Differential Detection Method Research Articles

Sensitivity improvement of micro-grating accelerometer based on differential detection method

A differential detection method (DDM) with a utility type and ease of realization for a micro-grating accelerometer is reported so as to reduce the common-mode noise and improve the sensitivity of the micro-grating accelerometer. The theoretical model is established, based on scalar diffraction theory for differential detection. According to the simulation and analysis of the DDM, the theoretical result shows that the sensitivity of the micro-grating accelerometer can be improved by at least a factor of 2. Based on the analysis, the detection circuit is designed with proper parameters and devices for the handheld experimental prototype, which is realized with our micro-grating acceleration sensor fabricated by inductively coupled plasma, lift-off, and anodic bonding of glass/silicon, etc. The prototype experiment is conducted with the turntable. Compared with the single-order detection method whose sensitivities are 6.797 V/g (zeroth order, 1 g=9.8 m/s²) and 7.767 V/g (first-order), the result of the DDM shows that the sensitivity of the micro-grating accelerometer is 18.61 V/g with an improvement of over two times. The overall signal-to-noise ratio improvement is 6.47 dB with the input of 0.86 g.

Differential detection of Wheat yellow mosaic virus, Japanese soil-borne wheat mosaic virus and Chinese wheat mosaic virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction

A differential detection method for three wheat viruses: Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), Japanese soil-borne mosaic virus (JSBWMV) and Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) reaction was developed. All three primer sets, which were designed from the genome sequences of WYMV, JSBWMV and CWMV respectively, worked most efficiently at 65°C and could detect each virus RNA within 10min by fluorescence monitoring using an isothermal DNA amplification and fluorescence detection device. Furthermore, these primer sets showed unique annealing curves. The peak denaturing temperatures of WYMV, JSBWMV and CWMV primer sets were 87.6°C, 84.8°C and 86.4°C, respectively and were clearly distinguished by the isothermal DNA amplification and fluorescence detection device. The RT-LAMP assay including all three primer sets was found to be 100 times more sensitive than RT-PCR for WYMV and JSBWMV and as sensitive as RT-PCR for CWMV. The RT-LAMP method was validated for the simultaneous detection of these viruses in wheat and barley leaves.

Puma 3.0: improved uncertainty propagation methods for gene and transcript expression analysis

BackgroundMicroarrays have been a popular tool for gene expression profiling at genome-scale for over a decade due to the low cost, short turn-around time, excellent quantitative accuracy and ease of data generation. The Bioconductor package puma incorporates a suite of analysis methods for determining uncertainties from Affymetrix GeneChip data and propagating these uncertainties to downstream analysis. As isoform level expression profiling receives more and more interest within genomics in recent years, exon microarray technology offers an important tool to quantify expression level of the majority of exons and enables the possibility of measuring isoform level expression. However, puma does not include methods for the analysis of exon array data. Moreover, the current expression summarisation method for Affymetrix 3’ GeneChip data suffers from instability for low expression genes. For the downstream analysis, the method for differential expression detection is computationally intensive and the original expression clustering method does not consider the variance across the replicated technical and biological measurements. It is therefore necessary to develop improved uncertainty propagation methods for gene and transcript expression analysis.ResultsWe extend the previously developed Bioconductor package puma with a new method especially designed for GeneChip Exon arrays and a set of improved downstream approaches. The improvements include: (i) a new gamma model for exon arrays which calculates isoform and gene expression measurements and a level of uncertainty associated with the estimates, using the multi-mappings between probes, isoforms and genes, (ii) a variant of the existing approach for the probe-level analysis of Affymetrix 3’ GeneChip data to produce more stable gene expression estimates, (iii) an improved method for detecting differential expression which is computationally more efficient than the existing approach in the package and (iv) an improved method for robust model-based clustering of gene expression, which takes technical and biological replicate information into consideration.ConclusionsWith the extensions and improvements, the puma package is now applicable to the analysis of both Affymetrix 3’ GeneChips and Exon arrays for gene and isoform expression estimation. It propagates the uncertainty of expression measurements into more efficient and comprehensive downstream analysis at both gene and isoform level. Downstream methods are also applicable to other expression quantification platforms, such as RNA-Seq, when uncertainty information is available from expression measurements. puma is available through Bioconductor and can be found at http://www.bioconductor.org.

Whole Space Comprehensive Advanced Geological Forecast Technique in Shallow Buried Section of Tunnel

A new method named whole space comprehensive advanced geological forecast technique was constructed by surface spatial differential detection method combining with TSP203 system, the former can divide the distribution region, burial depth and thickness of each stratum from vertical direction clearly, and the letter can reveal the specific physical property of each stratum from horizontal direction, then combining both of them, the geological condition will be determined accurately. And then, this technique was tested and applied in a project as an example, the plan-validation results show: the formulations crossed by tunnel are full ~ strong weathered slate with rock broken zones, abundant groundwater and potential slip surface, even more, the range between crown and spandrel has irrupted into the gravel clays, all of these are unsafe for tunnel construction and suggest to have pre-supporting by 40 m Φ108 pipe shed. By comparing the results of prediction and in-situ, the whole space comprehensive advanced geological forecast scheme which avoids complexity of scheme, shortens forecasting cycle and reduces detection cost and construction interference, has encouraging forecast effect and significant popularization value.

High-precision positioning using a self-sensing piezoelectric actuator control with a differential detection method

We present a self-sensing control method for piezoelectric actuators, which enables high-resolution positioning without an external positioning sensor. One of the present authors previously proposed a self-sensing piezoelectric actuator control system (Kawamata et al. (2008) [1] and Ishikiriyama and Morita (2010) [2]). In the previous studies, a linear relationship between piezoelectric displacement and permittivity change was discovered, and this linear relationship was applied for positioning control. To detect permittivity changes, a high frequency voltage signal (permittivity detection voltage), in addition to the driving voltage signal, was applied to the actuator. The permittivity change was monitored as the amplitude of the current at the same frequency as the permittivity detection voltage. From this current amplitude, the permittivity change was easily calculated in real time. However, the positioning resolution was insufficient compared to that of traditional external positioning sensors, such as a strain gage sensor. In this study, we improved the positioning resolution by introducing a differential current measurement using two piezoelectric elements, one on each side of a bimorph actuator. The phase of the detected current signal was taken into consideration using a lock-in amplifier. In other words, the conductivity-related current and the permittivity-related current were measured separately. With these improvements, the permittivity change related to the piezoelectric displacement could be measured precisely, and self-sensing feedback control with a positioning error of less than 0.4 μm over a movement range of 80 μm was demonstrated.

Differential apoptotic staining of mammalian blastocysts based on double immunofluorescent CDX2 and active caspase-3 staining

Several approaches have been described for differential staining of blastocysts, but these methods are often time-consuming and unreliable. Here we describe a method for simultaneous differential staining and detection of apoptosis. The differential staining is based on the transcription factor CDX2 which is localized in the nucleus of trophectoderm (TE) cells but absent in the inner cell mass (ICM). Apoptosis is detected by staining of active caspase-3, a key player in several apoptotic pathways. This new approach represents a robust method for quantifying simultaneously ICM/TE ratio and apoptotic cell ratio in bovine, murine, porcine, and human blastocysts.

Multiuser Detection Employing a Novel Genetic Algorithm for UWB Communications

In this paper, a differential multiuser detection (MUD) method using a novel genetic algorithm (GA) based on complementary error function mutation (CEFM) is employed for ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. The proposed MUD method, which combines a novel GA based on CEFM, is termed CEFM-GA for short. We describe the schemes of the CEFM-GA, analyze their algorithms and compare their computational complexity with other MUDs. Simulation results show a significant bit error rate (BER) performance gain can be achieved by employing the proposed CEFM-GA compared with successive interference cancellation (SIC), parallel interference cancellation (PIC) and conventional GA for UWB systems in lognormal fading channel.

Lateral force sensor based on a core-offset tilted fiber Bragg grating

A novel lateral force sensor based on a core-offset tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The lateral force is determined by the differential reflected powers between the cladding mode and Bragg mode in the TFBG. The sensors respond monotonically with the lateral force increasing from 0 to 1.75N. The sensitivity of such a core-offset TFBG sensor can be tailored by choosing different core-offset values. The simple differential power detection method makes the implementation of the sensor system cost-effective and free of the influence of environmental and system fluctuations.

A Low-Energy Inductive Coupling Transceiver With Cm-Range 50-Mbps Data Communication in Mobile Device Applications

A low-energy inductive coupling transceiver is proposed for Cm-range multimedia data transmission in mobile device applications. The Transmission Time Control (TTC) scheme is proposed to reduce the transmitter energy consumption to 0.475 pJ/b, and the Adaptive Gain Control (AGC) scheme is adopted to make the receiver energy consumption be 0.825 pJ/b. The planar-type inductor with self-resonance frequency of about 200 MHz fabricated on the flexible substrate achieves a data rate over 50 Mbps. To compensate for the weakly coupled channel, the receiver sensitivity is enhanced by the differential detection method (DDM) of the nodal voltages across the receiver inductor. With this method, the communication distance is increased up to 7 cm, and channel misalignment tolerance is enhanced up to 2 cm. The proposed transceiver is implemented within 1.5 × 2.37 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in 0.18-μ m CMOS process and operates with 1-V supply.

A new tracking error detection method using amplitude difference detection for signal waveform modulation multi-level discs

The sub-land/sub-pit affects the characteristic of the tracking error signal which is generated by the conventional differential phase detection (DPD) method in the signal waveform modulation multi-level (SWML) read-only disc. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new tracking error detection method using amplitude difference. Based on the diffraction theory, the amplitude difference is proportional to the tracking error and is feasible to be used for obtaining the off-track information. The experimental system of the amplitude difference detection method is developed. The experimental results show that the tracking error signal derived from the new method has better performance in uniformity and signal-to-noise ratio than that derived from the conventional DPD method in the SWML read-only disc.

Evaluation of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method Using Fecal Specimens for Differential Detection of Taenia Species from Humans

We compared the performance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with that of a multiplex PCR method for differential detection of human Taenia parasites in fecal specimens from taeniasis patients. The LAMP method, with no false positives, showed a higher sensitivity (88.4%) than the multiplex PCR (37.2%). Thus, it is expected that the LAMP method has a high value for molecular diagnosis of taeniasis.

New Differential Phase Detection Method for Signal Waveform Modulation Multi-Level Discs

Signal waveform modulation multi-level (SWML) read-only discs employ sub-lands/sub-pits to achieve multi levels. However, the tracking error signal derived from the conventional differential phase detection (DPD) method deteriorates in the SWML read-only disc owing to sub-lands/sub-pits inserted in the conventional pits/lands. To solve this problem, a new DPD method, which employs a signal adjuster and a phase regenerator, is proposed. The experimental results show that the tracking error signal derived from the new DPD method has better characteristics of uniformity and signal-to-noise ratio than that derived from the conventional DPD method in the SWML read-only disc.

Puma: a Bioconductor package for propagating uncertainty in microarray analysis.

BackgroundMost analyses of microarray data are based on point estimates of expression levels and ignore the uncertainty of such estimates. By determining uncertainties from Affymetrix GeneChip data and propagating these uncertainties to downstream analyses it has been shown that we can improve results of differential expression detection, principal component analysis and clustering. Previously, implementations of these uncertainty propagation methods have only been available as separate packages, written in different languages. Previous implementations have also suffered from being very costly to compute, and in the case of differential expression detection, have been limited in the experimental designs to which they can be applied.Resultspuma is a Bioconductor package incorporating a suite of analysis methods for use on Affymetrix GeneChip data. puma extends the differential expression detection methods of previous work from the 2-class case to the multi-factorial case. puma can be used to automatically create design and contrast matrices for typical experimental designs, which can be used both within the package itself but also in other Bioconductor packages. The implementation of differential expression detection methods has been parallelised leading to significant decreases in processing time on a range of computer architectures. puma incorporates the first R implementation of an uncertainty propagation version of principal component analysis, and an implementation of a clustering method based on uncertainty propagation. All of these techniques are brought together in a single, easy-to-use package with clear, task-based documentation.ConclusionFor the first time, the puma package makes a suite of uncertainty propagation methods available to a general audience. These methods can be used to improve results from more traditional analyses of microarray data. puma also offers improvements in terms of scope and speed of execution over previously available methods. puma is recommended for anyone working with the Affymetrix GeneChip platform for gene expression analysis and can also be applied more generally.

Substrate thickness error and radial tilt detection using a five-beam optical head

In an optical disk system that uses a blue laser diode and a high numerical aperture objective lens, it is necessary to detect and correct a substrate thickness error and a radial tilt of the disk, because a spherical aberration and a coma aberration deteriorate the read/write characteristics. We present a newly developed method to detect the substrate thickness error and the radial tilt of the disk using a five-beam optical head. This detection method features a high signal-to-noise ratio for a readout signal and enables combination with differential focusing and tracking error detection methods. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of this detection method and a correction method using a liquid-crystal panel.

Filter Size Determination of Moving Average Filters for Extended Differential Detection of OFDM Preambles

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is widely used in wideband wireless communication systems due to its excellent performance. One of the most important operations in OFDM receivers is preamble detection. This paper addresses a general form of extended differential detection methods, which is a combination of differential detection and a moving average filter. This paper also presents a filter size determination method that achieves satisfactory performance in various channel environments.

Two-Dimensional Partial Response Maximum Likelihood with Constant-Weight Constraint for Holographic Data Storage

The areal density of holographic memory can be increased by decreasing the aperture size of the optical system; however, this causes the deterioration of a reproduced image due to the elimination of the high-frequency components of the image. We have developed two-dimensional partial response maximum likelihood (2D PRML), which is based on the previously proposed “decision feedback Viterbi algorithm” and added the new idea of the “constant-weight constraint (CW constraint)” and the “amplitude PR method”. We have confirmed the improvement in error rate using 2D PRML compared with the conventional differential detection method in a high-density holographic memory system by simulation.

An optimized procedure for whole-mount in situ hybridization on mouse embryos and embryoid bodies

Determining the precise expression pattern of a gene of interest at various stages of development is essential to understanding its biological function in embryology. This protocol describes a sensitive method for whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) to mouse embryos, using cRNA probes. Adaptations are provided that allow the protocol to be applied to embryonic stages ranging from blastocysts to postimplantation stage embryos, and to embryoid bodies. We also describe an in situ method for differential detection of two probes. Probe labeling and dissection and preparation of the embryos can be performed in 2 d. The actual WISH procedure can be completed in another 3 d.

DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF TOXIC CHEMICAL VAPORS IN AN OPEN-AIR ENVIRONMENT BY A DIFFERENTIAL PASSIVE LWIR STANDOFF TECHNIQUE

In this paper, the passive standoff long wave infrared technology developed for atmospheric remote sensing was used to detect and identify chemical pollutants in the atmosphere. The measurement approach is based on the differential passive standoff detection method that has been developed by DRDC Valcartier during the past few years. The measurements were performed on real chemical warfare agents and toxic chemical vapors. The results clearly demonstrate the capability of the differential radiometry approach for the detection, identification and quantification of toxic chemical vapor clouds in an open-air environment.

3×3 Mach-Zehnder interferometer with unbalanced differential detection for full-range swept-source optical coherence tomography

Quadrature interferometry based on 3x3 fiber couplers could be used to double the effective imaging depth in swept-source optical coherence tomography. This is due to its ability to suppress the complex conjugate artifact naturally. We present theoretical and experimental results for a 3x3 Mach-Zehnder interferometer using a new unbalanced differential optical detection method. The new interferometer provides simultaneous access to complementary phase components of the complex interferometric signal. No calculations by trigonometric relationships are needed. We demonstrate a complex conjugate artifact suppression of 27 dB obtained in swept-source optical coherence tomography using our unbalanced differential detection. We show that our unbalanced differential detection has increased the signal-to-noise ratio by at least 4 dB compared to the commonly used balanced detection technique. This is due to better utilization of optical power.

Adaptive DS-CDMA Receiver with Code Tracking in Phase Unknown Environments

In this paper, we propose and analyze a new noncoherent receiver with PN code tracking for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) communication systems in multipath channels. We employ the decision-feedback differential detection method to detect MDPSK signals. An ;error signal; is used to update the tap weights and the estimated code delay. Increasing the number of feedback symbols can improve the performance of the proposed noncoherent receiver. For an infinite number of feedback symbols, the optimum weight can be derived analytically, and the performance of the proposed noncoherent receiver approaches to that of the conventional coherent receiver. Simulations show good agreement with the theoretical derivation.