Different Types Of Switches Research Articles

UNPACKING CAPITAL SWITCHING: Value, Rentierism and Displacement in Absolute and Relative Forms of Switching

AbstractHarvey's (1978) switching theory has been widely used to theorize investments in the built environment. Crucially, in switching theory no distinction has been made between investments in the construction of the newly built environment and investments into the existing built environment. The distinction between these two types of switching is key to unveiling the relations between how value is produced, rents are extracted and interest payments are made as investments flow with the real estate sector, and the implications that such switching has for displacement. I discuss the distinction between different types of switching and the implications thereof by analysing the ebb and flow of investments in Spanish real estate from 2000 to 2007 and from 2014 to 2018. On the one hand, I claim that the two switching waves were qualitatively different in so far as capital was fixed in the built environment through the construction of new buildings between 2000 and 2007, whereas from 2014 to 2018 capital was fixed in existing buildings. In the first switching phase, value was produced and land rents were extracted, whereas the second switching phase was characterized mainly by rent extraction. On the other hand, the first switching moment entailed an increase in housing provision, whereas the second switching moment led to widespread displacement of the population.

Analysis of the fleet and evaluation of the switching resource of 10 kv switches of the branch of pjsc «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo»

THE PURPOSE. Analysis of the fleet and evaluation of the switching resource of 10 kV switches of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo». METHODS. In the work, based on the database of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo», an analysis of the fleet of 10 kV high-voltage switches was carried out, the types of switches used, their shares in the fleet of switches were identified. The park of circuit breakers was investigated according to technical characteristics, including rated currents and currents of maximum breaking capacity in accordance with GOST R 52565-2006 and GOST 687-78, as well as the current standards of the technical organization of PJSC «Rosseti». RESULTS. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the fleet of 10 kV switches installed in switchgear substations with a higher voltage of 35-110 kV of the branch of PJSC «Rosseti Center»-«Orelenergo» is represented by 1833 switching devices, among which: 1197 switches with low-oil arc extinguishing chambers, 636 switches with vacuum, which is, respectively, 65% and 35% of the park. At the same time, 1009 switching devices have a rated current of 630 A, and 366 switching devices – 1000 A, 1526 pieces of equipment have a rated cut-off current of 20 kA. A comparison of a low-oil switch of the VMP type and a vacuum switch BBB with a modern vacuum switch of the BB/TEL series from the point of view of the switching resource in order to justify its use to replace these switches on specific power lines. CONCLUSIONS. Identification of the parameters of the 10 kV circuit breaker fleet makes it possible to develop rational plans for equipment replacement. Analysis of the switching resource of different types of switches allows you to choose equipment with the best characteristics.

Explicit reliability incorporated switches planning of smart distribution system with high flexibility

Different types of switches play different roles in the fault management procedure in particular context of smart grid, which have different impact on system reliability. The motivation behind this paper is to develop an explicit reliability assessment method adapting to flexible deployment of circuit breakers (CBs), remote-controlled switches (RCSs), and manual switches (MSs), which can be further integrated into switch planning models analytically. The peculiar of this paper is to use the propagation constraints of fictitious power flows to model three stages of fault management procedures. Based on the fictitious power flows, the placement and action for CBs, RCSs, and MSs are modeled in detail as linear constraints, considering power flow constraints in fault management procedure. Therefore, this MILP model can be easily integrated into an exact mathematical optimization model. Finally, the proposed method is tested in 37, 85, 137, 417 node distribution network systems to verify the efficiency of the algorithm. Besides, the necessity of considering flexible location of three types of switches and its application on switch planning are verified.

Hybrid buffer‐based optical packet switch with negative acknowledgment for multilevel data centers

Abstract In the present scenario, data centers serve many functionalities like storage, transfer of data, supporting web applications, etc. In data centers, various levels of hierarchy different types of switches are required; therefore, multifunctional data centers are desired. This paper discusses a novel design for optical switch which can be placed at various levels of hierarchy. In the proposed design, multifunctionality contention resolution schemes which consider electronic and optical buffering and all-optical negative acknowledgment (AO-NACK) are considered. In buffering technologies, contending packets are stored in either in electronic RAM or in fiber delay lines. In case of the AO-NACK scheme, contending packets are blocked, and a negative acknowledgment is sent back to the transmitting node and blocked packets are retransmitted. For various considered schemes, Monte Carlo simulation have been performed, results in terms of packet loss probability are presented, and it has been found that the performance of optical buffering is much superior to electronic buffering and AO-NACK schemes. It is found that, in the AO-NACK scheme, the numbers of retransmitted packets due to contention blocking are 33,304 which can be reduced to 7, by using a small amount of buffer at each node.

Computer simulation of energy release modes in discharge channel and its influence on stress-strained state formation in solid material under electro-blasting technology

In an electro-blasting technology for the solid destruction, the pulse power generators with different types of switches is used. One of them is a triggered vacuum switch, that for an easy operation, has a suitable lifetime of 104–105 commutations in average and can pass about 100 coulombs of charge. However, in most cases it passes only a half-cycle of the current in the ringing mode operation. In this paper, the influence of the ringing current pulse duration on the stress-strained state formation is investigated. Simulation results of the energy release modes in a discharge channel are given. The crowbar mode of operation is also investigated and a comparison with the ringing mode are presented. It is shown that in a dumping oscillations mode with a damping factor of about 7, the second and the subsequent oscillations contribute only about 5 % of a total energy into the shock-wave.

Status and Prospects of ZnO-Based Resistive Switching Memory Devices.

In the advancement of the semiconductor device technology, ZnO could be a prospective alternative than the other metal oxides for its versatility and huge applications in different aspects. In this review, a thorough overview on ZnO for the application of resistive switching memory (RRAM) devices has been conducted. Various efforts that have been made to investigate and modulate the switching characteristics of ZnO-based switching memory devices are discussed. The use of ZnO layer in different structure, the different types of filament formation, and the different types of switching including complementary switching are reported. By considering the huge interest of transparent devices, this review gives the concrete overview of the present status and prospects of transparent RRAM devices based on ZnO. ZnO-based RRAM can be used for flexible memory devices, which is also covered here. Another challenge in ZnO-based RRAM is that the realization of ultra-thin and low power devices. Nevertheless, ZnO not only offers decent memory properties but also has a unique potential to be used as multifunctional nonvolatile memory devices. The impact of electrode materials, metal doping, stack structures, transparency, and flexibility on resistive switching properties and switching parameters of ZnO-based resistive switching memory devices are briefly compared. This review also covers the different nanostructured-based emerging resistive switching memory devices for low power scalable devices. It may give a valuable insight on developing ZnO-based RRAM and also should encourage researchers to overcome the challenges.

Reasons for switching service providers

This paper examines the reasons that people give for switching services. It is designed to test previous work and to extend knowledge by showing how the frequencies of different reasons vary by type of service. Unlike previous work using Critical Incident Technique (CIT), surveys are used to gather data on switching reasons. It is argued that CIT tends to select in favour of event-related reasons and against condition-related reasons.The research reveals a much lower frequency of event-related reasons for switching and more condition-related reasons compared with earlier work, particularly when services are delivered at a specific location. The research is extended to different types of switching. When customers have to switch, they often cited conditions; when they switch because of dissatisfaction with a supplier, they give more event-based reasons; when they discover a better supplier without previous dissatisfaction, they most often cite competition reasons.These findings have practical implications. First, previous work has claimed that service switching is preventable because event-related reasons can often be avoided by management; the present work, by showing that avoidable reasons are rarer, shifts the focus from customer retention to customer acquisition. Second, this work informs practitioners about the reasons that are likely to be given by defectors in their service category; this assists strategy decisions on retaining and acquiring customers.

The Design of the Module Exchange Measuring Head Based on 112-System

Abstract This paper puts forward a type of device which can automatically measure the operation status of the module exchange in 112-system according to the measuring problems in the terminations of both the small-capacitance telephones and the burglar alarms. In this device, the measuring method of three-terminal phase is adopted, which can effectively measure the electric resistance and capacitance between the different layers of the lines. Therefore, it can complete the measurement of the subscriber lines. In addition, it is able to measure different types of switches and a variety of lines, and especially adds the measurements on the noise and the degree of balance. After its system goes through rigorous tests, the errors are measured to fulfill users’ demands, and thereby the purposes of saving manpower and improving the efficiency of measurement and feedback can be achieved.

Task switching and serial memory: Looking into the nature of switches and tasks

Task switching research has so far focused on the impact of switching task-sets between two-choice classification tasks that require little or no memory load. Empirical work is lacking however to determine whether the switching cost can be extended to other cognitive activities and to different types of switches. In the present study, switching between the content – verbal to spatial – of the tasks was contrasted with switching cognitive processes — categorization to serial memory. Our pattern of results revealed the absence of local and general switch costs on serial memory tasks, while substantial costs were observed with two-choice judgement tasks. Such a finding challenges the widely accepted assumption that task alternation comes with a considerable cost in performance regardless of the cognitive tasks undertaken. Our results are discussed in context of the predominant models of task switching.

Neuroimaging studies of shifting attention: a meta-analysis

This paper reports a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of attention shifting and executive processes in working memory. We analyzed peak activation coordinates from 31 fMRI and PET studies of five types of shifting using kernel-based methods [NeuroImage 19 (2003) 513]. Analyses collapsing across different types of shifting gave more consistent results overall than analysis within individual types, suggesting a commonality across types of shifting. These areas shared substantial, significant overlap with regions derived from kernel-based analyses of reported peaks for executive processes in working memory (WM). The results suggest that there is a common set of brain regions active in diverse executive control operations, including medial prefrontal, superior and inferior parietal, medial parietal, and premotor cortices. However, within several of these regions, different types of switching produced spatially discriminable activation foci. Precise locations of meta analysis-derived regions from both attention shifting and working memory are defined electronically and may be used as regions of interest in future studies.

Noisy heteroclinic networks

The influence of small noise on the dynamics of heteroclinic networks is studied, with a particular focus on noise-induced switching between cycles in the network. Three different types of switching are found, depending on the details of the underlying deterministic dynamics: random switching between the heteroclinic cycles determined by the linear dynamics near one of the saddle points, noise induced stability of a cycle, and intermittent switching between cycles. All three responses are explained by examining the size of the stable and unstable eigenvalues at the equilibria.

Throughput measurements in a 2 Mbps X.25 network

National and international X.25 based networks in Europe (JANET, WiN, IXI) carry rapidly increasing traffic. 2 Mbps access points to the network and increased bandwidth within the networks would contribute to higher speeds. Strong criticism concerning the suitability of X.25 for higher speeds led the DFN Association to investigate the behavior of X.25 for transmission speeds of 2 Mbps and beyond. The test setup consisted of a test environment with workstations connected to an ethernet, the ethernet connected to a test-WAN, a system under test (a public network with two access points, a private network with various commercial switches). With this test setup investigations have been made with different protocol stacks (TCP/IP over X.25 via RFC 877, CONS) and the appropriate LAN attachments (IP-routers, CONS interworking units), different types of switches. Measurements have been performed using analytical test programs at the transport level to determine the throughput as a function of the packet size, applications (e.g. FTP) to determine the benefits for the user. The analytical tests show that a bandwidth of 1.92 Mbps, as offered in public networks, can be filled with 256 byte packets by a number of commercial switches. The maximum throughput achievable for small packets (of length 64) was about 1500 packets/ s or 40% bandwidth utilization. The maximum throughput for FTP using IP/X.25 encapsulation was 230 kByte/s. Investigations showed that the achievable throughput was limited by the workstations used to generate load. Increasing load on a switch (by a factor of about 2) and the use of an additional switch did not noticeably affect the throughput. With a clockrate of 5 Mbps full bandwidth utilization could be reached with a packet size of 1024.

Segmented EEG potential mapping in medication free schizophrenic patients

Whereas traditional methods of computer analysis process components of the EEG signal over many seconds prior to topographical analysis, Lehmann has demonstrated that EEG activity can be segmented into rapidly changing spatial configurations (maps) characterized by location of dipole extremes. We adapted topographic segmentation techniques to study EEG recorded from medication-free schizophrenic patients and controls, hypothesizing that functional deficits associated with schizophrenic illness would result in more frequent switching between EEG segments. Nine channel EEG was recorded from 11 unmedicated schizophrenic patients and ten normal controls during resting and active task conditions. Eight patients were retested after neuroleptic treatment. After transformation to average reference, the first 25 artifact-free seconds of data from each condition was filtered into theta, alpha, and beta1 datasets. Potential maps from each peak in global field power were classified according to the locations of maximum and minimum potentials. Segment boundaries were identified by shifts in either the minimum or maximum point to a new map location. Groups were compared by the numbers of: (1) transitions (switches) between segments, (2) different types of switches that occurred, (3) switches occurring without a hemispheric crossing, and (4) segment types left unused. Schizophrenics did not switch segments more frequently, but left significantly (p C .003) less theta segments unused. Moreover, medication significantly (p < .02) increased the number of unused theta segments. We interpreted these findings as evidence of increased spatial variability of brain electrical activity in schizophrenics that may be directly related to anomalies of selective attention.

Switching in cadmium boracite single crystals

We have found that a highly insulative Cd boracite crystal becomes conductive when a certain electric voltage is applied at a high temperature (≳300 °C). The threshold voltage for switching is smaller than a few volts for an electrode distance of a few tenths of a millimeter. This corresponds to an electric field of 102–103 V/cm and is much smaller than the dielectric breakdown voltage for an insulator such as boracite. The insulative state is restored after the removal of voltage. The switching has also been investigated by a pulse technique. In this case, two different types of switching are observed. Unstable switching is observed when the pulse voltage is slightly above the threshold and is characterized by a delay time before switching and a residual current after the removal of a voltage pulse; whereas stable switching takes place when the voltage becomes sufficiently high.

Oscillographic Study of the Current and Voltage in a Permeameter Circuit

The purpose of the investigation was to study the form of the voltage-time and current-time curves, existing in a permeameter circuit, and to reduce the time required for the reversal of the magnetizing current. The permeameters used in the investigation were of the U-shaped yoke type. Oscillograms were taken of the current and of the induced voltage during the opening and also during the reversal of the magnetizing current. The permeameter, with which the investigation was started, was fitted with brass end pieces to support the magnetizing coil. The oscillograms showed that the flux change lagged behind the magnetizing current. In fact, the secondary e. m. f. continued for about one second after the current change was completed. The cause of this lag was found to be due to eddy currents set up in the short-circuited paths provided by the brass end pieces. After these were removed oscillograms showed that the lag in flux behind the magnetizing current was negligible. This brought out clearly the fact that short-circuited paths in which eddy currents may be induced should be avoided in permeameter construction. Two new permeameters were then constructed of the same type; one of these was made with a solid core of silicon steel and the other with a laminated core of the same material. Tests of these showed that use of the laminated core materially reduced the time required for the reversal of the current. Several different types of switches were used for opening and reversing the magnetizing current. The oscillograms showed clearly that a quick-break snap switch operating under oil is superior to other types of switches.

Oscillographic study of the current and voltage in a permeameter circuit

The purpose of the investigation was to study the form of the voltage-time and current-time curves, existing in a permeameter circuit, and to reduce the time required for the reversal of the magnetizing current. The permeameters used in the investigation were of the U-shaped yoke type. Oscillograms were taken of the current and of the induced voltage during the opening and also during the reversal of the magnetizing current. The permeameter, with which the investigation was started, was fitted with brass end pieces to support the magnetizing coil. The oscillograms showed that the flux change lagged behind the magnetizing current. In fact, the secondary e. m. f. continued for about one second after the current change was completed. The cause of this lag was found to be due to eddy currents set up in the short-circuited paths provided by the brass end pieces. After these were removed oscillograms showed that the lag in flux behind the magnetizing current was negligible. This brought out clearly the fact that short-circuited paths in which eddy currents may be induced should be avoided in permeameter construction. Two new permeameters were then constructed of the same type; one of these was made with a solid core of silicon steel and the other with a laminated core of the same material. Tests of these showed that use of the laminated core materially reduced the time required for the reversal of the current. Several different types of switches were used for opening and reversing the magnetizing current. The oscillograms showed clearly that a quick-break snap switch operating under oil is superior to other types of switches.