dietary treatment with probiotics which caused a highly significant decrease in lymphocyte percentage. In conclusion, probiotics obviously improved the growth performance and local immune response in the intestine, however no clear evidence of improvement of the general immune status of the experimental birds.

Social behavior effects of diphenyl dimethyl bicarboxylate (DDB) in the sensory contact model

Sensory contact model (SCM) permits the evolution of diverse psychopathological states by the repeated antagonistic interactions between male mice. Biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB) is used as a hepatoprotective agent. The present work aimed to study the possible effects of DDB on social behavior developed by SCM by studying its effects on the transformation process to aggressive and submissive behaviors. Besides, measuring behavioral changes using the open field test (OFT) and the elevated plus maze test (EPM), neurochemical parameters [serotonin (5HT), norepqinephrine (NE), and dopamine(DA)], and immunological changes (total leucocyte count, differential leucocytic count, and evaluation of bone marrow lymphocytes count and viability assessment). Adult male Swiss mice were used; DDB was given in a dose of 100mg/kg by oral gavage daily for 2weeks from the fifth day to the last day of the SCM. The present study concluded that administration of DDB to the SCM involved animals was shown to be associated with significant positive impacts on the behavior of depressed partner in the SCM which were manifested by decreased latency and increased ambulation and rearing in OFT, increased number of entry in the open arm/total no of entries in EPM. This was associated with changes in brain levels of neurotransmitters which were manifested by increased NE and decreased DA, as well as the examined immunity related parameters which were manifested by increased total leucocyte count, bone marrow lymphocytes, and monocytes. So DDB can be used as a supportive antidepressant agent in patients with liver impairment and should be avoided in aggressive ones. However, more randomized controlled trials should be carried out to ascertain these effects.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma

Background and study aimsTransarterial chemoembolization remains a common treatment option in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. However, protocols for pre- and post-procedure care and the role of antibiotic prophylaxis have not been evaluated. The aim of this work was to compare 3 different groups of prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing chemoembolization and to compare the efficacy of intravenous versus oral route. Patients and methods180 hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization were selected. Patients were classified into 3 groups; Group 1: 60 patients; 30 received intravenous ceftriaxone, and 30 received oral cefixime. Group 2: 60 patients; 30 patients received intravenous levofloxacin and 30 received oral levofloxacin. Group 3: 60 patients; 30 received intravenous ciprofloxacin and 30 received oral ciprofloxacin. All antibiotics were given one day before intervention and for 4 days afterwards. Complete blood count, C-reactive protein, liver and renal function tests were assessed 1 and 5 days and then 1 month after the procedure. ResultsThe ciprofloxacin group gave better results than the other 2 groups regarding total and differential leucocytic count and C-reactive protein level. No significant difference was found between oral and intravenous routes among the 3 groups. None of the studied patients developed infections or liver abscess after chemoembolization. ConclusionThird generation cephalosporin, levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin all are effective as prophylaxis against post-chemoembolization infections. No significant difference between oral and intravenous administration among the 3 groups. Oral ciprofloxacin is an effective, safe and relatively inexpensive prophylaxis regimen.

Evaluation of Echinacea Immunomodulatory Effect on the Immune Response of Broiler Chickens

Immunomodulators provide an excellent approach as they mainly have fewer side effects than chemical drugs and have no affinity for creating microbial resistance. In order to investigate the Echinacea immunomodulatory effect on the immune response of broiler chickens,one hundred twenty (1-day-old) chicks of both sexes were randomly allocated into 2 dietary groups on floor pen (60 chicks/group), group1: Chicks were offered basal diets and kept as control group, group2: Chicks were offered basal diets supplemented with Echinacea purpurea (5gm/kg diet for 6 weeks). Evaluating the effects of Echinacea purpurea on growth performance, Serum Protein profile, total and differential leucocytic count, humeral immunity which was carried out by measuring antibody titer against Newcastle (ND) and (AIV) Avian Influenza vaccine, and on innate immunity which was carried by measuring some function of peripheral blood monocyte (PBM) as phagocytic activity, fungicidal activity, nitric oxide NO production and reactive oxygen species ROS production. Challenge test was carried out using virulent E. coli strain. The results revealed that, Echinacea improve growth performance, significantly increase antibody titer against ND and AIV vaccine as well as enhance the innate immunity by increasing the phagocytic activities, fungicidal activities, ROS production and nitric oxide production of monocytes. In challenge test,Echinacea reduce E. coli lesions, morbidity and mortality rate. Based on the results of this study, it could be concluded that growth performance and both humeral and innate immune responses of broiler chicks were improved by of dietary supplementation of Echinacea purpurea (5 g/kg diet), also it could protect broiler chickens from virulent E. coli infection.

Hemato-Biochemical Profiling in Relation to Metabolic Disorders in Transition Dairy Cows

This study was aimed to provide a complete picture of dynamics of selected hematological and serum biochemical parameters in dairy cows from late pregnancy to early postpartum period, giving new and useful information about the guidelines for the management strategies during different physiological phases. This study was carried out on thirty clinically healthy Holstein Friesian dairy cows; in good nutritional condition. Blood samples were collected two weeks before the expected parturition , during the 1st post-partum week and during the 3rd week after parturition. Cows under investigation were clinically examined including body temperature, pulse, respiration, mucous membranes and ruminal movement. Two blood samples were collected: whole blood samples for hematological picture, while serum samples for biochemical analysis which included total proteins, albumin , globulin , AST, ALT, glucose, Creatinine, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Total cholesterol, Beta hydroxy butyrate (βHBA), triglycerides, Nitric Oxide (No), Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), serum calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphorus. Significant changes between pre and post-partum period were observed in values of hemogram and biochemical parameters including RBCs, PCV%, hemoglobin, MCV, MCHC, MCH, WBCS count and differential leucocytic count, total proteins, albumin, globulin, glucose, BUN, Total cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride, No, MDA and TAC, while non-significant changes were observed in AST, ALT, Potassium ,Creatinine and βHBA levels. It can be concluded that late pregnancy and the onset of lactation were accompanied by marked changes in hemato-biochemical and oxidative stress markers which have great impact on dairy cow`s health, immunity and disease susceptibility.