Different Types Of Stem Cells Research Articles

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Stem Cell Therapies for Pain in Diabetic Neuropathy, Osteoarthritis, and Spinal Cord Injuries.

The use of stem cell therapy is a rapidly evolving and progressing frontier of science that has been used to treat illnesses such as malignancies, immunodeficiencies, and metabolic syndromes. This review aims to give an overview of the use of stem cell therapy in the treatment of pain caused by diabetic neuropathy, osteoarthritis, and other spinal cord pathologies. Pain is defined as a generalized or localized feeling of distress related to a physical or emotional stimulus and can be caused by a multitude of pathologies. The field of pain management has explored many strategies such as gene therapies, neuromodulation, platelet-rich plasma, and numerous pharmacotherapies. The approach to the delivery of these strategies has varied, with the method of stem cell therapy delivery being the focus of this present investigation. In addition, we combined several different studies to analyze the effects of stem cell therapies and improvement in pain scores quantified by the visual analog scale (VAS). The overall results showed a mean difference of -2.58, suggesting that the stem cell treatment group had a lower VAS score at 6 months compared to the control group. The use of different types of stem cells, such as pluripotent and mesenchymal stem cells, play a critical role in the care of cases suffering from pain. Effective delivery methods are evolving and can transform treatment options in the future, for which large cohort studies are warranted.

Stem Cell Therapy for Diseases of Livestock Animals: An In-Depth Review.

Stem cells are unique, undifferentiated cells that have the ability to both replicate themselves and develop into specialized cell types. This dual capability makes them valuable in the development of regenerative medicine. Current development in stem cell research has widened their application in cell therapy, drug discovery, reproductive cloning in animals, and cell models for various diseases. Although there are substantial studies revealing the treatment of human degenerative diseases using stem cells, this is yet to be explored in livestock animals. Many diseases in livestock species such as mastitis, laminitis, neuromuscular disorders, autoimmune diseases, and some debilitating diseases are not covered completely by the existing drugs and treatment can be improved by using different types of stem cells like embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. This review mainly focuses on the use of stem cells for disease treatment in livestock animals. In addition to the diseases mentioned, the potential of stem cells can be helpful in wound healing, skin disease therapy, and treatment of some genetic disorders. This article explores the potential of stem cells from various sources in the therapy of livestock diseases and also their role in the conservation of endangered species as well as disease model preparation. Moreover, the future perspectives and challenges associated with the application of stem cells in livestock are discussed. Overall, the transformative impact of stem cell research on the livestock sector is comprehensively studied which will help researchers to design future research work on stem cells related to livestock diseases.

Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Corneal Epithelial Cells: Current Progress.

The limited availability of corneal tissue grafts poses significant challenges in the treatment of corneal blindness. Novel treatment utilizes stem cell grafts transplanted from the healthy side of the cornea to the damaged side. However, this procedure is only possible for those who have one-sided corneal blindness. Human stem cells offer promising potential for corneal tissue engineering, providing an alternative solution. Among the different types of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) stand out due to their abundance and ease of isolation. Human MSCs can be derived from bone marrow, adipose, and umbilical cord tissues. Differentiating MSC toward corneal tissue can be achieved through several methods including chemical induction and co-culture with adult corneal cells such as human limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) and human corneal epithelial cells (hTCEpi). Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are the most common type of MSC that has been studied for corneal differentiation. Corneal epithelial cells are the most common corneal cell type targeted by researchers for corneal differentiation. Chemical induction with small molecules, especially bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), has gained more popularity in corneal epithelial cell differentiation. This review highlights the current progress in utilizing MSCs for corneal differentiation studies, showcasing their potential to revolutionize treatments for corneal blindness.

Stem cells in pulmonary hypertension: Current understanding and future challenges.

Stem cells possess the unique ability to develop into different cell types within the body. Researchers are exploring the use of different types of stem cells to potentially repair damaged blood vessels, reduce inflammation, and improve overall vascular function, all of which are crucial factors in pulmonary hypertension (PH). While it is important to acknowledge that further clinical studies and trials are necessary to fully understand the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy for PH, ongoing research and initial findings present promising avenues for potentially developing new treatments or therapeutic strategies for PH.

Research progress of stem cell therapy for neurological diseases

Neurological diseases are considered one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide; not only do patients suffer, but they also place a significant economic burden on families and society. Traditional medications now show limited efficacy, and surgical interventions can be dangerous. The need to develop new medicines is critical as more people become aware of the immense burden this disease imposes on society and the limited number of viable therapeutic options that currently exist. Modern research is increasingly focusing on novel and potent approaches to treat neurological illnesses to address these challenges. One promising method is the stem cell-based therapy. The development of stem cell transplantation techniques and cellular therapies in recent years has provided new hope for the treatment of neurological disorders. Stem cell therapies have demonstrated therapeutic potential in animal models, and different types of stem cells have been used in clinical trials. In this study, we explored the applications of mesenchymal stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells in neurological diseases. In recent years, we have examined the current status and progress of stem cell applications in treating neurological diseases, both domestically and internationally, and reviewed some of the key challenges encountered.

Apolipoprotein E is a novel marker for chondrocytes in the growth plate resting zone.

The resting zone (RZ) in mammalian growth plates is critical for maintaining and regulating chondrocyte turnover during longitudinal bone growth as a control tower and stem cell reservoir. Although recent lineage tracing studies have identified several markers for stem cells in the RZ, these markers only partially label chondrocytes in the RZ, suggesting that the resting chondrocytes (RCs) are a heterogeneous population with different types of stem cells. Since a comprehensive marker for RCs is still lacking, the RZ is generally determined based on ambiguous histological criteria, such as small and round chondrocytes without columnar formation, which may lead to inconsistencies among researchers. Therefore, in this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of growth plate chondrocytes followed by validation by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to precisely annotate cell clusters in scRNAseq and search for a marker of RCs. The scRNAseq analysis revealed that apolipoprotein E (Apoe) was the top-hit gene, which was ubiquitously expressed in the RC cluster. FISH confirmed that Apoe was exclusively localized to the histologically defined RZ. In newly generated Apoe-mCherry knock-in mice, we further confirmed that mCherry expression mirrored the distribution of Apoe-expressing chondrocytes in the RZ particularly after the formation of the secondary ossification center. These mCherry+ RCs were slow cycling in vivo and exhibited stem cell properties both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, APOE was detected in human growth plate RCs. These findings suggest that Apoe is a novel pan-RC marker in both mouse and human growth plates.

A Comprehensive Review of the Role of Stem Cells in Neuroregeneration: Potential Therapies for Neurological Disorders.

Stem cell research has emerged as a groundbreaking field with significant potential for advancing neuroregeneration and neurological disorder treatment. Neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and spinal cord injuries pose severe challenges due to their impact on quality of life and the limited efficacy of current treatments, which primarily focus on symptom management rather than addressing the underlying damage. Neuroregeneration, the process of repairing and restoring damaged neural tissues, is crucial for improving patient outcomes, given the central nervous system's limited intrinsic repair capacity. Stem cells offer a promising solution due to their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various neural cell types, providing opportunities for innovative therapies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of stem cells in neuroregeneration, exploring different types of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adult stem cells, and their mechanisms of action in neural repair. It examines current clinical trials and translational research efforts, highlighting successes and ongoing challenges such as ethical considerations, immunogenicity, and technical limitations. The review also discusses future directions in stem cell research, including advancements in gene editing, tissue engineering, and personalized medicine. By addressing these aspects, the review aims to offer a thorough understanding of the potential and challenges of stem cell-based therapies, contributing to the development of effective treatments for neurological disorders and ultimately enhancing patient quality of life.

Unilateral Administration of Surface-Modified G1 and G4 PAMAM Dendrimers in Healthy Mice to Assess Dendrimer Migration in the Brain.

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are nanoparticles that have a wide scope in the field of biomedicine. Previous evidence shows that the generation 4 (G4) dendrimers with a 100% amine surface (G4-NH2) are highly toxic to cells in vitro and in vivo due to their positively charged amine groups. To reduce the toxicity, we modified the surface of the dendrimers to have more neutral functional groups, with 10% of the surface covered with -NH2 and 90% of the surface covered with hydroxyl groups (-OH; G4-90/10). Our previous in vitro data show that these modified dendrimers are taken up by cells, neurons, and different types of stem cells in vitro and neurons and glial cells in vivo. The toxicity assay shows that these modified dendrimers are less toxic compared with G4-NH2 dendrimers. Moreover, prolonged dendrimer exposure (G1-90/10 and G4-90/10), up to 3 weeks following unilateral intrastriatal injections into the striatum of mice, showed that dendrimers have the tendency to migrate within the brain via corpus callosum at different rates depending on their size. We also found that there is a difference in migration between the G1 and G4 dendrimers based on their size differences. The G4 dendrimers migrate in the anterior and posterior directions as well as more laterally from the site of injection in the striatum compared to the G1 dendrimers. Moreover, the G4 dendrimers have unique projections from the site of injection to the cortical areas.

Regenerative mechanisms of stem cells and their clinical applications for degenerative eye diseases

There are different types of treatment for eye diseases. Although the majority of eye diseases are curable with primary treatments and surgery, some of degenerative eye damages need regeneration that is not gained by conventional procedures. Stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigmented epithelium, and inducible pluripotent stem cells, are now considered one of the most important and safe methods for regeneration of various damaged tissues or organs. However, how will stem cell therapy contribute to regeneration and overcome degenerative eye diseases? This review discusses the regenerative mechanisms, clinical applications, and advantages of different types of stem cells for restoring degenerative eye diseases.

Revolutionizing medicine practice using stem cells in healthcare: review article

Abstract This review delves into the transformative potential of stem cells in healthcare, particularly within regenerative medicine. With their unique ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, stem cells offer groundbreaking possibilities for treating various medical conditions. The review begins by thoroughly exploring different types of stem cells, from totipotent to pluripotent, highlighting their specific capabilities. This foundational understanding sets the stage for examining the therapeutic potential of stem cells. A key focus is the practical application of stem cell-based therapies, particularly in treating conditions like epidermolysis bullosa and macular degeneration. These examples showcase how stem cell research translates into real-world treatments, helping individuals with debilitating illnesses regain functionality and improve their quality of life. The review further emphasizes advancements in clinical trials, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injuries, demonstrating significant progress in these fields. Additionally, the importance of stem cell banking is underscored as an essential resource for future regenerative medicine, offering a readily available source of cells for personalized treatments. Integrating stem cell research into therapeutic applications represents a revolutionary leap in modern medicine, potentially disrupting traditional treatment paradigms and providing new hope for previously incurable diseases.

Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration: key points

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of disability and mortality among the working population, necessitating the development and implementation of new, more effective treatment and rehabilitation methods for such patients, including the use of modern cellular and tissue technologies. In this review, an analysis and summary of research results over the past decades regarding the effectiveness of various types of stem cells in heart pathology were conducted. Priority directions include the search for more accessible and safe sources of stem cells, the development of new effective methods for their cultivation, and the use of scaffolds for transplantation. Given the pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiovascular pathology and myocardial regeneration, particular interest for clinical application is drawn to tissue-specific progenitors from the myocardium for replacing injured cardiomyocytes, endothelial progenitors for correcting accompanying endothelial dysfunction, and multipotent mesenchymal cells of various origins with low immunogenicity that exhibit trophic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Questions regarding the optimal method, dose, and frequency of stem cell administration, as well as the standardization of criteria for their quality and effectiveness, remain open. Additionally, the combined use of different types of stem cells may serve as a new priority strategy in assessing the effectiveness and safety of cell therapy, especially considering the paradigm of repeated transplantation. The successful translation of obtained preclinical results into further large, well-planned, placebo-controlled clinical trials will enhance the safety and effectiveness of cell therapy for cardiovascular diseases, which is one of the current challenges of modern regenerative medicine.

Efficacy and safety of stem cells in the treatment of ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis.

Stem cell therapy on ischemic stroke has long been studied using animal experiments. The efficacy and safety of this treatment in ischemic stroke patients remain uncertain. We searched for all clinical randomized controlled trials published before October 2023, on PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library using predetermined search terms, and performed a meta-analysis of the efficacy of stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke patients. 13 studies that included 592 ischemic stroke patients were reviewed. The mRS (MD -0.32, 95% CI -0.64 to 0.00, I2 = 63%, P = .05), NIHSS (MD -1.63, 95% CI -2.69 to -0.57, I2 = 58%, P = .003), and BI (MD 14.22, 95% CI 3.95-24.48, I2 = 43%, P = .007) showed effective stem cell therapy. The mortality (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.23-0.79, I2 = 0%, P = .007) showed improved prognosis and reduce mortality with stem cell therapy. Stem cell therapy reduces mortality and improves the neurological prognosis of ischemic stroke patients. However, due to the different types of stem cells used and the limited data in the reported studies, the safety of clinical applications of stem cells in patients with ischemic stroke must be carefully evaluated. Future randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes from controlled cell sources are warranted to validate this finding.

Stem Cell Treatment and Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

We designed this systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled efficacy and safety profile of different types of stem cells in treating patients with cerebral palsy (CP). We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and also gray literature, including references of the included studies which were published before November 2021. We extracted data regarding the total number of participants, first author, publication year, country of origin, mean age, cell type, cell dose, cell source, method of transplantation, duration of follow-up, Gross motor function, Ashworth scale, and adverse events. We found 2073 articles by literature search; after deleting duplicates, 1194 remained. Nine articles remained for meta-analysis. The SMD of GMF-66 score (after-before) treatment was 1.5 (95% CI:0.7-2.3) (I2 = 89.9%, P < 0.001). The pooled incidence of Gastrointestinal (GI) complications after transplantation was 21% (95% CI:9-33%) (I2 = 56%, P = 0.08). The pooled incidence of fever after transplantation was 18 % (95% CI:6-30%) (I2 = 87.9%, P = 0.08 < 0.001) Conclusion: The result of this systematic review and meta-analysis show that stem cell therapy in cerebral palsy has neuroprotective properties from anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. Stem cell therapy seems to be a promising adjunct to traditional therapies for cerebral palsy patients.

Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration: past, present, and future.

Cardiac disorders remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Current clinical strategies, including drug therapy, surgical interventions, and organ transplantation offer limited benefits to patients without regenerating the damaged myocardium. Over the past decade, stem cell therapy has generated a keen interest owing to its unique self-renewal and immune privileged characteristics. Furthermore, the ability of stem cells to differentiate into specialized cell types, has made them a popular therapeutic tool against various diseases. This comprehensive review provides an overview of therapeutic potential of different types of stem cells in reference to cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, it sheds light on the advantages and limitations associated with each cell type. An in-depth analysis of the challenges associated with stem cell research and the hurdles for its clinical translation and their possible solutions have also been elaborated upon. It examines the controversies surrounding embryonic stem cells and the emergence of alternative approaches, such as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac therapeutic applications. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers involved in the field of regenerative medicine, guiding the development of safe and effective stem cell-based therapies to revolutionize patient care.

Research advances on stem cell-based treatments in animal studies and clinical trials of lymphedema

To summarize the progress of the roles and mechanisms of various types of stem cell-based treatments and their combination therapies in both animal studies and clinical trials of lymphedema. The literature on stem cell-based treatments for lymphedema in recent years at home and abroad was extensively reviewed, and the animal studies and clinical trials on different types of stem cells for lymphedema were summarized. Various types of stem cells have shown certain effects in animal studies and clinical trials on the treatment of lymphedema, mainly through local differentiation into lymphoid endothelial cells and paracrine cytokines with different functions. Current research focuses on two cell types, adipose derived stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, both of which have their own advantages and disadvantages, mainly reflected in the therapeutic effect of stem cells, the difficulty of obtaining stem cells and the content in vivo. In addition, stem cells can also play a synergistic role in combination with other treatments, such as conservative treatment, surgical intervention, cytokines, biological scaffolds, and so on. However, it is still limited to the basic research stage, and only a small number of studies have completed clinical trials. Stem cells have great transformation potential in the treatment of lymphedema, but there is no unified standard in the selection of cell types, the amount of transplanted cells, and the timing of transplantation.

Enhancing Spermatogenesis in Non-obstructive Azoospermia Through Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy22.

Stem cells hold great promise as novel and encouraging therapeutic tools in the treatment of degenerative disorders due to their differentiation potential while maintaining the capability to self-renewal and their unlimited ability to divide and regenerate tissue. A variety of different types of stem cells can be used in cell therapy. Among these, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has gradually established itself as a novel method for treating damaged tissues that need restoration and renewal. Male infertility is an important health challenge affecting approximately 8-12% of people around the world. This abnormality can be caused by primary, congenital, acquired, or idiopathic reasons. Men with no sperm in their semen have a condition called azoospermia, caused by non-obstructive (NOA) causes and post-testicular obstructive causes. Accumulating evidence has shown that various types of MSCs can differentiate into germ cells and improve spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of animal models. In addition, recent studies in animal models have exhibited that extracellular vesicles derived from MSCs can stimulate the progression of spermatogenesis and germ cell regeneration in the recipient testes. In spite of the fact that various improvements have been made in the treatment of azoospermia disorder in animal models by MSC or their extracellular vesicles, no clinical trials have been carried out to test their therapeutic effect on the NOA. In this review, we summarize the potential of MSC transplantation for treating infertility caused by NOA.

Human Endometrial Regenerative Cells for Neurological Disorders: Hype or Hope?

Despite enormous efforts, no effective medication has been found to significantly halt or even slow the progression of neurological diseases, such as acquired (e.g., traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, etc.) and chronic (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, etc.) central nervous system disorders. So, researchers are looking for alternative therapeutic modalities to manage the disease's symptoms and stop it from worsening. Concerning disease-modifying capabilities, stem cell therapy has emerged as an expanding domain. Among different types of stem cells, human endometrial regenerative cells have excellent regenerative properties, making them suitable for regenerative medicine. They have the potential for self-renewal and differentiation into three types of stem cells: epithelial stem cells, endothelial side population stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). ERCs can be isolated from endometrial biopsy and menstrual blood samples. However, there is no comprehensive evidence on the effects of ERCs on neurological disorders. Hence, we initially explore the traits of these specific stem cells in this analysis, followed by an emphasis on their therapeutic potential in treating neurological disorders.

The Role of Stem Cells as Therapeutics for Ischaemic Stroke.

Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Current reperfusion treatments for ischaemic stroke are limited due to their narrow therapeutic window in rescuing ischaemic penumbra. Stem cell therapy offers a promising alternative. As a regenerative medicine, stem cells offer a wider range of treatment strategies, including long-term intervention for chronic patients, through the reparation and replacement of injured cells via mechanisms of differentiation and proliferation. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the therapeutic role of stem cells for ischaemic stroke. This paper discusses the pathology during acute, subacute, and chronic phases of cerebral ischaemic injury, highlights the mechanisms involved in mesenchymal, endothelial, haematopoietic, and neural stem cell-mediated cerebrovascular regeneration, and evaluates the pre-clinical and clinical data concerning the safety and efficacy of stem cell-based treatments. The treatment of stroke patients with different types of stem cells appears to be safe and efficacious even at relatively higher concentrations irrespective of the route and timing of administration. The priming or pre-conditioning of cells prior to administration appears to help augment their therapeutic impact. However, larger patient cohorts and later-phase trials are required to consolidate these findings.

Altered cell fates of limbal stem cells in aniridia associated with PAX6 mutations

Proper biological function of stem cells in tissues and organs relies on their correct cell fates, and transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in controlling cell fate. Altered cell fates of stem cells due to genetic mutations or other factors can lead to developmental and homeostatic abnormalities. Aniridia is caused by mutations that affect the transcription factor PAX6, and patients with aniridia suffer from congenital and progressive corneal opacification. This is at least partly due to deficient function of limbal stem cells (LSCs) located in the periphery of the cornea. To test the hypothesis that corneal opacity is associated with altered cell fates in LSCs of aniridia patients, we performed transcriptome analyses using two different types of stem cells derived from aniridia patients: induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and primary limbal stem cells (pLSCs). First, we differentiated iPSCs to obtain induced LSCs. Our transcriptome data showed that induced LSCs derived from aniridia patients do not have the same epithelial identity as normal cells, but instead have an enhanced neural or pluripotent identity. In parallel, we investigated whether patient‐derived pLSCs could adopt the cell fate of a similar epithelial cell type, specifically skin keratinocytes, which give rise to the non‐transparent epidermis. By comparing the transcriptomes of these two cell types, we observed a clear loss of the normal LSC fate in the aniridia pLSCs as compared to normal pLSCs. However, the gain of keratinocyte cell fate was not evident. These findings demonstrate the essential role of PAX6 function in determining the correct cell fate of LSCs.

Cellular therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current progress and future prospects.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial, fibrotic lung disease characterized by progressive damage. Lung tissues with IPF are replaced by fibrotic tissues with increased collagen deposition, modified extracellular matrix, all which overall damages the alveoli. These changes eventually impede the gas exchange function of the alveoli, and eventually leads to fatal respiratory failure of the lung. Investigations have been conducted to further understand IPF's pathogenesis, and significant progress in understanding its development has been made. Additionally, two therapeutic treatments, Nintedanib and Pirfenidone, have been approved and are currently used in medical applications. Moreover, cell-based treatments have recently come to the forefront of developing disease therapeutics and are the focus of many current studies. Furthermore, a sizable body of research encompassing basic, pre-clinical, and even clinical trials have all been amassed in recent years and hold a great potential for more widespread applications in patient care. Herein, this article reviews the progress in understanding the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of IPF. Additionally, different cell types used in IPF therapy were reviewed, including alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), circulating endothelial progenitors (EPCs), mixed lung epithelial cells, different types of stem cells, and endogenous lung tissue-specific stem cells. Finally, we discussed the contemporary trials that employ or explore cell-based therapy for IPF.