Different Types Of Trust Research Articles

Facing the open innovation gap: measuring and building open innovation in supply chains

Purpose– This study aims to develop a standardized instrument to measure open innovation and trust. The instrument is designed to examine the willingness of those involved in supply chains (SCs) to apply open innovation. It may also be used to observe the potential role of customers, competitors and suppliers in improving the performance of SCs.Design/methodology/approach– This survey of the extant studies of Multinational Automobiles Assembly lines in Egypt involved a questionnaire, which was provided across all grades at the middle managerial level. This questionnaire was divided into two main sections. The first section was concerned with elements of open innovation such as innovation, shared values and shared knowledge. The second section was focused on interrelated types of organizational and extra-organizational trust.Findings– The developed instrument was designed to access and analyze the different types of trust required for the optimal application of open innovation. Its purpose was to enhance customer satisfaction, and to help to create better internal-customer performance and the provision of innovative products. This explorative study indicated that Multinational Automobile Assembly lines in Egypt are willing to apply open innovation methods to improve their performance.Research limitations/implications– The study had a number of limitations. As the survey was conducted entirely on Multinational Automobile Assembly lines in Egypt, the applicability of the proposed scale will need to be tested further on different countries and types of industry.Originality/value– There is little empirical research about implementation of open innovation. Practitioners and researchers should find value in this unique instrument tool.

Trust and parents involvement in schools of choice

Education researchers and policymakers have been focusing for the last three decades on increasing parental involvement in schools. Their work focused on the positive effects that parental involvement has on varied aspects of school quality and functioning. In this study we examined ‘trust’, a known predictor of parental involvement in schools. Specifically we examined how generalized trust and different types of particularized trust affect parental active and passive participation in schools of choice, through multivariate logistic regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) of data from a survey of 404 parents in 12 Israeli Democratic Schools. Our findings show that different types of trust have diverse direct, indirect and sometimes paradoxical effects on parent participation in schools of choice. Following these findings we suggest that educators and policymakers should consider the positive and negative implications of our findings when planning programs of parental involvement.

Media-Source Preferences and Trust Building: How They Influence Relationship Management

This study investigates the critical role of media-source preferences in building trust in organizations. Data from the 2013 Edelman Trust Barometer survey was used to analyze the relationship between stakeholders’ media use patterns and their trust in different types of organizations. Specifically, we focus our analysis on eight countries (four Western ones and the BRIC nations). Results suggest that media-source preferences do have an impact on public trust in business, government, and NGOs. Although we found trust levels to vary across different types of organizations noted above, an overall stable relationship between media selection and trust within each specific country is identified. The article discusses theoretical and practical implications of the research.

Types of trust experienced in a risky medical operation (A case among cosmetic surgeries in Isfahan).

Background:In all areas of life including health, choices have widely increased and concerns over getting hold of further choices have made trust a necessary element. This study, taking into consideration the interconnection of three concepts of trust, risk, and body, aims at describing and interpreting different types of trust experienced in a risky medical operation (cosmetic surgery).Materials and Methods:To achieve the given purpose, within interpretative paradigm and employing qualitative method, in-depth phenomenological interviews were conducted with 26 people who volunteered to have a cosmetic surgery. Participants, who have been selected through purposive sampling techniques, were fully aware of their participation in the study and were insured that the data would be confidential and would be used only for the purpose of the study. Data were gathered within a one-year period of the study, from February 20, 2012 to February 20, 2013. Results of three-phase interviews were validated against participatory feedback and researchers’ triangulation and were further analyzed by means of seven-stage Colaizzi method.Findings:Consequently, five main themes, namely, vicarious trust, trust within the reach, institutionalized trust, criterion trust, and wrapped trust were extracted.Conclusion:Apart from existing differences among these five themes (e.g. degree of the subjectivity and objectivity in the patient), they can be regarded comparable in terms of being single-sided (from the patient's side). In other words, in all experiences, participants, having considered “the necessity of gaining trust” as a presupposition, have made a unilateral effort in creating the aforementioned phenomenon.

Focusing the mediating role of institutional trust: How does interpersonal trust promote organizational commitment?

Numerous organization scholars point out that trust is crucial for well-functioning organizations. However, trust in organizational settings could differ according to the objects of trust. This study compares two conceptually different models: main-effect model and mediation-effect model. The main-effect model assumes that both interpersonal trust and institutional trust promote organizational commitment independently, but the mediation-effect model assumes that institutional trust is cultivated by interpersonal trust and increases organizational commitment. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) show that the mediation-effect model fits better than the main-effect model and that the structural coefficients of the mediation-effect model are neatly interpreted by social scientific studies of trust. This study's findings have two important implications: First, there seems to be sequential order between different types of trust in organizational settings. Second, interpersonal trust promotes organizational commitment only if it facilitates institutional trust, providing an explanation for the inconsistent findings of previous studies.

A Trustworthiness of Commercial Airline Pilots (T-CAP) Scale for Indian Consumers

A Trustworthiness of Commercial Airline Pilots (T-CAP) Scale was created for the purpose of measuring consumer perceptions about the trustworthiness of pilots in India. Previous research has used several different types of trust and trustworthiness scales, but none of them focus on pilot trustworthiness, particularly with an Indian consumer base. This paper outlines the process by which we validated the scale and tested reliability. We had 679 participants join in the process of determining the items that belonged in the scale, narrowing down the choices to highly relevant items, and testing the final scale. A factor analysis using the principle components and varimax rotation produced a single factor for the condition of trustworthiness, and all the items strongly loaded on this one factor. Reliability was tested via Cronbach’s Alpha and Guttmann’s Split-half test. Finally, the scale was tested in an experimental setting to determine discriminability. All tests provided evidence of high validity, reliability and discriminability.

The Impact of Trust in E‐Government on Electronic Health Literacy

The electronic information the U.S. government provides to the public on health issues may impact health literacy, suggested by indicators including the perception of quality and security of information and confidence in health information utilized. The study uses social cognitive theory (SCT) to develop a foundation for why patients are affected by sources of health information around them. A logistic regression is conducted on 2007 HINTS survey data in order to assess how trust in different types of information sources (e‐government, the Internet, charitable organizations, television, etc.) impact health literacy indicators. The result of the study suggests that greater trust in health information from e‐government increases patient perception of information security and confidence in health information, but does not impact perception of quality of health information. The study suggests how e‐government information affects self‐efficacy and interest in e‐health literacy and provides policy analysis of direct and indirect initiatives that e‐government can take in the future to improve on current health literacy outcomes. The study summarizes the results and policy analysis on the impact of e‐government on e‐health literacy for the community.

The impacts of trust and feelings on knowledge sharing among chinese employees

This article examines the differential effects of two types of trust (affect based and cognition based) and two types of feelings (ganqing and jiaoqing) on different knowledge-sharing processes (seeking, transfer, and adoption) among Chinese employees. The influences of these different types of trust and feelings on Chinese employeesʼ propensities to seek, transfer, and adopt explicit and tacit knowledge are also analyzed and discussed. The analysis shows affect-based trust increases knowledge transfer, while cognition-based trust is more important to knowledge seeking and adoption. Affect-based trust alone can facilitate the different processes of sharing explicit knowledge. Effective sharing of tacit knowledge, on the other hand, requires the simul-taneous support from affect-based trust and cognition-based trust. Ganqing and jiaoqing are also important in knowledge transfer and adoption. Either feeling may increase the likelihood to seek, transfer, and adopt explicit knowledge by itself. The influences of both feelings on tacit knowledge seeking, transfer, and adoption hinge on the presence of cognition-based trust.

The mediating effect of knowledge sharing on the relationship between trust and virtual team effectiveness

Purpose – The limited proximal communication between virtual team members can create a lack of trust among members which can significantly reduce the effectiveness of these teams. Hence, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between trust and virtual team effectiveness by looking into the mediating effect of knowledge sharing. Design/methodology/approach – This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a multinational company in Malaysia. Questionnaires were distributed to individuals working in a virtual environment. The questionnaire required the respondents to answer questions regarding three different types of trust (i.e. personality-based trust, institutional-based trust and cognitive-based trust), their knowledge sharing behavior, and their evaluation of the effectiveness of the virtual teams that they are involved with. Findings – Results of hierarchical regression analysis indicated that knowledge sharing and all the three types of trust are significantly related to virtual team effectiveness. However, only personality-based trust and institutional-based trust are significantly related to knowledge sharing, but knowledge sharing only partially mediates the relationship between these two types of trust and team effectiveness. Research limitations/implications – The population of this study are virtual teams working for an organization, hence the generalizability of the findings to other settings is unknown. Originality/value – Trust has been founded to be a significant predictor of virtual team effectiveness. However, this paper shows the effect of different types of trust and the role of knowledge sharing in mediating the relationship between trust and virtual team effectiveness.

"Multi-Facets of Trust and Employee Outcomes: Trust in Supervisor, Felt Trust, and Mutual Trust"

This study examined whether employees develop perceptions about three different types of trust toward their supervisors (trust in supervisor, felt trust, and mutual trust) and how these trust perce...

THE ROLE OF TRUST IN ONLINE SHOPPING MALLS: DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUST AND HOW THEY AFFECT CONSUMER INTENTION

This study investigates the mediating role of trust-to-mall and trust-to-transaction as these concepts pertain to consumers’ usage intentions of an online shopping mall. In addition, the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and technology acceptance model (TAM) is utilized to explain why perceived usefulness, enjoyment, perceived risk and subjective norm affect consumers’ intention to use using structural equation modelling (SEM). To cite this document: Yong Joon Kim, Se Mi Han, and Euehun Lee, "The role of trust in online shopping malls: Different types of trust and how they affect consumer intention", International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, Vol.4, No.2, pp. 355-358, 2013. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/ijecs.1127

Type of Trust and Political Participation in Five Countries: Results of Social Quality Survey

This article classifies types of trust by combining general trust, interpersonal trust, and institutional trust based on the hypothesis that individuals have different types of trust. The results of this article show different shapes of types of trust distribution in South Korea, Germany, Italy, Greece, and Turkey. Also, multinomial logit analysis reveals that each type of trust is influenced by certain conditions. Four types (△distrust, △institution-oriented trust, △person-oriented trust, and △full trust) are drawn from latent class analysis. Age, monthly income, network, financial crisis experience, and participation in private association are proven to have a critical impact on types of trust. Analysis shows that South Korea, Germany, Italy, Greece, and Turkey have different distribution of types of trust. Institution-oriented trust, personoriented trust, and full trust type respectively account for about 25% in Germany. Turkey has a relatively higher percentage of institution-oriented trust type. In contrast, distrust type accounts for more than two-thirds in South Korea, Italy, and Greece. Finally, logit analysis was conducted to figure out the role of types of trust in four kinds of political participation (△online expression, △expressing one’s opinion toward governments or media, △participating in activities such as political campaigns, demonstrations, and strikes, and △voting) as dependent variables. The result shows that institution-oriented trust type people are more likely to participate in expressing their opinions toward governments or media and voting than distrust type. Also, personoriented trust type people are more likely to express their opinions toward governments or media and participate in political campaigns, demonstrations, and strikes than distrust type. Finally, full trust type people show higher presence in three non-institutional political participations.

The Effect of Terror on Institutional Trust: New Evidence from the 3/11 Madrid Terrorist Attack

Research from the United States suggests that the 9/11 terrorist attack increased trust in political institutions by creating a “rally effect.” In this research note we analyze Eurobarometer data collected immediately before and after the March 11, 2004 terrorist attack in Madrid to replicate and extend previous findings from the United States. We report that, first, trust in different types of institutions (political, media, justice) increased significantly immediately after the Madrid terrorist attack; second, the effect of the attack varied systematically across different types of institutions; and, third, the effect was generally short‐lived. Our results suggest that the rally effect of terror on trust in institutions generalizes across national contexts but also that the effect differs across types of institutions.

The effects of different types of trust on consumer perceptions of food safety

PurposeThe aim of this research is to empirically investigate how different types of trust relate to consumer perceptions of food safety.Design/methodology/approachAfter a review of trust literature this study classifies trust into three distinct types: supplier‐level specific trust, industry‐level specific trust and general trust. The direct and indirect relationships between three types of trust and consumer perceptions of food safety were studied through a survey of 1165 consumers from Beijing municipality, China using structural equation model as an analytical tool.FindingsThe results indicate that trust in manufacturers and trust in retailers are directly positively related to food safety perceptions. Trust in farmers is not directly related to food safety perceptions. Industry‐level specific trust is not related to food safety perceptions directly, but it is positively related to supplier‐level specific trust, which in turn is positively related to food safety perceptions. Finally, general trust has only a weak indirect positive effect through its effect on trust in food manufacturers.Practical implicationsThe results imply that consumer perceived safety of food products might be enhanced by improving consumer trust in manufacturers and trust in retailers. The results also suggest that food suppliers are more difficult to build consumer trust when industry‐level specific trust is low and declining. In addition, food suppliers also get potential benefits through influencing and improving industry‐level specific trust. At last, the results suggest that some concerns about food safety are related to individuals' world reviews and maybe beyond the control of the food system.Originality/valueThis study is the first to investigate the relationship between different types of specific trust in the context of food safety. Accordingly, it complements existing trust models and helps predict and explain how trust relates to food safety perceptions directly and indirectly through interactions between different types of trust.

A trust model-based analysis of social networks

In this paper, we analyse the sustainability of social networks usingSTrust,our social trust model. The novelty of the model is that it introduces the concept of engagement trust and combines it with the popularity trust to derive the social trust of the community as well as of individual members in the community. This enables the recommender system to use these different types of trust to recommend different things to the community, and identify (and recommend) different roles. For example, it recommendsmentors using the engagement trust andleaders using the popularity trust. We then show the utility of the model by analysing data from two types of social networks. We also study the sustainability of a community through our social trust model. We observe that a 5% drop in highly trusted members causes more than a 50% drop in social capital that, in turn, raises the question of sustainability of the community. We report our analysis and its results.

Losing Touch: Balancing Cohesion & Efficiency During Management Transitions

This study concerns contingencies in losing ties. Our setting is three professional service firms where we examine changes in relations of recently promoted service professionals (auditors, consultants, and lawyers). Our focus is on tie loss. We take a comprehensive look at driving factors, examining qualities of the alter, the relationship, and social structure. Each contributes to predicating change, but revealing an overarching tendency for balance between cohesion and efficiency logics. Newly promoted professionals will avoid losing high-status contacts (H1), but they don’t shed contacts of any rank who bring multiplex resources (H2). They are less likely to lose contacts they trust (H3, H4) and especially embedded ties (H5), but they also pursue efficiency, shedding the most redundant relations (H6). Finally, we parse out the role of different types of trust on structurally redundant contacts by showing that a high level of cognitive trust in one’s extant network facilitates the letting go of redundant ties (H7) while a high level of emotional trust hinders the shedding of ties (H8).

Pflege zwischen Ökonomisierung und Professionalisierung – Das Beispiel der Alten- und Langzeitpflege in Österreich

Due to our empirical findings in the joint research project TRUST, focussing on cooperation in the automotive industry, no separating of personal trust from systemic trust as two types of trust can be made (main thesis of thuis contribution). Moreover, this distinction is misleading. Instead of that, our empirical findings let us see that personal and systemic moments of trust are inseparable tied to one another. This is why we argue to talk about personal and systemic aspects of trust instead of differentiating between different types of trust.

Revisiting the mediating role of trust in transformational leadership effects: Do different types of trust make a difference?

This study examines the mediating effects of cognitive and affective trust on the relationship between follower perceptions of transformational leadership behavior and their work outcomes. Using data obtained from 318 supervisor–subordinate dyads from a manufacturing organization located in mainland China, structural equation modeling results revealed that affective trust fully mediated the relationships between transformational leadership and the work outcomes of followers, including their affective organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and job performance. In contrast, cognitive trust negatively mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and follower job performance, and had insignificant effects on their affective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviors. These findings highlight the importance of affective trust as a mechanism which translates transformational leadership into positive work outcomes for the organization.

Neither collectivism nor individualism: Trust in the Chinese guanxi circle

This paper illustrates the phenomenon of the social circle in Chinese culture, including the type and role of trust in such a circle, which we call a guanxi circle. In general, a guanxi circle is an ego-centric network. The Chinese national culture is generally thought of as a culture of collectivism, which in turn makes the Chinese network structure dense and closed in organisational settings. However, we find that there are also aspects of openness and flexibility in both Chinese business and social networks, as guanxi circles. In addition, the guanxi circle has a unique structure with ‘differential modes of association’. Finally, the boundary of a guanxi circle is not closed, and outsiders may be included in this circle. That makes the Chinese network structure flexible to opening or closing. This flexibility may be rooted in the Chinese guanxi operation, and trust plays the key role in the operation of guanxi circles. In particular, different levels of association in the circle require different types of trust.

Testing Mechanisms for Philanthropic Behaviour

This special issue of the International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing presents a collection of nine papers testing mechanisms that drive philanthropic behaviour. By testing one or more specific mechanisms that were derived from the philanthropic literature, the authors of the papers in this special issue increase our understanding of philanthropic behaviour.