Different Types Of Vehicles Research Articles

Driving Path Predication Based Routing Protocol in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

The vehicular mobility is reflection and extension of the human social activity. Since human trajectories show a high degree of temporal and spatial regularity, thus vehicular driving paths are predictable to a large extent. In this paper, we firstly analyze the predictabilities of different types of vehicles and then propose a new driving path predication based routing protocol (DPPR). With hello messages to broadcast vehicles' driving path predication information to neighbor vehicles, DPPR can observably increase the successful ratio to find the proper next hop vehicles that move toward the optimal expected road in intersection areas. In roads with sparse vehicle density, DPPR utilizes vehicles to carry messages to roads with high vehicle density while the messages' forward paths partially coincide with the vehicles' driving paths. Moreover, as to messages that can tolerate long delay, they can be carried to destinations by vehicles whose driving paths will pass the messages' destination in order to optimize bandwidth utilization. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed DPPR protocol.

Ultra-wideband Channel Model for Intra-vehicular Wireless Sensor Networks Beneath the Chassis: From Statistical Model to Simulations

Intra-vehicular wireless sensor networks (IVWSNs) are a promising new research area that can provide part cost, assembly, maintenance savings, and fuel efficiency through the elimination of the wires, and enable new sensor technologies to be integrated into vehicles, which would otherwise be impossible using wired means, such as intelligent tires. The most suitable technology that can meet the high reliability requirement of vehicle control systems and the strict energy efficiency requirement of the sensor nodes in such harsh environment containing a large number of metal reflectors at short distance is the ultra-wideband (UWB). However, there are currently no detailed models describing the UWB channel for IVWSNs, making it difficult to design a suitable communication system. We analyze the small-scale and large-scale statistics of the UWB channel beneath the chassis of a vehicle by collecting data at various locations with 81 measurement points per transmitter-receiver pair for different types of vehicles, including the scenarios of turning the engine on and movement on the road. Collecting multiple measurements allows us to both improve the accuracy of the large-scale fading representation and model small-scale fading characteristics. The path-loss exponent around the tires and other locations beneath the chassis are found to be very different, requiring separate models. The power variation around the path loss has lognormal distribution. The clustering phenomenon observed in the averaged power delay profile (PDP) is well characterized by the Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) model. The cluster amplitude and decay rate are formulated as a function of the cluster arrival times using dual-slope linear models. Cluster interarrival times are modeled using Weibull distribution, providing a better fit than the commonly used exponential distribution in the literature, mainly due to the nonrandomness of the local structure of the vehicle. The variations of local PDPs around the small-scale averaged (SSA) PDPs, in decibels, at each delay bin are modeled by Gaussian distribution with variance independent of the value of the delay and distance between the transmitter and the receiver. The analysis of the model parameters for different vehicles and different scenarios demonstrates the robustness of our modeling approach exhibiting small variance in channel parameters for different vehicle types. Finally, the algorithm for generating the channel model is given. The generated PDPs are in good agreement with the experimental profiles, validating our model.

How real‐world driving cycle differs in heterogeneous traffic conditions: a case study in Delhi

PurposeHeterogeneous traffic in Delhi is complex to understand due its typical composition, speed acceleration, cruising, deceleration and idling activity in flow. To arrive at accurate emission factor estimates and implement proper traffic demand management there is need to understand microscopic vehicle operation activity. The vehicular operations are easily quantified by understanding driving cycle of the particular vehicle in real world driving conditions. The purpose of this paper is to present a study on the understanding of driving conditions in India that are heterogeneous in nature.Design/methodology/approachTo understand the heterogeneity, the driving cycle data were collected using GPS on different types of both motorised and non‐motorized modes of transport, e.g. car, auto rickshaw, bus, motorcycle and cycle rickshaw and bicycle on different traffic corridors in Delhi.FindingsResearch findings show that driving cycles differ for different types of vehicles. Therefore, each mode should be encouraged based on their average speed‐time sequence in any traffic mix. The real‐world driving cycle will be also useful for the understanding of fuel consumption and emissions in real‐world scenarios, in order to control vehicle emissions properly, achieve fuel efficiency and to obtain a more sustainable transport system.Originality/valueThis type of research has not been carried out previously in any Indian city.

Analysis of Shock Effect Generated by Vehicles on Human Body under HVAC Transmission Lines

The shock effect has been analyzed when the human body touches different types of vehicles in power frequency electric field. It solved the problem of influence of induced voltage generated by high voltage AC Power Lines on human Body. The induced voltage value of the human body and three different types of vehicles has been calculated by the soft of ANSYS in this paper. The results indicate that the human body will be shocked by two processes of transient and steady state. The influence of shock effect of transient and steady state on human body has been selectively analyzed when the human body touches vehicles. The proposed models and algorithm has the advantages of simple calculation procedure, small calculation burden and convenient to engineering application. It can be applied to the shock effect when the human body touches metal objects with different potential in power frequency electric field. It is worth being populated.

Study of the road traffic noise in Erzurum-Turkey

Road traffic noise affects a large number of people, especially in urban areas and is generally a major source of complaints. This paper refers to a study of the problem of traffic noise on roads which have been transformed into streets in the city of Erzurum. Noise levels are measured and the impacts suffered by the community are documented. Manual noise measurements were made along 12 streets exploring sources of maximum noise levels. Noise from different types of vehicles driven in a realistic way in inner city traffic was measured. The results from the measurements showed that, of 750 measured events, approximately 5% of the vehicles exceeded 70 dB(A) and less than 2% exceeded 80 dB(A) maximum noise level. In summary, the result showed that the most important vehicle component as regards the maximum noise level in inner city traffic was a medium-weight vehicle. Among the higher noise levels measured (>80 dB(A)) this type of vehicle was dominant.

자동 발렛 파킹을 위한 횡방향 제어기 설계 및 차종변화에 대한 제어 성능 분석

The unified lateral control algorithm for automatic valet parking for various types of vehicles is presented and its feasibility is shown experimentally via field tests for the given parking scenario. First, a trajectory generation algorithm for forward driving and backward multi-step parking maneuvers is developed. Then, with consideration of different types of vehicles and operating conditions, a kinematic vehicle model is used and validated using field test data. Using the nonlinear vehicle model, the lateral controller is designed based on dynamic surface control. Finally the proposed lateral control law is validated via hardware-in-the-loop simulations for different types of vehicles and experimentally using a test vehicle through field tests.

Heuristic Approach to Fleet Composition Problem

The paper deals with the Fleet Composition Problem (FCP) for a 2-echelon fuel distribution system, composed of a fuel regional warehouse (depot) and 100 gas stations (customers). The customers’ orders include random quantities of 4 types of fuel, which are distributed by a specialized fleet of road tankers. The fleet includes 4- and 8-chamber tankers that are characterized by different load capacities and fixed and variable costs. Since different types of fuel cannot be mixed together during transportation process specific assignment of orders (transportation tasks) to the vehicles (their chambers) is required. The decision problem consists in composing an optimal fleet of tankers, i.e. in defining optimal types of tankers to be used and an optimal number of vehicles in each type. It is considered as a vehicle assignment problem in which different types of vehicles are assigned to customers’ orders and formulated as a single objective mathematical programming problem, where the optimization criterion is a total daily distribution cost. Two alternative formulations of the decision problem are proposed, based on different definitions of the vehicles to be assigned to transportation tasks. To solve the problem, represented by both formulations, specialized alternative heuristic procedures are constructed. They are based on: local search (LS), evolutionary algorithms (EA) and hybrid algorithm (LS + EA). Computational experiments are carried out and their results are presented and compared in the paper.

Shortest Path Problem for Public Transportation Using GPS and Map Service

Area of a city tends to be larger. Along with the expansion of the scope of a town, public cruising range will be more widespread, so the ability to remember the location of the nearest public facility will be decreased. Another reason underlying the need for information about the locations of public facilities is the requirement to be able to use time efficiently and effectively. Given the information as appropriate, someone will be able to shorten the time it can be used to run other activities that are not less important.The use of different types of vehicles between some people with the other also becomes an additional problem. Someone who accustomed to using private vehicles in daily activities will have difficulty in finding a facility when using public transportation. This is happen because there are many types of public transportation that can be used. From that problem which described, appears a need of some applications that can provide information about the location of public facilities and public transportation routes that can be used. Applications that need will be felt more useful if it can be accessed anytime, anywhere, and by using a device that has been familiar.This research will develop an application that can provide information about the location of public facilities and public transportation routes that can be used.

Modeling urban traffic noise with stochastic and deterministic traffic models

This paper presents the development and evaluation of a stochastic dynamic traffic noise prediction model based on noise curves for vehicle classes and their speed. The model was tested on urban two-lane roads in the city of Bogotá and was established on the basis of the fit of single Li,17sec noise functions for different types of vehicles. The model showed a slightly better fit than was found in four deterministic models that are highly internationally recognized. Additionally, a deterministic model was derived contextualized to the city of Bogotá. The approach used is promising for further investigations of urban traffic noise given the traffic conditions in these systems.

Characterization, concentrations and emission rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the exhaust emissions from in-service vehicles in Damascus

Motor vehicles are significant sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions to the urban atmosphere. Improved understanding of PAH emission profiles in mobile sources is the key to determining the viable approach for reducing PAH emissions from motor vehicles. Very limited data is available on the levels of PAH emissions in the urban atmospheres in Syria and no data are currently available on the level of PAH emissions from different combustion sources in the country. The aim of this study was to determine the profile and concentration of PAH in exhaust emissions of light and heavy-duty vehicles running on the roads of Damascus city. Three different types of vehicles (passenger cars, minivans and buses) were selected along with different age groups. Vapor- and particulate-phase PAH were collected from the vehicular exhausts of six in-service vehicles (with/without catalytic converters). High-performance liquid chromatography system, equipped with UV–Visible and fluorescence detectors, was used for the identification and quantification of PAH compounds in the cleaned extracts of the collected samples. The mean concentration of total PAH emissions (sum of 15 compounds) from all types of studied vehicles ranged between 69.28±1.06μg/m3 for passenger cars equipped with catalytic converters and 2169.41±5.17μg/m3 for old diesel buses without pollution controls. Values of total benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (∑B[a]Peq) ranged between 1.868μg/m3and 37.652μg/m3. The results obtained in this study showed that the use of catalytic converters resulted into cleaner exhaust compositions and emissions with characteristics that are distinct from those obtained in the absence of catalytic converters.

Integrating transportation and production: an international study case

The problem we study is inspired by the real case of Mesdan S.p.A., an Italian company worldwide leader in the textile machinery sector, which has two production units with two warehouses, one located in Italy (Brescia) and the other in China (Foshan). The critical point in this logistic system is the integration between production and transportation management, given the long distance between Brescia and Foshan. Shipments are performed by the means of different types of vehicles with different unit costs and significantly different lead times. Variable production costs, variable and fixed transportation costs and, possibly, inventory costs are charged in the objective function. Different production policies are compared. Our aim is to determine integrated policies that minimize the total cost of the system. We formulate integer linear programming models for the solution of these problems, and we solve the real instance and carry out a sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution.

이동형 배출가스 측정시스템(MEL)을 이용한 디젤 및 가솔린 차량에서 배출되는 입자상 물질 평가

차량에 의한 대기오염을 실제 주행 조건에서 시간과 공간에 구애받지 않고 실시간으로 측정하기 위하여 이동형 배출가스 측정장치(MEL)가 제작되었다. 미니밴 차량에 CO, NOx, CO₂와 같은 배출가스 측정 장비와 입자의 수농도 및 입경별 개수농도 분포 측정을 위한 FMPS, CPC가 탑재되었다. 차량 전단에 장착되는 흡입 샘플링 포트를 사용하여 여러 종류의 차량 추적 실험을 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 MEL의 상세 사양 및 이를 이용하여 디젤 및 가솔린 연료를 사용하는 승용차량들을 추적 실험한 결과를 나타내었다. 디젤 차량에서 배출되는 입자의 수농도는 가솔린 차량에서 배출되는 입자의 수농도보다 높았으며 다량의 극미세입자를 포함하고 있었다. 하지만, 직접분사식 가솔린 차량은 DPF가 장착된 디젤차량에 비하여 50 nm 이상의 입경 영역에서 입자의 농도가 높은 경향을 보였다.

Modelling of a Twin-Track Vehicle Model with Modular Wheel Suspensions

A mathematical modelling approach of a multi-body wheel suspension is presented. The wheel suspension is modelled in a modular manner so that different types of vehicles can be simulated. The inter-changeability of the wheel suspensions is achieved by calculating the translational and rotational Jacobian matrix and its partial time derivatives for the wheel carrier and the wheel. The results of modelling the kinematics of a McPherson wheel suspension are shown.

A Delivery Approach Modeling for Urban Freight Restocking

This paper proposes a modeling system developed in order to analyze the urban freight transport and logistics within urban and metropolitan areas. A review of models developed to simulate this segment of mobility is also reported. The review analysis highlights the limits of models for the ex-ante assessment of city logistics measures. For this reason this paper proposes a new modeling system approach for the assessment of city logistics measures. It is made of different steps approaching problems related to: quantity OD (Origin-Destination) flows, restocking type OD flows, delivery OD flows, delivery OD flows for time slice and vehicle type, and vehicle OD flows. This modeling system has been specified and calibrated using some surveys carried out in the inner area of Rome where more than 500 truck drivers and more than 600 retailers have been interviewed. The increase of freight transportation in urban and metropolitan areas contributes to congestion, air pollution, noise and to the increases in the logistic costs, and hence to the price of products. In addition, increasing flows on road networks, as well as the combination of different types of vehicles, imply an increase of the risk of accidents. The investigation of cost externalities requires an efficient freight distribution system as it plays a significant role in the competitiveness of an urban area, and it is an important element in the urban economy, in terms of both incomes it generates and employment levels it supports. From public administration point of view, the most important aspect is that of mitigating the social costs generated by freight mobility in the urban area. These costs are mainly connected with the impact on traffic congestion of vehicles circulating for freight transport, Corresponding author: Antonio Comi, PhD, assistant professor, research fields: development and application of models and methods for the analysis and the design of freight and passenger transport systems at urban and extra-urban scale. E-mail: comi@ing.uniroma2.it.

Effect of road width and traffic volume on vehicular interactions in heterogeneous traffic

SUMMARYHighway traffic flow phenomena involve several complex and stochastic variables with high interdependencies. The variations in roadway, traffic and environmental factors influence the traffic flow quality significantly. Capacity analysis of road sections under different traffic and geometric conditions need to quantify the vehicles of widely varying characteristics to a common and universally acceptable unit. Passenger car unit (PCU) is the universally adopted unit of traffic volume, keeping the passenger car as the ‘standard vehicle’ with reference to its static and dynamic characteristics; other vehicles are expressed to its equivalent number in terms of PCUs. The studies carried out in this aspect represent the dynamic nature of impedance caused by a vehicle while moving through a traffic stream. The PCU values recommended by the Highway Capacity Manual are widely applied in many countries; however, their applicability is highly under debate because of the variations in prevailing local traffic conditions. There are several factors that influence the PCU values such as traffic, roadway, vehicle, environmental and control conditions, etc. Apart from vehicular characteristics, the other two major factors that influence the PCU of vehicles are the following: (i) road width and (ii) traffic volume. In this study, estimation of PCU values for the different types of vehicles of a highly heterogeneous traffic on 7.5‐ and 11.0‐m‐wide roads, using micro‐simulation technique, has been dealt with. It has been found that the PCU value of a vehicle type varies significantly with variation in road width and traffic volume. The results of the study indicate that the PCU values are significantly influenced by the said two factors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

DCA for solving the scheduling of lifting vehicle in an automated port container terminal

The container was introduced as a universal carrier for various goods in the 1960s and soon became a standard worldwide transportation. The competitiveness of a container seaport is marked by different success factors, particularly the time in port for ships. Operational problems of container terminals is divided into several problems, such as assignment of vessels, loading/unloading and storage of the containers, quay cranes scheduling cite, planning yard cranes cite and assignment of storage containers cite. In this work, the study will focus on piloting yard trucks. Two different types of vehicles can be used, namely automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and lifting vehicles (LVs). An AGV receives a container from a quay crane and transports containers over fixed path. LVs are capable of lifting a container from the ground by itself. The model that we consider is formulated as a mixed integer programming problem, and the difficulty arises when the number of binary variables increases. There are a lot of algorithms designed for mixed integer programming problem such as Branch and Bound method, cutting plane algorithm, . . . By using an exact penalty technique we treat this problem as a DC program in the context of continuous optimization. Further, we combine the DCA with the classical Branch and Bound method for finding global solutions.

Traffic Signal Controller for Mixed Traffic Conditions

Fuzzy logic has been widely used to develop an adaptive traffic signal controller because it allows qualitative modelling of complex systems. However, existing research has developed Fuzzy Logic Traffic Signal Controller (FLTSC) based on non-mixed traffic conditions. These FLTSC are not appropriate to the mixed traffic conditions of developing countries where the traffic streams consist of different types of vehicles with a wide variation in their static, dynamic and operating characteristics. This paper describes the design and evaluation of an adaptive traffic signal controller based on fuzzy logic for an isolated four-way intersection with specific reference to mixed traffic in developing countries. The controller is designed to be responsive to real-time traffic demands. Video image processing has been proposed to capture traffic data such as maximum queue length (in metres) and average occupancy rate (in %) from each approach of the intersection. The proposed FLTSC uses maximum queue lengths and average occupancy rates collected during the previous cycle in order to estimate the number of seconds of green time required by each set of signal groups (stage) during the next cycle. The effectiveness of the proposed FLTSC was examined and analysed by the simulation program VISSIM. The performance of this controller is to be contrasted with the Fixed Time Controller (FTC) and Vehicle Actuated Controller - Extension Principle (VAC-EP) for different traffic conditions on a simulated four- way intersection. The simulation results indicate that the performance of the proposed FLTSC is generally better than the FTC and VAC-EP, especially in cases time-varying traffic.

Comparative performance analysis of three classifiers for acoustic signal-based recognition of motorcycles using time- and frequency-domain features

Vehicles of different types generate dissimilar sound patterns even in similar working conditions. In this study, the motorcycles are classified into bikes and scooters based on the sounds produced by them. Simple time-domain features and frequency-domain features are used for classifiers. The performances of artificial neural network, knowledge-based classifier and dynamic time warping are compared and reported. All these classifiers have shown more than 90% classification accuracy when trained with minimum 40% of the samples.

Overtaking Behavior on Divided Highways Under Mixed Traffic Conditions

The acceleration and overtaking characteristics of different types of vehicles on four-lane divided highways in India are evaluated in this paper. The floating car method was used to record the time of different events in an overtaking process. It is observed that the shoulder condition (paved and unpaved) influences the acceleration behavior during overtaking. In the case of highways with paved shoulders, two-wheelers rarely overtook the test vehicle as they mostly used shoulder lane for their movement. An inverse correlation is observed between the overtaking speed and the acceleration rate. Graphs are plotted between the relative speed of the overtaking and overtaken vehicles against the overtaking time for flying overtaking.

Effect of Transport Models on Connectivity of Interbus Communication Networks

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) attract considerable research and commercial interest with promising applications in a number of areas including cooperative vehicle-highways systems, sensor networks, and safety systems. However, as a result of high speed and variable driver behavior, automotive ad-hoc networks behave in fundamentally different ways to the most prevalent models in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) research. Previous work in MANETs has mostly assumed that the mobile nodes move randomly with an unconstrained mobility model, and it is clear that a random mobility model is not adequate to represent the major characteristics of real-world vehicle motions and may therefore lead to unreliable results. Recent studies of VANETs have attempted to introduce macro- and micromobility constraints to model vehicle motions, but they have mostly focused on modeling the mobility of generic private vehicles. Given the potential for the coordinated deployment of network nodes on centrally managed fleet vehicles, it has become important to model the characteristics of a VANET featuring vehicles of different types, with systematically different behavior patterns. In this article, the authors study the connectivity of mobile ad-hoc networks that consist of buses moving in urban area and examine the implications for transport-related services. Buses have a unique set of behavior characteristics (e.g., fixed routes, schedules, bus stops, specific priorities), which gives rise to distinct effect on node connectivity in the communication network. Through extensive simulations on the basis of real bus routes in central London, the authors (a) demonstrated the effect of the locations of stops and the prevailing traffic patterns on node connectivity (including the distributions of contact duration and intercontact time between buses) and (b) explored its implication on the design of a dissemination system to capture and disseminate data. Their results give a key message that the mobility of buses has to be modeled explicitly, and such kind of knowledge of connectivity among buses will be significant for the studies of routing algorithms and other networking functions in interbus communication networks.