Different Types Of Yarns Research Articles

Eesti–Norra villaprojekt innustab kohalikku toorainet paremini väärindama / Estonian–Norwegian wool project inspires to value local raw material better

In March 2023, the two-year cooperation project “Estonian and Norwegian local sheep’s wool, conducting research and creating educational materials for textile students of higher education” came to an end. It was led by University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy (TÜ VKA; Astri Kaljus, Ave Matsin, Diana Tuulik). The partners were Tallinn University of Applied Sciences (Merje Beilmann, Diana Tuulik) and Muru Wool Mill (Liina Lehis) from Estonia, and the University of South-Eastern Norway (USN; Eli Wendelbo) and Selbu Spinneri AS (Marte Espelien Blomli, Ingvild Svorkmo Espelien) from Norway. The project was funded by the EEA / Norway Cooperation Programme in Higher Education. The project was motivated by the fact that local sheep wool is underused in Estonia. There is a lot of prejudice about its quality and most of the wool (85–90%) is not adequately valued or it is even destroyed as waste. In Norway, on the other hand, there is a very good system of buying and processing wool. The aim of the project was to investigate and test the quality and characteristics of wool from indigenous and most common sheep breeds in Estonia and Norway, and to create educational materials for textile students based on the findings. The wider aim of the project is to increase the targeted use of local wool in textile production. During the course of the project, three Estonian and three Norwegian sheep breeds were selected, the wool of which was used in further studies. Wool was collected from each breed, and from it yarn and knitted and woven fabrics were made, the properties of which were then tested. As a result of the project, the education material “From Wool to Fabric. Estonian and Norwegian sheep’s wool as a textile material. Production, properties and possibilities of use on the example of the wool of six sheep breeds” was published. It is illustrated by educational videos, the first of which is on sheep shearing in Estonia (https://uttv.ee/naita?id=34448), the second on Norwegian wool (https://uttv.ee/naita?id=34489) and the third on the sorting of Estonian wool (https://uttv.ee/naita?id=34490). The educational material is freely available for educational purposes and can be used by anyone interested. It gives an overview of the general characteristics of wool, the processing procedure, and then focuses in more detail on the results of testing the collected wool and the yarns and textiles produced as a result of the project. The material can be found here: https://sisu.ut.ee/sites/default/files/eestivill/files/wool_to_fabric_a4_12_0.pdf. It can be stated at the end of the project that the comparison of the wool from six sheep breeds and products made from it proved to be a much more multiplex and multifaceted research task than expected. The collection of wool from different sheep breeds showed that the characteristics and quality of wool within the same breed can vary greatly, depending on the genetic material, the sheep’s age or sex, rearing conditions, and the time of shearing. Properties of the fabric were also influenced by the parametres of the yarns used as well as the manufacturing technique. In any case, it would be important to continue with product development that takes into account the results of this study in order to establish connections between wool types, their processing, and the desired properties of the products. Small-scale local industry enables the development of different types of yarn from which innovative products can be developed. The development of new products based on the results of this project could even be the subject of new student theses and projects. In a broader perspective, the results of the project hopefully will contribute to the increased use of super-quality wool fibres that are a by-product of sheep husbandry, rather than the production of consumption of fossil-based textiles, since the use and sustainable valuing of natural craft materials contributes to solving environmental problems

Variability of sub-regional fibre strength in 3D orthogonal SiC fabrics and its effect on the constitutive response of composites

Various fibre damage may occur during 3D orthogonal SiC woven weaving, leading to the variability of sub-regional fibre strength. In this study, different types of yarns were divided into several subregions along the cross-section according to the possible damage modes. The fibres in different subregions were extracted, and the monofilament strength test was carried out. The results showed that the fibre strengths of yarns and yarn subregions followed normal distributions. The correlation between the fibre strength distribution of the in-situ yarns and the subregion fibre strength difference was verified by using the Monte Carlo simulation method. Finally, the sub-regional fibre strength difference was considered in the tensile simulation of 3D orthogonal woven SiC/SiC composites. The simulation results agree with the experimental results and showed that the variability of sub-regional fibre strength significantly affects the composite's constitutive behaviour.

Sustainable production and evaluation of the properties of polyester-okra blended knitted fabric

The demand for fashionable knit fabric is increasing. Besides that, blended knit fabric, prepared from the blended yarn as well as using different types of yarn is also very popular to the modern customer. That's why, finding of new resource of raw material for fashionable knit fabric preparation is promising in the recent decade. Okra fiber is a biodegradable long staple bast fiber that can be obtained from abundant natural fiber sources after being extracted from lady's finger plants. It has high cellulosic content, worthy strength and modulus, and better thermal properties, making it a potential candidate as a raw material for the creation of stylish knit fabrics. Because of its rigidity and lack of flexibility, okra fiber cannot be spun into yarn on its own. In the current study, 1 × 1 rib fabric prepared from 30 Tex polyester/okra (PO) blended yarn of 80/20 and 85/15 blend ratio. For better comparison corresponding polyester/flax traditionally known as polyester/linen (PL) blended 1 × 1 rib fabric was also prepared. Current study found that, fabric characteristics, such as fabric weight, fabric dimension, air permeability, and bursting strength of PO blended fabric was compatible with PL blended fabric, with the exception of the fabric's hand feel characteristics. The overall findings revealed that the knit fabric qualities of PO mixed fabric were satisfactory. Due to the affordability and accessibility of okra fiber, the PO blended fabrics are very promising, sustainable and may be a viable choice to address the actual need for blended fabrics in the textile knitting industries.

A numerical structure-based method of simulating filament yarns

Simulation of yarn and filament behavior is very important due to its role in optimizing the processes of producing different types of yarn. Virtual yarn models make it possible to simulate the behavior of fabrics more accurately and that of sewing yarns in seam lines more realistically. The structure of yarns is an important factor affecting their behavior. However, in most studies in the field of yarn simulation, the structure of yarns is ignored, and they are simulated as single strings. In this paper, a model is developed to simulate the behavior of multi-filament yarns based on a multi-string structure and the inter-string forces affected by tension and twist. To this end, the properties that affect a yarn structure, such as the number of filaments, the amount of twist as well as the material and the fineness of the filaments, are incorporated into the model. In order to investigate the validity and accuracy of the proposed model, the simulated behavior is compared to the behavior of real yarns in six different modes. The results show that the model is able to simulate the behavior of yarns with an average error of 5.73%, as compared to reality. In order to investigate the effects of the yarn structure and the corresponding inter-structural forces on the yarn simulation, the yarn behavior is simulated with several simple single-strand models in which inter-string forces are not taken into account. A comparison of the models shows that the proposed one is able to yield results closer to reality and reduce the simulation error averagely for 7.76%.

Analysis of Microplastics Released from Plain Woven Classified by Yarn Types during Washing and Drying.

Microplastics reach the aquatic environment through wastewater. Larger debris is removed in sewage treatment plants, but filters are not explicitly designed to retain sewage sludge’s microplastic or terrestrial soils. Therefore, the effective quantification of filtration system to mitigate microplastics is needed. To mitigate microplastics, various devices have been designed, and the removal efficiency of devices was compared. However, this study focused on identifying different fabrics that shed fewer microplastics. Therefore, in this study, fabric-specific analyses of microplastics of three different fabrics during washing and drying processes were studied. Also, the change in the generation of microplastics for each washing process of standard washing was investigated. The amount of microplastics released according to the washing process was analyzed, and the collected microplastics’ weight, length, and diameter were measured and recorded. According to the different types of yarn, the amount of microplastic fibers produced during washing and drying varied. As the washing processes proceed, the amount of microplastics gradually decreased. The minimum length (>40 µm) of micro-plastics generated were in plain-woven fabric. These results will be helpful to mitigate microplastics in the production of textiles and in selecting built-in filters, and focusing on the strict control of other parameters will be useful for the development of textile-based filters, such as washing bags.

Application of Artificial Neural Network in Predicting Circular Knitted Fabric Appearance.(Dept.T)

ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this paper is to develop a system to predict the amount of cloudiness and non-homogeneous appearance of the circular knitted fabric, by utilizing the various cotton yarn quality characteristics which produced that fabric. A novel ap p roach was developed using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and satisfied results were obtained. A learning phase for the system was initially conducted on circular knitting machine fitted with an image processing system to capture an on-line image of the weft knitted fabric which was produced using one yarn cone (the machine was modified and adapted to use one cone instead of 24 yarn cones) in order to eliminate yarn cone to cone variation and to differentiate between 14 different types of yarn from 14 different producers, All kinds of physical tests on yarn quality characteristics were conducted on the yarns in order to be used as a comprehensive input set of data for the prediction of the appearance and cloudiness of knitted fabric. The developed (ANN) System was successfully capable of predicting the appearance and cloudiness with satisfied agreement with actual results.

Virtual Loom: a tool for the interactive 3D representation of historical fabrics

3D modelling of man-made objects is widely used in the cultural heritage sector, among others. It is relevant for its documentation, dissemination and preservation. Related to historical fabrics, weaves and weaving techniques are still mostly represented in forms of 2D graphics and textual descriptions. However, complex geometries are difficult to represent in such forms, hindering the way this legacy is transmitted to new generations. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of SILKNOW’s Virtual Loom, an interactive tool aimed to document, preserve and represent in interactive 3D forms historical weaves and weaving techniques of silk fabrics, dating from the 15th to the 19th centuries. To that end, our tool only requires an image of a historical fabric. Departing from this image, the tool automatically subtracts the design, and allows the user to apply different weaves and weaving techniques. In its current version, the tool embeds five traditional weaving techniques, 39 weaves and six types of yarns, which have been defined thanks to close collaboration of experts in computer graphics, art history and historical fabrics. Additionally, users can change the color of yarns and produce different 3D representations for a given fabric, which are interactive in real time. In this paper, we bring the details of the design and implementation of this tool, focusing on the input data, the strategy to process images, the 3D modelling of yarns, the definition of weaves and weaving techniques and the graphical user interface. In the results section, we show some examples of image analysis in order to subtract the design of historical fabrics, and then we provide 3D representations for all the considered weaving techniques, combining different types of yarns.

Innovative textile structures designed to prevent type III endoleaks in endovascular stent-grafts.

The damage caused to the fabric of endovascular stent-grafts most often occurs at the contact zones between the fabrics where they are attached to the apices of Z-shaped stents as a result of normal physiologic pulsatile movement within angulated vessels in vivo. Although design improvements were made over the years, the risks were not fully eliminated even with the newer M-shaped stent reconfiguration. In this study, we proposed to create and manufacture a novel fabric for stent-grafts with specifically designed reinforced zones to enhance resistance to fabric abrasion. These reinforced zones are set at the vicinity of the apices of the Z-shaped stents and between two adjacent Z-shaped stents where folding and pleating are commonly observed to occur in angulated vessels. Three innovative weaving structures with two different types of yarns and two controls were designed and prepared. Two commonly used commercial devices supported, respectively, with ringed stents, and Z-shaped stents were selected as the references for comparison. Textile structures including thickness, water permeability, mechanical properties, (more specifically tensile and bursting stress, as well as fatigue simulation) were tested on all fabrics. Compared to commercially available plain weaves, the fabrics with locally reinforced zones showed improved mechanical characteristics and fatigue resistant properties. A fabric designed with specifically reinforced zones has now clearly been shown to effectively reduce the abrasion caused by the apices of Z-shaped stents. However, further optimization may still be possible.

Prototyping knit tensegrity shells: a design-to-fabrication workflow

This paper describes a design-to-fabrication workflow for knit membrane tensegrity shells, a novel class of tensegrity structures that substitute discrete cables with a continuous machine-knitted membrane as the main tensile element. The workflow integrates (a) a simplified, simulation-driven design method for membrane tensegrity shells, (b) the conversion of the membrane geometry into digital inputs for Computer Numerical Control (CNC) knitting, and (c) the rationalization of the assembly connection details. This workflow begins by iteratively parameterizing reciprocal strut patterns, connecting the strut endpoints to form a mesh to represent the membrane, and implementing a dynamic relaxation algorithm to form-find the tensegrity shell geometry. The digital model then undergoes optimization procedures to negotiate between structural performance and fabrication constraints. Subsequently, the membrane geometry is extracted and converted into machine instructions to be CNC knitted with the following features: (i) integrated pockets to hold compressive struts at intended locations within the membrane, (ii) different types of yarn to create localized stiffer regions in response to stress concentrations imposed by the struts, and (iii) alterations of the shape of the membrane to adhere to the digital geometry. Several physical prototypes, including a 4-meter-diameter pavilion that was exhibited at the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structure’s Form&Force Expo 2019, serve as case studies for assessing the fidelity, benefits, and limitations of the proposed workflow.

Characterization of a 3D Auxetic Warp-knitted Spacer Fabric by Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Computed Tomography

Auxetic fabrics have many potential applications in technical textiles. Auxetic 3D warp-knitted spacer fabric can be produced by adoption of some special geometrical configuration. Characterization of the geometrical configurations is of vital significance to understand their auxetic property. In this paper, a typical 3D auxetic warp-knitted spacer fabric was studied by synchrotron radiation x-ray computed tomography (SR-CT). Fiber distribution in the fabric was clearly obtained and different types of yarn were extracted separatively. 3D image reconstructed by synchrotron radiation X-ray computed tomography was consistent with the designed geometrical configuration. Besides, 3D model reconstructed lays the foundation for further numerical analysis by FEA.

Villa sorteerimise ja töötlemise mõju lõnga ja kangaste omadustele Muhu saarel kasvanud maalammaste näitel / Effect of the sorting and processing of wool on the properties of yarn and fabric, on the example of the Estonian Native Sheep grown on Muhu Islan

This article gives an overview of our applied research, carried out at the Textile Department of the Pallas University of Applied Sciences, with the objective of finding out how the sorting of the wool of the Estonian Native Sheep grown on Muhu Island affects the properties of the yarn and of the fabric made of this yarn. The research was carried out by participants from the Textile Department of the Pallas University of Applied Sciences, NGO MuhuMaaLammas and the Estonian Native Crafts Department of the University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy under the supervision of the lecturer Liina Kool in June 2017— December 2018.
 Fleece of Estonian sheep is at present undeservedly under-used. This project was initiated by the NGO MuhuMaaLammas, to meet their need for finding ways of using the wool of an Estonian Native Sheep breed grown on Muhu Island in designing and producing articles made of wool. The research was based on the raw wool shorn off the native sheep grown at Vanaelu farm in Kallaste village on Muhu Island.
 Characteristically, the sheep of the native breed have two layers of fleece – the outer and the underlying layers. During our research, we sorted the shorn wool into four groups: 1) lamb’s wool (the age of the animal is up to eight months); 2) wool of fine fibre and regular crimp; 3) wool of thicker fibre and irregular crimp; 4) wool of the coarse, thick and straight outer layer. We examined the structure of fibres of these four types of wool and produced double semi-worsted yarn of all these groups at the wool processing workshop of the UT Viljandi Culture Academy. For comparison, we also had some semi-worsted yarn and carded wool made of the unsorted wool. We used all these types of yarn to weave samples on the loom and with knitting machine. We evaluated the softness of the yarns and fabrics, and the friction resistance and resistance to pilling of the fabric samples.
 Based on the results of comparing the six different types of yarn, and of fabrics made of these yarns, we can say that sorting and extracting of the lamb’s wool and the wool shorn from the neck area of sheep is most justified, because in our tests, the fabrics made of the yarn made of these types of wool proved to Effect of the sorting and processing of wool 145 have the best properties. Using of carded wool, made of unsorted wool, gave good results as well: fabric made of such wool proved to be the softest of all fabrics made on looms. We will proceed to next stages of our research in order to encourage designers and small producers to use domestic raw materials more extensively than they do it today.
 Keywords: applied research, Estonian native sheep, wool fiber, woollen yarn, semi-worsted yarn, pilling

A comparative study of knitted strain sensors fabricated with conductive composite and coated yarns

PurposeThe use of conductive yarns or wires to design and construct fabric-based strain sensors is a research area that is gaining much attention in recent years. This is based on a profound theory that conductive yarns will have a variation in resistance if subjected to tension. What is not clear is to which types of conductive yarns are most suited to delivering the right sensitivity. The purpose of this paper is to look at strain sensors knitted with conductive composite and coated yarns which include core spun, blended, coated and commingled yarns. The conductive components are stainless steel and silver coating respectively with polyester as the nonconductive part. Using Stoll CMS 530 flat knitting machine, five samples each were knitted with the mentioned yarn categories using 1×1 rib structure. Sensitivity tests were carried out on the samples. Piezoresistive response of the samples reveals that yarns with heterogeneous external structures showed both an increase and a decrease in resistance, whereas those with homogenous structures responded linearly to stress. Stainless steel based yarns also had higher piezoresistive range compared to the silver-coated ones. However, comparing all the knitted samples, silver-coated yarn (SCY) proved to be more suitable for strain sensor as its response to tension was unidirectional with an appreciable range of change in resistance.Design/methodology/approachConductive composite yarns, namely, core spun yarn (CSY1), core spun yarn (CSY2), silver-coated blended yarn (SCBY), staple fiber blended yarn (SFBY) and commingled yarn (CMY) were sourced based on specifications and used to knit strain sensor samples. Electro-mechanical properties were investigated by stretching on a fabric tensile machine to ascertain their suitability for a textile strain sensor.FindingsIn order to generate usable signal for a strain sensor for a conductive yarn, it must have persistent and consistent conductive links, both externally and internally. In the case of composite yarns such as SFBY, SCBY and CMY where there were no consistent alignment and inter-yarn contact, resistance change fluctuated. Among all six different types of yarns used, SCY presented the most suitable result as its response to tension was unidirectional with an appreciable range of change in resistance.Originality/valueThis is an original research carried out by the authors who studied the electro-mechanical properties of some composite conductive yarns that have not been studied before in textile strain sensor research. Detailed research methods, results and interpretation of the results have thus been presented.

Research on linear magnetic reciprocating yarn-guiding system

Reciprocating yarn-guiding system is a device for evenly and efficiently winding processed yarns into corresponding packages according to process requirements. Based on the traditional reciprocating yarn-guiding system and the linear magnetic driving mode, the linear magnetic reciprocating yarn-guiding system is proposed in this article. First, the technological requirements of conical package are analyzed, and the polynomial motion law based on reciprocating yarn-guiding mechanism is discussed emphatically. Second, the motion characteristics and operation mechanism of driving parts of reciprocating yarn-guiding mechanism are studied. The maximum acceleration models are established on two kinds of magnetic field analysis theories. Then, the appropriate models have been chosen by comparing the simulation results. And then, the movement functions of reciprocating yarn-guiding mechanism are ensured through the maximum acceleration model and the motion laws. Finally, the yarn distributions winding different types of yarns are simulated. The simulation results showed that the linear magnetic reciprocating yarn-guiding system based on polynomial motion law not only satisfied the fundamental requirements of package but also cut down one-stroke time and improved the efficiency of winding.

Engineering Design and Mechanical Property Characterisation of 3D Warp Interlock Woven Fabrics

3D warp interlock fabrics have been used both in composite materials as fibrous reinforcement as well as in protective solutions against impact mainly due to their improved capacity to absorb energy by higher intra-ply resistance to delamination. However, depending on the type of architecture used, the binding warp yarns may provide different types of mechanical behaviour. By the same, the choice of the yarn raw material coupled with the suited 3D warp interlock architecture is still a challenge to solve due to the lack of knowledge on the optimized fabric parameters to be chosen. Thus, to fill this gap, we have designed, produced on same dobby loom and tested different types of 3D warp interlock architectures (O-T 4 3–4 Basket 3–3 and A-T 4 5–4 Twill 6) with different types of raw material (E-glass EC9 900 Tex, para-aramid 336 Tex and flax Tex 500 yarns). Thanks to these tests, it has been highlighted different mechanical behaviours of 3D warp interlock fabrics with the same weave pattern but with different types of yarns (E-glass, flax and para-aramid) both in the warp and weft directions. It has been also revealed that the warp shrinkage of warp yarns inside the woven structure has a major influence on the whole fabric behaviour.

Failure modes in FRCM systems with dry and pre-impregnated carbon yarns: Experiments and modeling

Abstract Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) systems have emerged in recent years as an effective tool for strengthening and retrofitting of the existing built heritage. The effectiveness of FRCM systems is strongly related to the bond developed at the interface between inorganic matrix and fabric reinforcement and between the inorganic matrix and the substrate. However, since the major weakness is often located at the matrix-to-fiber interface, the study of stress-transfer mechanisms between fibers and matrix, and a better understanding of the failure processes become of fundamental importance. In this paper, interface bond-slip relations are derived from pull out tests on multifilament carbon yarns embedded in a cementitious matrix. Two different types of yarns are investigated, dry and pre-impregnated with epoxy resin. A variational model able to reproduce the mechanisms of interface debonding and frictional slippage observed in experiments is developed, where the constitutive parameters are calibrated on the base of the experimental data available from pull out tests. The model is implemented in a finite elements code, and pull out and double shear bond tests on masonry substrates are simulated. Finally, numerical results are compared with experimental evidences.

Behaviour of Long-Lasting Stress Relaxation of Various Types of Yarns

Abstract The main goal of this researcher is estimating of the possibility of long-lasting (even until 200,000 s) stress relaxation by empirical investigation, which was performed for a few thousands of seconds. The empirical investigations of longlasting stress relaxation of different types of yarns (multifilament polyester, cotton and woollen) at different levels of elongation, i.e. at 3%, 5%, 7% and 10%, were carried out. The method of long-lasting relaxation behaviour prediction by the break-point of relaxation rate as well as the linear dependence of second part of relaxation were used. It was found that the behaviour of relaxation can be described using time logarithmic scale by two straight lines, and the value of stress relaxation in long time period could be estimated by the second line. The break-point of relaxation rate of all kinds of yarns occurs in the area of 100-200 s after relaxations started. The obtained results showed that the place of relaxation break-point depends on the level of elongation but does not depend on the type of yarns.

Effect of yarn structure on wicking and its impact on bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) on woven cotton fabrics

Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) of bloodstains on hard, non-porous surfaces has found widespread use in crime scene analysis and reconstruction for violent crimes in which bloodshed occurs. At many violent crime scenes, bloody clothing is also found and may be analyzed. However, to date, there are no definitive methods for analyzing bloodstains on textiles, even for simple drip stains. There are two major classes of textiles used for apparel and household textiles, weaves and knits. In this article, drip stains on two 100% cotton plain weave fabrics representative of bed sheets are analyzed. Since it is common practice in the manufacture of bed sheeting to use different types of yarn in the warp and weft direction to reduce cost, custom weaves were made from yarns produced by each of the three most common staple yarn production techniques to control this variable. It was found that porcine blood wicked into the fabrics made with ring spun yarn, but not into those made with open end or vortex spun yarns. The uneven wicking of blood into the different yarns resulted in elliptical-shaped stains on commercial bed sheeting that can be misleading when performing bloodstain pattern interpretation based on the stain morphology. This surprising result demonstrates that it is not sufficient to analyze the structure of the fabric, but one must also characterize the yarns from which the fabric is made. This study highlights the importance of a deeper characterization of the textile structure, even down to the yarn level, for BPA on textiles.

Effect of projectile nose geometry on the critical velocity and failure of yarn subjected to transverse impact

Three different types of yarn have been subjected to transverse impact experiments in efforts to gain an understanding of local yarn failure and to provide input parameters for future transverse yarn impact simulations. Dupont™ Kevlar® KM2, DSM Dyneema® SK76, and AuTx® from JSC Kamenskvolokno were selected as representative materials, as the former two are commonly implemented into bullet resistant panels and the latter is a promising material for future impact resistant fabrics. In order to assess the effect of projectile nose shape on the critical rupture velocity range for each yarn type, three missile geometries have been implemented, namely a 0.30 caliber rounded head, a 0.30 caliber chisel nosed fragment simulation projectile (FSP), and a high-carbon steel razor blade. As opposed to one single velocity wherein yarn behavior transitions from transverse wave development to immediate local failure, a range is defined wherein progressive filament failure is detected with increasing impact velocities. Such ranges are determined for all yarn types using the three projectile geometries yielding critical velocity transition regions of increasing value when impacting via razor blade, FSP, and round projectile heads, accordingly. In addition, post-mortem fracture surfaces recovered from impact experiments have been imaged so as to elucidate the mechanism of failure throughout the range of velocities tested for each projectile type and yarn material and said fracture surfaces correlate well with impact velocity and projectile nose geometry.

Study on spliced yarns of different spinning technologies. Part II: structural characteristics

A detailed study on structural parameters of splices of viscose staple fiber yarns made from ring, rotor, and air-jet spinning technologies are reported in this paper. All the yarns each had six different color tracers with 0.3% of total fibers. A three variable three-level factorial design approach proposed by Box and Behnken has been used to study the interactive effect of splicing parameters. The splicing parameters, such as splicing length, duration of splicing air blast, and splicing air pressure were varied to prepared spliced yarn samples. Splices were introduced at all these levels for the three different technologies. This paper deals with the structural characteristics of splice portions, i.e. splice diameter, helix angle, splicing coefficient of fiber (SCF), and fiber overlapping coefficient (FOC). The structural characteristics, such as splice diameter, helix angle, SCF, and FOC, are significantly affected by the different splicing parameters (i.e. splice length, duration of the opening air blast, and splicing air pressure). Different types of yarns (ring-, rotor-, and air-jet-spun) show different trends of structural characteristics with splicing parameters. Part I of this paper deals with the mechanical characteristics of spliced portion.

Development of Three-Dimensional Knit Models through Rib & Purl Structures

Knit fabrics are created on diverse machines with diverse knit loops and conditions to make different patterns and fabric types. Dimensional modifications of knit fabrics can also be achieved by numerous methods such as different knit-loop structures, different types of yarns, or different finishing processes including heat setting, steaming, chemical treatment et cetera. This research develops and explores sophisticated three-dimensional knit fabrics by combining the several different knit stitches including rib and purl. This study focuses on 3D knit models created on modern electronic weft (flat V-bed) knitting machines which have capability of individual needle selection. Several samples of the 3D knitted fabrics are also examined in this research. This research furthermore suggests new types of knitted fashion garment made by using the interesting physical effects.