Different Types Of Shoes Research Articles

탱고 backward walk 동작시 신발 굽 유형에 따른 하지의 근전도 분석

The purpose of this research is to provide scientific training guides and the basis for preventing injuries in performing tango backward walk by comparing the effects the height and shape of a heel will have on leg muscles and determining the difference between skilled and unskilled dancers through EMG analysis according to different types of shoes Total eight female athletes were selected for this research. Four with six years of professional dancing experience and another four with one year of dance sports experience. Utilizing the EMG system, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius were measured under different heights (0cm, 5cm, 7cm, 9cm) and shapes (flat, fine, wide) of a heel. Experiments were conducted calculating EMG peak value and muscle load ration under different types of shoes in order to analyze the EMG of leg muscles and Erector Spinae when performing tango backward walk. The result was as follows: 1. The EMG peak value of leg muscles showed significant difference under different heights of a heel in anterior tibialis(p<.001) and gastrocnemius(p.<01) in case of skilled dancers, and in biceps femoris(p.<01) in case of unskilled dancers. 2. The EMG peak value of leg muscles showed significant difference under different shapes of a heel in anterior tibialis(p<.001) and gastrocnemius(p<.001) in case of skilled dancers, and showed no significant difference in case of unskilled dancers. 3. The muscle load ration of leg muscles showed different degrees of muscle contribution between skilled and unskilled dancers. The muscle load ration was in the order of anterior tibialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius in case of skilled dancers and anterior tibialis, gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, and rectus femoris in case of unskilled dancers.

Current issues in the design of running and court shoes.

This review paper focuses on the three most important functional design factors for sport shoes: injury prevention, performance and comfort. Concepts for these design factors are discussed for running and court shoes. For running shoes, pronation control and cushioning are still considered to be the key concepts for injury prevention despite the fact that conclusive clinical and epidemiological evidence is missing to show the efficacy of these design strategies. Several design features have been proposed to be effective in controlling the amount of pronation. However, the kinematic effects of such features seem to be subject-specific and rather small especially when looking at the actual skeletal motion. Recent running shoe research suggests that cushioning may not or only marginally be related to injuries and that cushioning during the impact phase of running may be more related to aspects such as comfort, muscle tuning or fatigue. For court shoes, lateral stability, torsional flexibility, cushioning and traction control appear to be important design strategies to decrease the risk of injury. With respect to running performance, the shoe concepts of weight reduction, efficiency and energy return are discussed. The concept of energy return does not seem to be a feasible concept whereas concepts which aim to minimize energy loss appear to be more promising and successful, e.g. weight reduction, reduction of muscle energy required for stabilization. For court shoes, optimal traction seems to be the key factor for performance. Research in the area of shoe comfort is still sparse. Cushioning, fitting and climate concepts appear to improve the comfort of both running and court shoes. Many investigations in the area of sport shoe research have shown that subject-specific responses can be expected. Different groups of athletes may require different types of shoes. The definition of these grouping characteristics and their design needs seem to be the most important challenge for the sport shoe researchers and manufacturers for the near future.

Influence of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint

The forces and moments acting at the hip joint influence the long-term stability of the fixation of endoprostheses and the course of coxarthrosis. These loads may depend on the kind of footwear and the walking or running style. These factors were investigated in a patient with instrumented hip implants. He wore different sports shoes, normal leather shoes, hiking boots and clogs and walked barefoot with soft, normal and hard heel strikes. The loads were lowest while walking and jogging without shoes. All shoes increased the joint force and the bending moment at the implant slightly, but the torsional moment rose by up to 50%. No relation was found between the different type of shoes and the load increase, only shoes with very hard soles were clearly disadvantageous. Soft heels, soles or insoles did not offer advantages. Gait stability seems to play the most important role in increasing the joint loading and should be the criterion for the choice of footwear. Smooth gait patterns with soft heel strikes are the only means to reduce joint loading during slow jogging.

The Characteristics of Walking with Different Types of Shoes as Viewed from the Ground Reaction Forces.

The characteristics of walking with different types of shoes were investigated from the viewpoint of ground reaction forces, as compared with those during walking barefoot. The shoes used in this experiment were three types for casual or business uses for men, which were on the market in Japan. The same shoes were worn by 4 male subjects of the same shoes sizes. It was concluded, from the analysis of variance and the mean difference test, that (1) the ground reaction forces during walking with shoes showed large differences between subjects, (2) the first peak value of the vertical ground rection force had the tendency to increase while the polar minimum value of the vertical force had the tendency to decrease during walking with shoes, (3) the effect of shoes on the ground reaction forces appeared subject specific, and (4) the formal shoes with leather sole had less effect to enhance the acceleration.

Torques developed by different types of shoes on various playing surfaces

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of shoe type, playing surface, weight supported and stance position upon the torques developed at the shoe-turf interface. The study was predicated upon the assumption that many knee injuries are torque-related and due to foot fixation, either by rigid cleating or by excessive traction between the shoe and playing surface. A laboratory apparatus was designed to measure the torque developed by various shoe-surface combinations. Under investigation were 11 shoe types, three artificial surfaces and natural grass, two player weights, and two player foot-stance positions. Torque data were gathered using impact loading, with an impact energy that is probably often experienced under competitive playing conditions. Resulting data indexed the shoes according to the mean torques developed on each of the playing surfaces, and comparisons of torque data with field studies by other researchers suggested which shoe-surface combinations might be the most potentially hazardous.