Different Types Of Training Research Articles

A flexible metro train scheduling approach to minimize energy cost and passenger waiting time

This paper aims to propose a flexible method for optimizing the service-oriented train timetable and utilization of different service trains in an urban rail transit line, in which the inhomogeneous passenger demands in two directions are taken into consideration. Different types of trains with various loading capacities are scheduled to satisfy passenger demands, such that the energy cost and passenger waiting time can be minimized. We first formulate a nonlinear integer programming model by considering a variety of system constraints, including inventory train constraints, train loading capacity constraints, train type constraints, etc. Then, complexity analyses and decomposition methods are specifically discussed to solve the model. A modified tabu search algorithm (MTS) with prior enumeration methods (PE) is then designed to find approximately optimal solutions for the formulated model. A set of numerical examples are implemented to verify the effectiveness and performance of the proposed approaches on a simple metro line and the Beijing Metro Yizhuang Line.

Different Types of Muscle Contraction Regulation in Athletes Adapted to Stereotypical and Situational Motor Activity

We studied the regulatory mechanisms underlying isometric and concentric muscle contractions in athletes adapted to stereotypical and situational motor activities. It has been found that the total electromyography (EMG) amplitude of the studied muscles in basketball players during isometric and concentric contractions to voluntary failure in the final period (phase) of contractions decreases, as compared with the initial phase, while the EMG amplitude in short- and long-distance runners was more stable throughout the whole contraction duration. This EMG dynamics was accompanied by certain changes in the amplitude and frequency of EMG turns, confirming that electrical activity in the motor units of muscles is differently organized in basketball players and runners. The coordination structure of the performed isometric and concentric contractions is probably determined by the specificity of the motor program pool formed in athletes during their adaptation to different types of training.

Differential impact of endurance, strength, or combined training on quality of life and plasma serotonin in healthy older women.

Aging is associated with a progressive decline in physical and neurophysiological functions, and some studies suggest that cerebral serotonin is decreased in older adults. These factors contribute to reduced ability to perform daily activities, influencing quality of life (QoL). Regular physical activity has demonstrated important benefits in reversing ageing effects; however, little is known whether different training protocols might induce differential effects on QoL. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of different types of training on QoL and its relation with plasma serotonin in healthy older women. Forty-eight older women were randomly assigned in four groups: Strength Training (ST), Endurance Training (ET), Combined Training (CT), and Control Group (CG) which was instructed not to engage in any physical exercise during the study time. Participants underwent 12 weeks of training twice a week. Plasma serotonin and a scoring system questionnaire SF-36 for evaluation of QoL were assessed at baseline and after the completion of training protocols. When comparing pre- and post-training periods all trained groups showed improvement in QoL, but the CT improved more domains. Plasma serotonin was significantly lower in the ST and in the CT groups in comparison with controls after the 12-week training. Significant correlations of plasma serotonin with physical functioning, role-physical, general health, vitality, and mental health were observed. CT resulted in higher amelioration in QoL, in comparison with ET or ST only. All training protocols induced significant reductions in peripheral serotonin levels, which were negatively correlated with improvements in QoL.

Effects of different types of training on weight loss

Introduction. The difference between 24-hour daily energy intake and total daily energy expenditure determines whether we lose or gain weight. The resting metabolic rate is the major component of daily energy expenditure, which depends on many different factors, but also on the level of physical activity. The aim of the study was to determine anthropometric and metabolic parameters of athletes engaged in different types of training, to compare obtained results and to examine whether there are statistically significant differences among them. Material and Methods. The study included a total of 42 young male athletes divided into two groups. The first group included 21 athletes who were predominantly engaged in aerobic type of training, and the other group of 21 athletes in anaerobic type of training. Anthropometric measurements were taken and resting metabolic rate was assessed using the indirect calorimetry method. The results were statistically analyzed and the differences in parameters between the two groups were compared. Results. Statistically significant differences were established in total body mass, amount of fat-free mass and muscle mass, body mass index, as well as in the relative metabolic indices between two groups of subjects. Conclusion. The percentage of fat-free body mass has the greatest impact on the resting metabolic rate. The rate of metabolic activity of this body compartment is higher in athletes engaged in aerobic than in athletes engaged in anaerobic type of training.

Tipo de entrenamiento y momento de elaboración de descripciones pos-contacto contingencial en tareas de igualación de la muestra

The effects of different types of training over a) performance on learning and transfer tasks, and b) generation of post-contact descriptions in a second order matching-to-sample task were assessed. 16 participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups. During the training phase, the requirement for participants in groups 1 and 3 consisted of the observation of a conditional discrimination task in which matching responses were highlighted with a red frame and indicated, for each trial, whether they were right or wrong (observational training). During this same phase, the task for participants in groups 2 and 4 was to produce, trial by trial, an explicit matching response (instrumental training). Additionally, participants in groups 3 and 4 were required to write a description of the contingencies every twelve trials. After the task, all participants were requested to develop a similar description. Participants of groups that were under observational training had the highest percentage of correct answers on learning and transfer tests. Similarly, they produced more specific rules than individuals from other groups. These results suggest that learning by observation can occur even if the viewer is not directly exposed to responses of another individual, that is, even when reinforced responses are simply presented graphically.

Back Pain inRowers: A Cross-sectional Study on Prevalence, Pain Characteristics and Risk Factors.

To establish the prevalence of back pain in rowers at different competition levels and rowing typologies compared with a non-rowing control group; to determine different time periods, the location on the spine, and different pain characteristics. Additionally to evaluated different risk factors that might be responsible for back pain. A standardized and validated online back pain questionnaire was sent to elite and non-elite rowers of different rowing typologies, and a physically active non-rowing control group. Responses from 156 rowers (104 elite and 52 non-elite/ 49 scull and 76 sweep rowers) and 166 controls were received. Back pain prevalence and severity was significantly higher among rowers compared with controls, and among scull compared with sweep rowers. The lower back was the main location of back pain in rowers of all competition levels and typologies, and in controls. Age, sex, and training volume influenced the prevalence of back pain. Rowing kinematics, strength, and ergometer training were the main associated risk factors for back pain in rowers. Back pain in different spinal locations is a common complaint in rowers of different typologies and competition levels. Rowing kinematics, strength, and ergometer training are the main associated risk factors for developing back pain in rowers. Thus, the spinal load due to rowing kinematics and different types of training should be investigated in future studies. Additionally, training should be monitored by experienced coaches to prevent back pain due to technical mistakes or too-heavy loads.

Community-Managed Water Supply Systems in Rural Uganda: The Role of Participation and Capacity Development

Over 85% of Uganda’s 34 million people depend on rural water supply systems and the current water and environment sector performance report (2017) reports an 84% functionality of rural water sources such as boreholes and shallow wells with a hand pump. Ensuring the continued operation of water points, and in keeping with participatory theory, the water user’s committees (WUCs) should also be a vehicle for empowering communities while bringing about greater equity of use. However, WUC members do not acquire the knowledge and skills they need by default but require different types of training. This study sought to evaluate community participation and capacity development in WUCs in relation to community-managed water supply systems. A shared dialogue workshop (SDW), as well as 642 randomly selected households across 17 villages in two Parishes in Lwengo district, southern Uganda were considered. Results indicated that 41.7% of surveyed households used an unprotected source while up to 30% had a member in a WUC. Fifty-two percent of households had never made any financial contributions to a WUC, while 34.6% did so on an ad hoc basis. This paper examines the relationship between participation, mobilization, and financial contributions. The chi-square test indicated mobilization has no impact on household financial contributions to a WUC. However, the majority of even those households that were mobilized made a payment only occasionally, and specifically when the source broke down. Additionally, the test result reveals that there is no difference between better off and relatively poor households in their contributions to a WUC, an indication that other factors influence such decisions. Training activities, especially on the operation and maintenance of water points and to undertake minor repairs, were mostly provided by non-governmental organizations (NGOs)/project staff. Abandoned boreholes, lack of rehabilitation activities, and loss of enthusiasm are all indications that the technical, financial, and institutional performance of community-managed water supply systems needs improvement.

Роль і значення хореографії у гімнастичних і танцювальних видах спорту

Galyna Artemyeva & Tetiana Moshenska Choreographic component is mandatory for the construction of competitive programs in gymnastic and dance sports, and when presenting an assessment for the performed composition, choreography is one of the criteria, according to one of the types of training in these sports there is choreographic. Purpose: the establishment of the role of choreography in the training of athletes in gymnastic and dance sports, and its importance in the evaluation of competitive activities. Material & Methods: for the conduct of this study, the following methods were used: theoretical – analysis and generalization of literary sources; sociological – questioning. The study was conducted with specialists who develop gymnastic and dance sports. In the questionnaire, experienced trainers in sports aerobics, cheerleading and acrobatic rock and roll took part in the number of 24 respondents (8 from each of the presented sports). An important aspect in the preparation of successful athletes in gymnastic and dance sports is the rational combination of different types of training in the multi-year training process. Results: because of the weak theoretical basis in these sports there is a lack of research on this issue, indisputably practitioners have a question about the degree of influence of the choreography on the final result, and the inclusion in the training process of the necessary amount of its funds. The conducted research has allowed to generalize answers of respondents to questions of the questionnaire on the role and significance of choreography when building a training process with athletes in gymnastic and dance sports. Conclusion: obtained results do not indicate that today choreography is an integral component of both the training process and the competitive activity. But in each of the sports presented there is an ambiguous attitude of practitioners to the choreographic preparation and inclusion of its resources in the training process.

Employer-provided training, innovation and skills in post-Soviet countries

This paper analyzes the extent of employer‐provided training in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Ukraine and investigates its relationship with innovation, having international business contacts, use of computers at work, reported skills shortages and other firm characteristics. It contributes to the literature by examining different types of training – initial on‐the‐job learning, more formal in‐house training and external training, which is provided by firms to two categories of workers – white‐ and blue‐collar workers. After controlling for a range of firm characteristics, we find a positive link between technological innovation and intensity of training of all types provided to white‐collar workers that points to the technology‐skills complementarity. Furthermore, the level of computer use at work is a significant determinant of the incidence and intensity of external training provided to white‐collar and blue‐collar workers.

Resistance Exercise Training Is More Effective than Interval Aerobic Training in Reducing Blood Pressure During Sleep in Hypertensive Elderly Patients.

Bertani, RF, Campos, GO, Perseguin, DM, Bonardi, JMT, Ferriolli, E, Moriguti, JC, and Lima, NKC. Resistance exercise training is more effective than interval aerobic training in reducing blood pressure during sleep in hypertensive elderly patients. J Strength Cond Res 32(7): 2085-2090, 2018-An appropriate fall in blood pressure (BP) during sleep is known to be related to a lower cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of different types of training on hypertensive elderly patients under treatment in terms of pressure variability assessed by the nocturnal decline in BP. Hypertensive elderly subjects under pharmacological treatment were randomly assigned to the following groups: 12 weeks of continuous aerobic training, interval aerobic training (IA), resistance training (R), or control (C). All subjects underwent ambulatory BP monitoring before and 24 hours after the last exercise session. The results were assessed using the mixed effects model. A greater nocturnal decline in diastolic BP compared with the wakefulness period was observed in R in comparison with C (11.0 ± 4.1 vs. 6.0 ± 5.7 mm Hg and p = 0.01) and with IA (11.0 ± 4. vs. 6.5 ± 5.1 mm Hg and p = 0.02). No fall in BP during a 24-hour period was observed in training groups compared with C, perhaps because the subjects were mostly nondippers, for whom the effect of training on BP is found to be lower. In conclusion, resistance training promoted a greater nocturnal fall in BP among hypertensive elderly subjects under treatment compared with IA subjects.

Effects of aerobic training, resistance training, or both on circulating irisin and myostatin in untrained women

Background: Scientific literature suggests that different types of training can have different effects on secretion of irisin and myostatin.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance exercise training (RET), aerobic exercise training (AET) and concurrent (aerobic + resistance) exercise training (CET) on serum irisin and myostatin in untrained women.Methods: Thirty-five non-obese, untrained women were randomly assigned to control (n = 6, age 25.50 ± 4.80 years), RET (n = 10, age 24.60 ± 2.45 years), AET (n = 9, age 24.66 ± 2.29 years) or CET (n = 10, age 26.60 ± 4.00 years) groups. Subjects in training groups trained for 8 weeks, three times per week. The levels of serum irisin, myostatin were measured before and after the training period. Results: It was found that the CET group had significantly reduced serum irisin (p = .028) and myostatin (p = .005) concentrations. The myostatin concentration was also significantly decreased in the RET group (p = .008). Conclusion: CET, AET or RET were not effective for improving (increase) irisin circulating level. In addition, RET and CET were more effective than AET in reducing circulating myostatin levels.

Using the mini C-BARQ to investigate the effects of puppy farming on dog behaviour

High demand for dogs in countries like the UK can lead to illegal intensive breeding and illegal importation of puppies for the pet trade. The current study investigates the effects of intensive breeding or 'puppy farming' on canine behaviour, explores new ways of predicting negative outcomes and categorising dog behaviour, and probes whether various types of training or routines can mitigate these behavioural outcomes. Participants completed an online self-report questionnaire, combining a shortened version of the Canine Behavioural Assessment and Research Questionnaire (mini C-BARQ) (Duffy et al., 2014), with new scales created in collaboration with the Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Scottish SPCA). 2026 participants completed the questionnaire; most owners had dogs from non-puppy farm backgrounds (n = 1702), the rest had dogs from puppy farms (n = 123), or were unsure of the source of the dog (n = 201). We validated the mini C-BARQ as a tool for measuring dog behaviour, and explored its latent dimensions using factor analysis, extracting five first-order factors and one overarching second-order factor. We also confirm the validity of three of the four new scales developed with Scottish SPCA used to measure the impact of puppy farming practices. Linear and logistic regressions demonstrated that dogs from puppy farms have less desirable behaviours than dogs from other sources on 11 of the 14 behavioural subscales of the mini C-BARQ (for significant subscales, coefficients were between 0.1 and 0.2, and odds Ratios between 1.6 and 2.5). Generalized Linear Models (GLM) revealed the predictive power of two newly developed scales measuring early life experience in explaining variations in dog behaviour. In a GLM accounting for the dog's early life experience (and controlling for variables like breed and age), dog-walking significantly reduced the incidence of undesirable behaviours (p < 0.001), while different types of training had a significant interaction with poor early life experience in moderating canine behaviour (p < 0.002). Finally, dogs from puppy farms had significantly worse medical scores than dogs from other breeding sources (U = 144,719, z = 7.228, p < 0.001). These results suggest that puppy farming has negative impacts on dog behaviours and health, while more research is necessary to fully explore how to mitigate the effects of poor early life experience.

In situ measurements of the crossing vibrations of a railway turnout

Vibration-based condition monitoring is a powerful tool for remotely assessing the quality of railway components. Due to its design, railway crossings suffer from faster degradation, because of the transition from stock rail onto the needle. Since this is also a repetitive load, a small amount of wear will increase the degradation. Measuring the dynamic response also contains information about the transition of the train wheel from the stock rail onto the needle.In this paper, a setup that measures the acceleration and the strain of a railway crossing during train passages is presented. The responses of these two measurement techniques are analyzed for two different types of trains. A linear correlation between the peak values of the strain and the nominal axle load is presented with a regression value of -1.8·10-5. From the accelerations, both the displacement and the transient wheel-rail contact can be analyzed.

OP-507 - Effects of Different Types of Training on Aortic Root Enlargement

OP-507 - Effects of Different Types of Training on Aortic Root Enlargement

Reliable deception cues training in an interactive video game

Well-designed video games can teach people to decrease their reliance on heuristics and biases, especially in deception detection, where people might be resistant to training or unaware that training is needed. We created the serious game VERITAS in which users ask questions of pre-recorded actors and attempt to determine the veracity of the answers supplied. The efficacy of the game was tested in two different experiments with college student players. We hypothesized that reducing reactance and enhancing self-affirmation of players would mitigate the resistance to training about bias relevant to a deception detection context. We found that compared to a traditional lecture, VERITAS players were more engaged and motivated by the training and outperformed the traditional lecture in training participants about their knowledge of deception cues, and to identify truthful statements but not deceptive ones. The players of VERITAS also showed improvement from the first to the second scenario in the game. These results reveal that perhaps truth and deception detection are separate skills which require different types of training.

A VLSI implementation of train collision avoidance system using Verilog HDL

Now a days we see many train accidents that occur in railways. These accidents occur mainly due to cracks in the track, human errors and not identifying the opposite train at the right time. When the train meets with the accident lot of people lose their lives and huge amount of railway property is destroyed and it also takes lot of time to hold back to the normal situations. Most of the accidents happen due to human error and due to lack of communication between the trains and irregularity of Train Traffic Control System. Normally to prevent these accidents we place sensors on either side of the platform to identify the train at right time and to receive traffic signals at the platform properly. Here we came with some different approach which is easy to manage and implement and cost effective. Normally collision occurs when two trains approaching in opposite directions on same track. So, if we manage to prevent two trains travel on the same track then collision can be avoided. Here in this project we have implemented Verilog code to solve this problem. The purpose of this project is to write a Verilog code to detect the opposite train and deviate the train based on priority of the trains thus avoiding collision. In this project we have chosen four different types of trains namely Goods, Passenger, Superfast, Express and we have implemented train collision avoidance using Verilog code by giving priority to each type of train and preference is given to one train to avoid collision.

Evidence for Differential Effects of 2 Forms of Exercise on Prefrontal Plasticity During Walking in Parkinson’s Disease

Background. In a randomized control trial conducted in patients with Parkinson’s disease, a treadmill training program combined with virtual reality that targeted motor and cognitive aspects of safe ambulation led to fewer falls, compared with treadmill training alone. Objective. To investigate if the 2 types of training differentially affected prefrontal activation and if this might explain differences in fall rates after the intervention. Methods. Sixty-four patients with Parkinson’s disease were randomized into the treadmill training arm (n = 34, mean age 73.1 ± 1.1 years, 64% men, disease duration 9.7 ± 1.0 years) or treadmill training with virtual reality arm (n = 30, mean age 70.1 ± 1.3 years, 71% men, disease duration 8.9 ± 1.1 years). Prefrontal activation during usual, dual-task, and obstacle negotiation walking was assessed before and after 6 weeks of training, using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy system. Results. Treadmill training with and without virtual reality reduced prefrontal activation during walking (P < .001), with specific interactions related to training arm (P = .01), lateralization (P = .05), and walking condition (P = .001). For example, among the subjects who trained with treadmill training alone, prefrontal activation during dual-task walking and obstacle negotiation increased after training, while in the combined training arm, activation decreased. Conclusions. Prefrontal activation during usual and during more challenging walking conditions can be altered in response to 2 different types of training. The addition of a cognitive training component to a treadmill exercise program apparently modifies the effects of the training on the magnitude and lateralization of prefrontal activation and on falls, extending the understanding of the plasticity of the brain in PD.

Fast Method to Evaluate Payload Effect on In-Train Forces of Freight Trains

Introduction:This paper introduces a fast method to evaluate the effect of payload distribution on in-train forces.Methods:The method is based on Strong Orthogonal Arrays (SOA) and the excellent space-filling properties of Latin Hypercube Design (LHD): SOA-based-LHD is proved to be very efficient in spanning the range of in-train forces for different types of trains (also considering distributed power/braking) and trains operations.Results:The distribution of the percentage of braked mass is used to consider the effect of payload distribution on in-train forces. Because of its computational efficiency, the method proposed here can be satisfactorily employed to perform an optimization analysis of train composition.

The effects of resistance and endurance training on risk factors of vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in non-athlete men.

BackgroundStudies show that different types of training have a significant role in reducing both new and traditional risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, and the new risk factors are more sensitive and accurate in predicting such diseases.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of resistance and endurance exercises on risk factors of vascular inflammation and atherogenesis in non-athlete men.MethodsThirty-six non-athlete male students (mean age: 20.45 ± 1.20 years; mean body mass index: 23.66 ± 3.65 kg/m2) were randomly assigned into either three groups: control group, resistance training (RT), and endurance training (ET). The training groups exercised for 3 days/week for 8 weeks. ET group performed treadmill-running at 65%–80% of maximum heart rate and with a 16–30 min duration; the task of RT group consisted of three repetition sets, 8–10 per set, at 60%–80% of one repetition maximum, with 2-min recesses. Blood samples were taken before and after the training program. Data were analyzed by Shapiro–Wilk test, one-way ANOVA, LSD test, and dependent t-test (α ≤ 0.05).ResultsThe results indicated a significant reduction in total cholesterol levels in both RT and ET groups. Also high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased in both training groups. In addition, following 8 weeks, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in ET group was significantly decreased, whereas these training methods have had no significant effects on the new cardiovascular biomarkers (hs-CRP, IL-6, and sICAM-1).ConclusionIt seems that both ET and RT with improvement in lipid profiles could be effective in prevention and treatment of the cardiovascular disease.

Equidistant Spectral Lines in Train Vibrations

ABSTRACT We analyze in detail the seismic vibrations generated by trains, measured at distance from the track with high sensitivity broadband sensors installed for the AlpArray project. The geometrical restrictions of the network resulted in a number of instruments deployed in the vicinity of railway lines. On seismic stations within 1.5 km of a railway, we observe characteristic seismic signals that we can relate to the passage of trains. All train signals share a characteristic feature of sharp equidistant spectral lines in the entire 2–40 Hz frequency range. For a site located 300 m from a busy track, frequency spacing is between 1 and 2 Hz and relates to train speed. The spectrograms of individual trains show acceleration and deceleration phases that match well with the expected driving profile for different types of trains. We discuss possible mechanisms responsible for the strikingly equidistant spectral lines. We search for Doppler effects and compare the observations with theoretically expected values. Based on cepstrum analysis, we suggest quasi‐static axle load by consecutive bogies as the dominant mechanism behind the 1–2 Hz line spacing. The striking feature of the equidistant spectral lines within the train vibrations renders them outstanding seismic sources which may have potential for seismic imaging and attenuation studies.